scholarly journals Gemology, Mineralogy, and Spectroscopy of an Attractive Tremolitized Diopside Anorthosite Gem Material from the Philippines: A New Type of Material with Similarities to Dushan Jade

Minerals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 152
Author(s):  
Xiaomeng Ye ◽  
Feng Bai ◽  
Manyu Li ◽  
Hao Sun
Keyword(s):  
Hydrothermal Solution ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Vis Spectroscopy ◽  
Raman Microprobe ◽  
Hydrothermal Stage ◽  
Magmatic Stage ◽  
New Type ◽  
Main Color ◽  
Three Stages ◽  
Early Fluid

In recent years, a new type of material called Philippines “Dushan jade” has appeared in the gemstone market in China. This new type of material, very similar in appearance and physical properties to Dushan jade, an important ancient jade with a long history in China, is causing confusion in the market and poses identification difficulties. Microscopy, electron probe microanalysis, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, Raman microprobe spectroscopy, and ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy were used to study the gemology, mineralogy, and spectroscopy of rock samples from the Philippines in order to differentiate them from Dushan jade. The studies showed that Philippines rock is composed mainly of anorthite and minor amounts of diopside, tremolite, uvarovite, titanite, chromite, zoisite, prehnite, thomsonite-Ca, and chlorite, among which uvarovite, diopside, and tremolite are the main color causing minerals. The origin of the color is related to the electronic transitions involving Cr3+, Fe2+, Fe3+, and charge transfer between the ions. The paragenetic mineral formation sequence of Philippines rock can be divided into three stages: (1) the magmatic stage: anorthite phenocryst, diopside, chromite, and titanite are formed first in the magma; (2) the metamorphic stage: anorthite phenocryst undergo fracture and recrystallization; the early fluid intrusion transforms diopside into tremolite forming uvarovite-grossular-andradite solid-solution around the anorthite and chromite; and (3) the late hydrothermal stage: the late hydrothermal solution fills in fractures with prehnite, thomsonite-Ca, and zoisite being formed. From the comparison studies, it was established that Philippines rock and Dushan jade are two completely different type of material. Philippines rock should be called “tremolitized diopside anorthosite”.

scholarly journals Pre-Pegmatite Stage in Peralkaline Magmatic Process: Insights from Poikilitic Syenites from the Lovozero Massif, Kola Peninsula, Russia

Minerals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 974
Author(s):  
Julia A. Mikhailova ◽  
Yakov A. Pakhomovsky ◽  
Olga F. Goychuk ◽  
Andrey O. Kalashnikov ◽  
Ayya V. Bazai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Kola Peninsula ◽  
Hydrothermal Solution ◽  
Rare Metal ◽  
Lovozero Massif ◽  
Accessory Minerals ◽  
Rare Elements ◽  
Hydrothermal Stage ◽  
Magmatic Stage ◽  
Residual Solution

The Lovozero peralkaline massif (Kola Peninsula, Russia) is widely known for its unique mineral diversity, and most of the rare metal minerals are found in pegmatites, which are spatially associated with poikilitic rocks (approximately 5% of the massif volume). In order to determine the reasons for this relationship, we have investigated petrography and the chemical composition of poikilitic rocks as well as the chemical composition of the rock-forming and accessory minerals in these rocks. The differentiation of magmatic melt during the formation of the rocks of the Lovozero massif followed the path: lujavrite → foyaite → urtite (magmatic stage) → pegmatite (hydrothermal stage). Yet, for peralkaline systems, the transition between magmatic melt and hydrothermal solution is gradual. In the case of the initially high content of volatiles in the melt, the differentiation path was probably as follows: lujavrite → foyaite (magmatic stage) → urtitization of foyaite → pegmatite (hydrothermal stage). Poikilitic rocks were formed at the stage of urtitization, and we called them pre-pegmatites. Indeed, the poikilitic rocks have a metasomatic texture and, in terms of chemical composition, correspond to magmatic urtite. The reason for the abundance of rare metal minerals in pegmatites associated with poikilitic rocks is that almost only one nepheline is deposited during urtitization, whereas during the magmatic crystallization of urtite, rare elements form accessory minerals in the rock and are less concentrated in the residual solution.

scholarly journals Zoned Laurite from the Merensky Reef, Bushveld Complex, South Africa: “Hydrothermal” in Origin?

