scholarly journals Reclaiming Open Coal Spoils by Mixed Woodland: Varteg (Wales), 10 Year Results

Minerals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 624
Author(s):  
Martin Haigh ◽  
Heather Reed ◽  
Margaret D’Aucourt ◽  
Chris Bull ◽  
Mike Cullis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Farmyard Manure ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Mushroom Compost ◽  
Basal Diameter ◽  
Spent Mushroom Compost ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Open Coal ◽  
Root Collar ◽  
Better Than

Many reclaimed opencast coal-lands in Wales are now seriously degraded. This study explores the 10-year growth of native trees planted on compacted coal spoil. It compares the relative benefits of planting with spent mushroom compost (SMC) or well-rotted farmyard manure (FYM), both with and without supplementary fertilizer. Four main tree species—Common Alder, Oak, Scots Pine and Silver Birch—are considered. The survival of SMC-planted trees (77%) was significantly higher than for FYM-planted (72%). In Year 10, SMC-planted trees were significantly taller than those planted with FYM (4.75 vs. 4.57 m, respectively). Similarly, basal diameter (measured above the root collar) was larger among the SMC-planted trees. Discriminant analysis showed that the key discriminating variable between SMC-planted and FYM-planted trees was the type of fertilizer applied during planting. Adding slow-release fertilizer (SRF) and SRF plus superphosphate (SRF + P2O5) was beneficial to FYM-planted trees. Fertilizer supplements often favor the growth of FYM-planted trees in the early years, but later SMC-planted trees take the lead. The only species that benefited long term from FYM or fertilizer supplements was Alder. Overall, SMC-planted trees perform better than FYM-planted trees, but some of the difference can be mitigated by supplementary fertilization. Overall, SMC-planted trees perform better than FYM-planted trees.

Some results of an experiment to compare ley and arable rotations at Woburn

1958 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 297-306 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. H. Mann ◽  
D. A. Boyd
Keyword(s):  
Farmyard Manure ◽  
Potato Yield ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Average Effect ◽  
Potato Root ◽  
Winter Cereal ◽  
Arable Crops ◽  
Low Level ◽  
The Difference ◽  
High Level

The effect of short leys and arable cropping on the yields of the following arable crops has been tested since 1937 at Woburn Experimental Farm, Bedfordshire. The leys were a 3-year grazed ley and 3 years of lucerne cut for hay and the arable cropping was potatoes, winter cereal and either a 1-year ley or a third tillage crop. The effects of these crop sequences were measured by test crops of potatoes and barley, uniformly treated except that 15 tons farmyard manure was applied on one-half of each plot for potatoes.Without farmyard manure, the yield of potatoes after the grazed ley was higher than after three tillage crops by an average of about 3 tons per acre; after lucerne it was about 2 tons per acre more than after the tillage crops and after the 1 -year ley under 1 ton per acre more. With farmyard manure the benefit from leys was less (about 2 tons per acre for both lucerne and the grazed ley). The average effect of the farmyard manure was about 2·8 tons except after the grazed ley, where the increase was only 1·6 tons per acre.Effects of the previous cropping on the yield of barley were small in the early years of the experiment, but in the last 5 years the yield after ley and lucerne has exceeded that after the tillage crops by about 15%.Part of the difference in potato yield between the ley and arable sequences can be attributed to the differential incidence of potato-root eelworm, which has reached a high level of infestation on some of the arable plots. Much of the remainder may be ascribed to the low level of basal manuring which has affected the yield of all plots, but particularly those under tillage crops. How far the observed differences can be explained by these considerations remains a matter for speculation, but may to some extent be clarified when further results are obtained from a revised scheme of cropping and manuring.

