scholarly journals Investigations of Feldspar-Quartz Raw Materials After Firing: Effect of Various Na2O/K2O Ratio and Synthetic Pigments Addition

Minerals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 646
Author(s):  
Ewa Lewicka ◽  
Anita Trenczek-Zajac
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Ceramic Body ◽  
Color Variation ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Absorption Bands ◽  
Heat Treated ◽  
Visible Part ◽  
Na Ions ◽  
Total Absorbance ◽  
Synthetic Pigments

Different techniques (chemical analysis, X-ray diffraction, Mössbauer spectroscopy, UV-Vis-NIR spectrophotometry and chromaticity measurements) were used to study the color variation of feldspathic raw materials after firing at 1200 °C. Two varieties of feldspar-quartz grits (with Na2O or K2O prevalence) doped with synthetic pigments (hematite and rutile) were heat-treated in an oxidizing atmosphere. The results obtained indicate that the color of the ceramic body after firing may not only depend on the presence and analytical content of coloring elements (such as iron and titanium), but on their valence state and the chemical characteristics of the melt itself. The prevalence of larger alkali K+ ions over Na+ ions may cause the reduction of the coordination number of iron. This has a significant effect on the length of the Fe–O bond, which in turn influences the capacity for light absorption of a specific wavelength. The results of spectrophotometric measurements showed pronounced disparity between the raw materials and samples doped with coloring oxides. The introduction of synthetic pigments caused clear changes in the spectral dependence of the total absorbance. The absorbance increased in the whole measuring range, in particular in the visible part of the spectrum. Furthermore, a red-shift of the absorption bands towards longer wavelengths attributed to oxygen-metal charge transfer (OMCT) interactions between Fe3+ and O2− ions as well as to d-d transitions within Fe3+ ions was observed.

Preparation of Cerium Dioxide Film by Anodization in Na2C2O4-NH3∙H2O-H2O-(CH2OH)2 Electrolyte

2017 ◽  
Vol 748 ◽  
pp. 7-11
Author(s):  
Xiao Zhen Liu ◽  
Wei Ren Rong ◽  
Xiao Zhou Liu ◽  
Xiao Hui Ren ◽  
Jie Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxide Film ◽  
Ethylene Glycol ◽  
Cerium Oxide ◽  
Cerium Dioxide ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Heat Treated ◽  
Scanning Electron Microcopy ◽  
Dioxide Film

The cerium dioxide films were prepared with cerium foils as raw materials by anodization in Na2C2O4-NH3∙H2O-H2O-(CH2OH)2 electrolyte. The anodic cerium oxide film was heat treated at 550°C. The cerium dioxide films were characterized with X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy-dispersive analyses of X-ray (EDAX), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) techniques and scanning electron microcopy (SEM), respectively. The anodic cerium oxide film is semi crystalline film. The heat treated anodic cerium oxide film at 550°C is the fluorite-structured cerium dioxide film, and the crystal structure of the cerium dioxide film becomes more complete than that of the anodic cerium oxide film. The cerium dioxide film is porous film. The water, ethylene glycol and CO2 are adsorbed in the anodic cerium oxide film. The adsorbing water, ethylene glycol and CO2 in the anodic cerium oxide film are removed at 550°C. The cerium dioxide film has strong absorption in the range of 1400~4000cm-1.

scholarly journals Ceramic raw materials from the State of Maranhão, Brazil. Part 1: chemical and mineralogical characterization and technological properties of clays from São Luis, Rosário, Pinheiro and Mirinzal

2012 ◽  
Vol 65 (4) ◽  
pp. 513-521
Author(s):  
José Manuel Rivas Mercury ◽  
Gricirene Sousa Correia ◽  
Nazaré Socorro Lemos Silva Vasconcelos ◽  
Aluísio Alves Cabral Jr. ◽  
Rômulo Simões Angélica
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Mineralogical Composition ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
High Plasticity ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Specific Mass ◽  
Mineralogical Characterization ◽  
Heat Treated ◽  
Heavy Clay