Minerals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 373 ◽  
Author(s):  
Federica Zaccarini ◽  
Giorgio Garuti
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Hydrothermal Solution ◽  
Layered Intrusion ◽  
Accessory Mineral ◽  
Sulfur Fugacity ◽  
Thermal Range ◽  
Merensky Reef ◽  
Magmatic Stage ◽  
Placer Deposits ◽  
Local Enrichment

Laurite, ideally (Ru,Os)S2, is a common accessory mineral in podiform and stratiform chromitites and, to a lesser extent, it also occurs in placer deposits and is associated with Ni-Cu magmatic sulfides. In this paper, we report on the occurrence of zoned laurite found in the Merensky Reef of the Bushveld layered intrusion, South Africa. The zoned laurite forms relatively large crystals of up to more than 100 µm, and occurs in contact between serpentine and sulfides, such as pyrrhotite, chalcopyrite, and pentlandite, that contain small phases containing Pb and Cl. Some zoned crystals of laurite show a slight enrichment in Os in the rim, as typical of laurite that crystallized at magmatic stage, under decreasing temperature and increasing sulfur fugacity, in a thermal range of about 1300–1000 °C. However, most of the laurite from the Merensky Reef are characterized by an unusual zoning that involves local enrichment of As, Pt, Ir, and Fe. Comparison in terms of Ru-Os-Ir of the Merensky Reef zoned laurite with those found in the layered chromitites of the Bushveld and podiform chromitites reveals that they are enriched in Ir. The Merensky Reef zoned laurite also contain high amount of As (up to 9.72 wt%), Pt (up to 9.72 wt%) and Fe (up to 14.19 wt%). On the basis of its textural position, composition, and zoning, we can suggest that the zoned laurite of the Merensky Reef is “hydrothermal” in origin, having crystallized in the presence of a Cl- and As-rich hydrous solution, at temperatures much lower than those typical of the precipitation of magmatic laurite. Although, it remains to be seen whether the “hydrothermal” laurite precipitated directly from the hydrothermal fluid, or it represents the alteration product of a pre-existing laurite reacting with the hydrothermal solution.

Characterization of Process Induced Contamination and Residues on Semiconductor Components Via FTIR and Raman Microanalysis

2001 ◽  
Vol 7 (S2) ◽  
pp. 152-153
Author(s):  
H. Gotts
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Structure ◽  
Yield Enhancement ◽  
Spectroscopic Techniques ◽  
Bulk Materials ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Vis Spectroscopy ◽  
Classical Technique ◽  
Raman Microprobe ◽  
Scanning Electron

FTIR and Raman microanalysis may be used as a powerful combination to determine the identity, and hence infer the source, of contaminant particles which diminish yields of semiconductor components and devices. The complimentarity of these techniques arises from the underlying spectroscopic selection rules.Vibrational spectroscopic techniques are commonly used to characterize the molecular structure of bulk organic materials. These bulk materials typically represent purified fractions of components which may be further investigated with various classical instrumental techniques such as Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, UV-Vis spectroscopy. However, these classical technique may have limited value for the interrogation of small impure particles or materials of limited quantity(ng.).Elemental techniques such as Scanning Electron Microscopy coupled to Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy are enhanced by the specificity of FTIR Microprobe Spectroscopy and Raman Microprobe Spectroscopy which are now used in process laboratories to characterize and identify particulate and thin film residues with the intent of device yield enhancement.

Formation of the Ontology of a Modern Subject. Origins and Articulation

2021 ◽  
pp. 80-91
Author(s):  
Victor S. Levytskyy ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Modern Philosophy ◽  
Christian Doctrine ◽  
Metaphysical Foundation ◽  
Modern Subject ◽  
The World ◽  
New Type ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Three Stages ◽  
Ontological Dimension ◽  
Christian Origins

The subject of the article is the process of forming a new ontological paradigm of the subject – the modern subject as a center of transformative activity aimed at the world (nature) – the object. Today, along with the classical concepts (M. Heidegger, M. Foucault) linking the genesis of the modern type of subject with the philosophy of Descartes, studies (P. Hajdu, A. De Libera), in which his Christian origins and nature are grounded, are gaining more and more in­fluence. The article focuses on the ontological dimension of this genesis, the author shows that in the process of forming the ontology of the Christian paradigm of the subject, three stages can be distinguished: 1) the formation of Christian ideas about God as a subject of being and at the same time a loving Person, whose incarnation removes the barrier between the divine and the hu­man; 2) articulation of ontological concepts in the form of doctrinal principles of Christianity; 3) conceptualization of the doctrine in the text of the Symbol of Faith, which provides a categorical apparatus and a specific vocabulary for ontological discourse of a new type, one of the central meanings of which is the new subject. The process of general secularization of the Christian doctrine in the rational discourses of modern philosophy, primarily in the concept of Descartes and German classical idealism, led to the consolidation of the Chris­tian type of subjectivity for a person as an existential center of a new ontologi­cal paradigm, whose activity turns into a new metaphysical foundation of the world of objects.