The effect of soil type and related factors on sugar beet yield

1977 ◽  
Vol 88 (2) ◽  
pp. 455-469 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Webster ◽  
C. A. H. Hodge ◽  
A. P. Draycott ◽  
M. J. Durrant
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Calcareous Soils ◽  
Sugar Yield ◽  
Appreciable Effect ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Soil Influence ◽  
Better Than

SUMMARYYields of sugar and responses to fertilizers were determined in about 400 fertilizer experiments on farms throughout the sugar-beet growing areas of Britain during 14 years from 1957 to 1970. The soil at each experimental site was described and classified and the records of the experiments have been examined to determine which properties of the soil influence sugar yield. The effect of year, rainfall, elevation, region and other factors such as sowing and harvesting date were also investigated.Year-to-year variation accounted for 20 % of all variation in yield; increasing amounts of rainfall during the growing season appeared to decrease yield. There was a significant long-term trend of increasing sugar yield from the experiments of 0·042 t/ha/year. The experimental yields closely followed national yields each year but were always greater. Delay in sowing and early harvesting depressed yield by 0–02 and 0·01 t sugar/ ha/day respectively. Yields in Scotland (average 5·23 t/ha) were approximately 1·4 t/ha less than in England and Wales, but there were no evident regional differences within England and Wales.Soil regarded as moderately drained yielded better than either well-drained or imperfectly drained soil, which in turn yielded better than droughty and poorly drained soil. The difference in the adjusted yield between drainage classes was 1·0 t/ha. Surprisingly, topsoil texture had no consistent effect on mean yield (as distinct from response to fertilizer). Subsoil texture, however, had an appreciable effect, the crop on sandy subsoil and chalk or limestone yielding poorly whilst that on silt or peat yielded best. The range of differences in sugar yield due to subsoil texture was almost 2 t/ha.Yields were also examined in relation to soil profile type. Broad division into major soil groups gave meaningful differences but fine division by soil series was only useful for the 11 series on which at least ten experiments had been made. The crop yielded most sugar on gleyed calcareous soils, peats and humic gleys, and least on rendzinas and brown calcareous soils. Responses to nitrogen and potassium but not to phosphorus were affected by both topsoil and subsoil texture. Nitrogen and potassium both increased yield most on sandy soils and least on fine silts and peats.The morphology, chemical and physical condition of soil clearly affect sugar yield greatly and further research is needed in experiments planned specifically to measure their influence and provide more precise guidance for selecting the best land for the crop.

Enhancing stability and efficiency of oxygen reduction reaction in polymer electrolyte fuel cells with high surface area mesoporous carbon synthesized from spent mushroom compost

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 1012-1023 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Dhanasekaran ◽  
Avanish Shukla ◽  
K. Navaneetha Krishnan ◽  
Ibadahunshisha Rongrin ◽  
S. Vinod Selvaganesh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Reduction Reaction ◽  
Oxygen Reduction ◽  
Mesoporous Carbon ◽  
High Surface ◽  
Catalyst Support ◽  
High Surface Area ◽  
Reduction Reaction ◽  
Mushroom Compost ◽  
Spent Mushroom Compost

Activated mesoporous carbon obtained from spent mushroom compost as a catalyst support provides enhanced long-term durability during the oxygen reduction reaction.

Potassium in soils under different cropping systems:2. The effects of cropping systems on the retention by the soils of added K not used by crops

1971 ◽  
Vol 76 (3) ◽  
pp. 553-561 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. M. Addiscott ◽  
A. E. Johnston
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Farmyard Manure ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Organic C ◽  
K Fertilizer ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Better Than