This work involved the characterization of clays collected in the municipalities of São Luis, Rosário, Pinheiro and Mirinzal (state of Maranhão, Brazil), based on specific mass, specific surface area, cation exchange capacity (CEC), particle size distribution, X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential thermal analysis (DTA), thermogravimetric analysis (TG-DTA) and Atterberg limits. Technological tests for ceramic applications were also carried out on compacts pressed under 20 MPa and heat-treated at 850, 950, 1050, 1150 and 1250ºC. Our results indicated that two of the clays composed of kaolinite, quartz, and anatase with high plasticity limits, have excellent properties and can be used in the whiteware industry. The other ones are red-firing clays and have a mineralogical composition of quartz, kaolin, feldspar, montmorillonite, hematite and goethite. The latter showed low and moderate values of plasticity, which makes them suitable for the production of heavy clay products.

scholarly journals Provenance and production technology of late medieval ‘Besztercebánya/Banská Bystrica–type’ high-quality stove tiles

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dorottya Györkös ◽  
Bernadett Bajnóczi ◽  
György Szakmány ◽  
Máté Szabó ◽  
Ralf Milke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Ceramic Body ◽  
Analytical Investigation ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Late Medieval ◽  
Production Techniques ◽  
Phase And Chemical Composition ◽  
Primary Groups

AbstractA unique collection of high-quality late medieval (fifteenth–sixteenth century) glazed and unglazed stove tiles from the northern part of the Carpathian Basin is of great interest to archaeologists and art historians. It is yet to be determined if these products, which are characterised by similar features, were produced in a single workshop, perhaps in Besztercebánya/Banská Bystrica (in present-day Slovakia), or in several workshops throughout the region. The first systematic multi-analytical investigation was carried out on the ceramic body and glaze of one hundred and seventeen tile fragments from six sites (Besztercebánya/Banská Bystrica, Fülek/Fiľakovo, and Csábrág/Čabraď in Slovakia; Salgó, Eger, and Szécsény in Hungary) using polarising microscopy, X-ray diffraction, electron microprobe, and Raman microspectroscopy analyses to determine the raw materials and production techniques used. Based on the petrographic characteristics, phase and chemical composition of the ceramic body, and the chemical composition and colourants of the glazes, the stove tiles can be classified into three primary groups. Tiles from different sites are different to each other, only the tiles from the Hungarian sites and from Fülek/Fiľakovo are similar. Thus, it is probable that the tiles were produced in several (at least three) workshops in the region from where they were then dispersed. The technological knowledge of the master(s) producing the polychrome Csábrág/Čabraď tiles with tin-opacified glazes was higher than that of the master(s) producing the other tiles. However, the exact location of the workshops as well as their existence through time is still in unknown.

Formation of TiC-Reinforced Iron Based Composite through Carbothermal Reduction of Hematite and Anatase

2010 ◽  
Vol 173 ◽  
pp. 116-121
Author(s):  
Mohd Salihin Hassin ◽  
Zuhailawati Hussain ◽  
Palaniandy Samayamutthirian
Keyword(s):  
Carbothermal Reduction ◽  
Milling Time ◽  
Constant Pressure ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Anatase Tio2 ◽  
Vacuum Furnace ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Heat Treated ◽  
Hematite Fe2o3

In this research carbothermal reduction of mechanical activated hematite (Fe2O3), anatase (TiO2) and graphite (C) mixture was investigated. Mixture of raw materials with composition of Fe-20vol%TiC was mechanically activated in a planetary ball mill with different milling time (0h-60h) in argon atmosphere. X-ray diffraction (XRD) results showed the intensity of Fe2O3 reduced with milling time. The activated powders were pressed using cold pressing under a constant pressure (100MPa) and heat treated at 1100°C for sintering in a vacuum furnace. The increase in milling time resulted in the formation of iron (Fe) and titanium carbide (TiC) phase as confirmed by XRD result.

Synthesis and Characterization of α-Phase Silicon Nitride Powders by Direct Nitridation

2013 ◽  
Vol 631-632 ◽  
pp. 434-436
Author(s):  
Jiu Ming Liu ◽  
Jian Lei Wang ◽  
Shu Xia Ren
Keyword(s):  
Silicon Nitride ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Nitrogen Gas ◽  
Pure Nitrogen ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Α Phase ◽  
Heat Treated ◽  
Direct Nitridation

Using silicon powders as raw materials, adding nano-silicon nitride as a diluent and NH4Cl3 and FeCl3 as catalysts, α-phase silicon nitride powders were prepared by direct nitridation method. The silicon powders were first milled with 20% α-Si3N4 and 4% NH4Cl3 for 30 minutes. Then the mixture was heat-treated at 1300°C for 1 hour in the pure nitrogen gas. The phases and their content of the as-prepared product were detected by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and the microstructure was studied by scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results showed that the product mainly consisted ofα-Si3N4 with a mass fraction over 92% and were submicron-sized particles．