Magmatic and post-magmatic phenomena in the Karkonosze granite and its metamorphic envelope (West Sudetes, SW Poland)

2016 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 456-476 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrzej Kozłowski ◽  
Sławomir Ilnicki ◽  
Witold Matyszczak ◽  
Agnieszka Marcinowska
Keyword(s):  
Geothermal Gradient ◽  
Contact Metamorphism ◽  
Melt And Fluid Inclusions ◽  
Hydrothermal Stage ◽  
Magmatic Stage ◽  
West Sudetes ◽  
Sw Poland ◽  
Chemical Conditions ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Mineral Changes

AbstractMineralogical studies of the Karkonosze granite (ca. 322-312 Ma) and its surroundings in West Sudetes (SW Poland) have provided data on Nb-Ta-REE minerals from pegmatites in the NE part of the pluton and several new finds of Ag minerals and 15 oxygenic Bi phases, hitherto not reported from the massif. The Karkonosze pegmatites are enriched in HREE as fergusonite-(Y) or xenotime-(Y) appear in almost every studied pegmatite, together with a subordinate assemblage of the aeschynite, euxenite or columbite group. The abundance of LREE minerals such as allanite-( Ce) and the monazite group, correlates inversely with the Nb-Ta-Ti minerals, whilst an early generation of monazite-(Ce) revealed an exceptionally high amount of Nd (up to 22 wt.% of Nd2O3). The physical and chemical conditions during the magmatic and post-magmatic processes were reconstructed and the effects of contact metamorphism in amphibolites from hornfelsed zones examined. Changes in solution composition and concentration at the early magmatic stage (825-920°C), pegmatitic stage overlapping with hydrothermal (560°C which ended at 160-90°C) and clearly hydrothermal stage (400 to 110°C) were studied in detail by means of melt and fluid inclusions in quartz. Furthermore, post-magmatic fluids, including some enriched in Li and B, were identified in rock-forming quartz from the whole pluton. In turn, study of the amphibolites indicates that the pair cummingtonite + anorthite or the presence of Ca-rich plagioclase with actinolite seem to be reliable mineral proxies of the thermal impact of the granitoid body on amphibolites in its envelope. The inferred conditions of the contact processes (450-550°C, 2.5- 4.8 kbar) point to an elevated geothermal gradient (ca. 32-45°C/km) probably reflecting the heat flow induced by the Karkonosze intrusion. Moreover, despite the textural and mineral changes imposed by regional and contact metamorphism, the amphibolites have their pre-metamorphic (magmatic) geochemical features undisturbed.

Changing Forms of U.S. Hegemony in Puerto Rico: The Impact on the Family and Sexuality

Itinerario ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 25 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 90-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helen I. Safa
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
The Family ◽  
Three Stages ◽  
Operation Bootstrap ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Constant Source ◽  
The U.S

It has been over a hundred years since the U.S. took control of Puerto Rico. In that time, the way in which the U.S. perceived Puerto Rico has changed from a colony requiring Americanisation to, in the 1950s, its showcase of democracy in the Caribbean, to today, an island that still retains geopolitical importance for the U.S., but represents an increasing economic burden. The failure of Operation Bootstrap, as the Puerto Rican industrialization program was known, resulted in permanent large-scale unemployment, with a population dependent on federal transfers for a living, and a constant source of migration to the mainland, where over half of Puerto Ricans now live. I shall trace the outline of these three stages in U.S. hegemony over Puerto Rico, and argue that throughout the U.S. Congress was reluctant to fully incorporate Puerto Rico, because its population was deemed racially and socially inferior to that of the mainland. Though the removal of Spain from Puerto Rico, Cuba and the Philippines was considered part of the its ‘manifest destiny’, the United States never intended to incorporate these people so different from the U.S. as part of the American nation, as was done with its earlier acquisitions in Texas, Alaska or even Hawaii.

A new type of bionic grid plate—The compressive deformation and mechanical properties of the grid beetle elytron plate

2021 ◽  
pp. 109963622199387 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ning Hao ◽  
Jinxiang Chen ◽  
Yiheng Song ◽  
Xiaoming Zhang ◽  
Tidong Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Deformation Mode ◽  
Absorption Capacity ◽  
Compressive Deformation ◽  
Compressive Properties ◽  
New Type ◽  
Grid Plate ◽  
Three Stages ◽  
First Time ◽  
Deformation Modes