SUMMARYThe K balance, the difference between K added as fertilizer or farmyard manure (FYM) and K removed by the crops, was calculated for soils from the Classical and Ley-Arable experiments at Rothamsted and for the Woburn Ley-Arable experiment, for the duration of each experiment. Linear regressions on K balance accounted for 78% of the variation in exchangeable K (Ke) and for 83% in K uptake by ryegrass (KP) in the Classical experiments, for 56 and60% respectively in the Ley-Arable experiments at Rothamsted, and for 39 and 6% in the Woburn Ley-Arable experiment.Regressions of Ke and Kp on K balance suggested that, in the Rothamsted Ley-Arable experiments, rather more than half of the K balance remained extractable by ryegrass from the plots with a rotation of crops, and apparently all of the K balance from those under continuous grass. About one-fifth of the K balance remained extractable by ryegrass from the soils in the Rothamsted Classical experiments and soils given FYM retained K slightly better than other soils. With all soils about half the K extractable by ryegrass was exchangeable to ammonium acetate.The plots with FYM or under continuous grass contain more organic matter than other plots in the same experiments. The following possible effects of increasing the organic matter content of the soils were investigated by calculating the multiple regressions of K, and KB on K balance with either percentage of organic C, total CEC, or organic CEC:(1) loss of K decreased by increasing the water retention and lessening leaching;(2) improved K retention by increasing the total cation exchange capacity (CEC) available for K absorption;(3) improved K retention by a mechanism arising from the different selectivities of clay and organic matter for K relative to Ca.In the Classical experiments, where organic matter usually increases because of FYM additions, effect (2) seems the most probable, perhaps because the K given in the FYM was already absorbed by organic exchange sites. In the Ley–Arable experiments, where the K was given mainly as soluble K fertilizer and the organic matter develops mainly under grass, effects (1) or (3) seemed to operate, probably simultaneously.The Woburn Ley-Arable experiment had no continuous grass plots, the soils differed little in organic matter content and no deductions could be made.

DETERMINANTS OF CAPITAL STRUCTURE IN NEW VENTURES: EVIDENCE FROM SWEDISH LONGITUDINAL DATA

2006 ◽  
Vol 11 (04) ◽  
pp. 277-296 ◽  
Author(s):  
DANIEL ÖRTQVIST ◽  
ERYADI K. MASLI ◽  
SHEIKH F. RAHMAN ◽  
CHRISTOPHER SELVARAJAH
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Data ◽  
Capital Structure ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
New Ventures ◽  
Group Analysis ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Short Term ◽  
The Difference

The early years are seen as a crucial period for the survival of ventures and yet only a limited number of studies have focused on successful new ventures when studying capital structure. Furthermore, only a few studies have included longitudinal data, tracking ventures over time, or have elaborated on the difference between short-term and long-term debt ratios when studying capital structure. In this paper, hypotheses are developed, based on capital structure theories and literature on new venture financing, and are tested on longitudinal empirical data. Results of multivariate analysis, through structural equation modeling, reveals that: (1) asset structure assists in explaining the variance in capital structure; (2) explained variance in dependent variables is decreasing for each of the four years studied; and (3) multi-group analysis reveals that the determinants influence short-term and long-term debt differently in the first four years of venture existence. Implications of this study suggest that determinants of capital structure in new ventures require theorizing of its own and demand special attention in entrepreneurial policy-making.

Removal of inelastically scattered electrons substantially increases phase contrast on frozen-hydrated molecules

1987 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 652-653
Author(s):  
John P. Langmore ◽  
Brian D. Athey
Keyword(s):  
Electron Diffraction ◽  
Phase Contrast ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Dark Field ◽  
Biological Structure ◽  
Bright Field ◽  
Low Contrast ◽  
Negative Stain ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Better Than

Although electron diffraction indicates better than 0.3nm preservation of biological structure in vitreous ice, the imaging of molecules in ice is limited by low contrast. Thus, low-dose images of frozen-hydrated molecules have significantly more noise than images of air-dried or negatively-stained molecules. We have addressed the question of the origins of this loss of contrast. One unavoidable effect is the reduction in scattering contrast between a molecule and the background. In effect, the difference in scattering power between a molecule and its background is 2-5 times less in a layer of ice than in vacuum or negative stain. A second, previously unrecognized, effect is the large, incoherent background of inelastic scattering from the ice. This background reduces both scattering and phase contrast by an additional factor of about 3, as shown in this paper. We have used energy filtration on the Zeiss EM902 in order to eliminate this second effect, and also increase scattering contrast in bright-field and dark-field.