To develop lightweight and biomimetic structural materials, in this paper, the compressive deformation and mechanical properties of the grid beetle elytron plate (GBEP) with the same core volume as the end-trabecular beetle elytron plate (EBEP) under compression were investigated for the first time. (1) The B-type deformation mode of trabeculae is clarified, which is a higher stage of independent deformation than the Φ-type deformation mode in the beetle elytron plate (BEP). Additionally, the four deformation modes of the BEP are divided into three stages in succession from easy to difficult: C-type, Φ-type and S (B)-type deformation. This paper verifies that the compressive strength and energy absorption capacity of the GBEP increase by 35% and 87%, respectively, relative to those of the grid plate (GP) with the same volume. (2) Although the number of trabeculae of the GBEP is significantly less than that of the EBEP, each trabecula in the GBEP has one more honeycomb wall constraint than each trabecula in the EBEP. The increase range of the compressive properties of the GBEP relative to the GP is greater than that of the EBEP relative to the honeycomb plate (HP). This confirms the prediction that the compressive properties can be effectively improved by appropriately increasing the constraints on the trabeculae. This paper deepens and enriches the knowledge regarding the biomimetic application system of BEPs, lays the foundation for GBEPs, whose preparation is convenient, and accelerates the applications of GBEPs.

Interactive and Cognitive Models in the Social Network Environment for Designing

2012 ◽  
pp. 42-63
Author(s):  
Hung-Pin Hsu
Keyword(s):  
Social Network ◽  
Collaborative Design ◽  
Network Environment ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Interactive Behavior ◽  
Depth Interview ◽  
The Social ◽  
Design Activities ◽  
New Type ◽  
Three Stages

In recent years, Metaverse has become a new type of social network. It provides an integrated platform and interactive environment for users to design artifacts and cooperate with each other. Facing this new type of social network, this chapter focuses on the cognitive and interactive behavior of users in the collaborative design activities. The chapter consists of three stages. In stage one the chapter introduces related theories and previous studies in order to present the Metaverse features. In stage two, the author chooses two different design and interactive environments to compare with Metaverse, which are, a normal face to face environment and a regular distance environment. Then the author executes three experiments in these different environments. In stage three, the author analyzes the retrospective data of three experiments with qualitative analysis by undertaking contextual inquiries in order to structure cognitive and interactive models of three environments. Furthermore, the author also executes an in-depth interview to get the qualitative data of subjects’ opinion. Finally, the affinity diagrams could be established with these models and the interview to provide knowledge of Metaverse for readers who research or develop social network environment.

THE PHOTOCHEMISTRY OF CR(CO)6 IN HIGH PRESSURE LOW TEMPERATURE POLYMER MATRIX MONITORED BY FOURIER TRANSFORM INFRARED AND UV-VIS SPECTROSCOPY

2016 ◽  
Vol 78 (6-4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Farah W. Harun
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Polymer Matrix ◽  
Matrix Material ◽  
Metal Carbonyl ◽  
Carbonyl Groups ◽  
Carbonyl Complexes ◽  
Metal Carbonyl Complexes ◽  
Teflon Af ◽  
Vis Spectroscopy ◽  
New Type

The aim of this work is to develop a new type of polymer matrix which can be used to study the reactive intermediates produced from UV photolysis of metal carbonyl complexes measured with FTIR as well as UV-vis spectroscopy. The photochemistry of Cr(CO)6 impregnated in Teflon-AF polymer with the presence of N2, CH4 and even weak ligand i.e.Xe and He were conducted at extremely low temperature.  Photolysis of Cr(CO)6 under N2 environment produces up to four carbonyl groups being replaced with the N2. Meanwhile, the photochemistry of Cr(CO)6 under Xe and CH4 produce the reactive complexes of Cr(CO)5(Xe) and Cr(CO)5(CH4)respectively. Teflon-AF was found to be the suitable matrix material as the –C–F– bond binds very weakly to the metal center.

scholarly journals Is the Tubular Nervous System Related with the Development of Skeletal Muscle in Chordates? – A Review

2018 ◽  
Vol 35 (04) ◽  
pp. 207-211
Author(s):  
Rajani Singh
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Skeletal Muscles ◽  
Smooth Muscles ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
New Type ◽  
Three Stages ◽  
First Time ◽  
Network Type

AbstractMany theories and arguments have been proposed regarding the ancestors of the vertebrates and the factors that lead to the evolution of the tubular nervous system. Invertebrates had simpler smooth muscles. Vertebrates acquired additional skeletal muscles. The skeletal muscles were found to be associated with a new type of tubular nervous system. There were three stages in the evolution of the nervous system. The most primitive was the network type, in which there was neither a polarization nor a centralization of neurons. The second stage was characterized by the evolution of a ganglionic nervous system. Then, the tubular type of nervous system appeared for the first time in chordates. Therefore, the author hypothesizes that the skeletal muscle developed simultaneously with the tubular nervous system. The chorda mesoderm and, thereby, the skeletal muscle, induced the formation of a tubular nervous system in chordates. In the present article, the author aims to analyze the nervous system, starting from invertebrates and moving on to chordates.

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