PENERAPAN MODEL PEMBELAJARAN KOOPERATIF TIPE STAD DENGAN PENDEKATAN RME UNTUK MENINGKATKAN HASIL BELAJAR MATEMATIKA SISWA KELAS IX SMP MUHAMMADIYAH PADANG LUAS KECAMATAN TAMBANG KABUPATEN KAMPAR

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (5) ◽  
pp. 744
Author(s):  
Zainur Zainur
Keyword(s):  
Action Research ◽  
Cooperative Learning ◽  
Student Learning ◽  
Learning Outcomes ◽  
Mathematics Learning ◽  
Student Learning Outcomes ◽  
Learning Model ◽  
Research Instrument ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Better Than

This research was motivated by the low learning outcomes of grade IX SMP Muhammadiyah Padang LuasKecamatan Tambang Kabupaten Kampar. This study aims to improve learning outcomes in mathematicslearning through STAD type cooperative learning with the RME approach in class IX SMP MuhammadiyahPadang Luas Kecamatan Tambang Kabupaten Kampar. The subjects of this study were all classes IX in SMPMuhammadiyah Padang Luas Kecamatan Tambang Kabupaten Kampar totaling 26 people. The form ofresearch is classroom action research. This research instrument consists of performance instruments and datacollection instruments in the form of teacher activity observation sheets and activities. The results of the studystated that there were significant differences between students' mathematics learning outcomes before applyingthe STAD type cooperative learning model with the RME approach with after applying the STAD typecooperative learning model with the RME approach. The difference shows student learning outcomes after theaction is better than before the action with completeness reaching 80.77% or 21 completed. Based on the resultsof the study and discussion it can be concluded that the application of STAD type learning model with RealisticMathematic Education (RME) approach can improve the learning outcomes of grade IX students of SMPMuhammadiyah Padang Luas Kecamatan Tambang Kabupaten Kampar on statistical material.

A Problem of Long - Term Digital Preservation: Difference in Humanities and Natural Sciences

2014 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 183-195
Author(s):  
Elena Macevičiūtė
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Digital Preservation ◽  
Dynamic Activity ◽  
Private Companies ◽  
Time Line ◽  
Digital Documents ◽  
Whole Process ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Technological Science

The article deals with the requirements and needs for long-term digital preservation in different areas of scholarly work. The concept of long-term digital preservation is introduced by comparing it to digitization and archiving concepts and defined with the emphasis on dynamic activity within a certain time line. The structure of digital preservation is presented with regard to the elements of the activity as understood in Activity Theory. The life-cycle of digitization processes forms the basis of the main processing of preserved data in preservation archival system.The author draws on the differences between humanities and social sciences on one hand and natural and technological science on the other. The empirical data characterizing the needs for digital preservation within different areas of scholarship are presented and show the difference in approaches to long-term digital preservation, as well as differences in selecting the items and implementing the projects of digital preservation. Institutions and organizations can also develop different understanding of preservation requirements for digital documents and other objects.The final part of the paper is devoted to some general problems pertaining to the longterm digital preservation with the emphasis of the responsibility for the whole process of safe-guarding the cultural and scholarly heritage for the re-use of the posterior generations. It is suggested that the longevity of the libraries in comparison with much shorter life-span of private companies strengthens the claim of memory institutions to playing the central role in the long-term digital preservation.

Globalisation and Equity Issues in Post-socialist Transition Economies

2004 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 273-296
Author(s):  
G. W. Kolodko
Keyword(s):  
Transition Economies ◽  
World Market ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Standard Of Living ◽  
Social Constraints ◽  
Significant Shift ◽  
Equity Issues ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
The Rich

Equity issues in policymaking are difficult to resolve because they are linked not only to the economic situation but also to social constraints and political conflicts within a country. This is even more true in the case of post-socialist economies during their transition to a market system in the era of globalisation. The historical and irreversible process of liberalisation and integration of capital, goods and services, and labour markets into one world market, as well as the gradual construction of new institutions and the process of privatisation cause a significant shift in the income pattern of post-socialist emerging markets. Contrary to expectations, inequality increases affecting the standard of living and long-term growth. While globalisation contributes to the long-term acceleration of economic growth and offers a chance for many countries and regions to catch up with more advanced economies, it results in growing inequality both between the countries and within them. On average, the standard of living increases, but so does the gap between the rich and the poor. Therefore, equality issues should always be of concern to policymakers, especially in the early years of the change of regime in post-socialist transition economies.

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