Influence of Heat Treated Temperature on the Photoactivating Property of Nanometer ZnO/SnO2 Powder

2012 ◽  
Vol 182-183 ◽  
pp. 126-129
Author(s):  
Xin You Huang ◽  
Chun Hua Gao ◽  
Zhi Gang Chen
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Methyl Orange Solution ◽  
Reaction Model ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Maximum Particle Size ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Heat Treated ◽  
Maximum Particle ◽  
Heat Treated Temperature ◽  
Orange Solution

Nanometer ZnO/SnO2powder was prepared by coprecipitating method with SnCl4•5H2O, ZnNO3•6H2O, HCl, NaOH as raw materials. Influence of heat treated temperature on the photoactivating property and structure and material phase of nanometer ZnO/SnO2(ZnO/SnO2=4/1(mol ratio)) compound photocatalyst powder was studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscope(TEM) and the degradation of methyl orange solution as a reaction model. The results show that the photoactivating activity of ZnO/SnO2powder starts increasing and then decreasing when heat treated temperature increases. The photoactivating activity of ZnO/SnO2powder is maximum, particle size is 20-30 nanometer and dispersion is good when heat treated temperature is 650°C. The photocatalytic activity of ZnO/SnO2powder gradually reduces, dispersion is not good and there is Zn2SnO4crystal phase when heat treated temperature is above 750°C.

scholarly journals Characterization of Limestone as Raw Material to Hydrated Lime

2018 ◽  
Vol 34 ◽  
pp. 02042 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rajeb Salem Hwidi ◽  
Tengku Nuraiti Tengku Izhar ◽  
Farah Naemah Mohd Saad
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Hydrated Lime ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Morphological Properties ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Absorption Bands ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Main Chemical Composition ◽  
The Difference

In Malaysia, limestone is essentially important for the economic growth as raw materials in the industry sector. Nevertheless, a little attention was paid to the physical, chemical, mineralogical, and morphological properties of the limestone using X-ray fluorescence (X-RF), X-ray diffraction (X-RD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and Scanning electron microscopy / energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) respectively. Raw materials (limestone rocks) were collected from Bukit Keteri area, Chuping, Kangar, Perlis, Malaysia. Lab crusher and lab sieved were utilized to prepare five different size of ground limestone at (75 µm, 150 µm, 225 µm, 300, and 425 µm) respectively. It is found that the main chemical composition of bulk limestone was Calcium oxide (CaO) at 97.58 wt.% and trace amount of MnO, Al2O3, and Fe2O3 at 0.02%, 0.35%, and 0.396% respectively. XRD diffractograms showed characteristic peaks of calcite and quartz. Furthermore, main FTIR absorption bands at 1,419, 874.08 and 712.20 cm-1 indicated the presence of calcite. The micrographs showed clearly the difference of samples particle size. Furthermore, EDS peaks of Ca, O, and C elements confirmed the presence of CaCO3 in the samples.

Enamel Development and Application on the Pottery of Icoaraci

2012 ◽  
Vol 727-728 ◽  
pp. 681-685
Author(s):  
Andre Wilson da Cruz Reis ◽  
Marlice Cruz Martelli ◽  
Roberto de Freitas Neves
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Ceramic Body ◽  
Particle Size Analysis ◽  
Size Analysis ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Test Pieces ◽  
The Village

The development of technology for the application of enamels on pieces of red pottery, in the handicraft sector, is an alternative to improve the quality of the ceramic body forming a waterproof layer that serves as a protection when used for foods and also to add a decorative effect and increase commercial value. This work develops an enameling technique in the production conditions of the artisans in the village of Icoaraci-PA/Brazil. The characterization of raw materials was performed by X-ray fluorescence, X-ray diffraction, particle size analysis, Thermogravimetric and Differential Thermal Analysis. Steps for enamel preparation using commercial transparent frit and bottle glass, and the technique for applying the glaze and firing are presented. The results for the test pieces were very good with the application of transparent frit fired at 900 ° C for 3 hours.

scholarly journals Waste and Solar Energy: An Eco-Friendly Way for Glass Melting

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 16
Author(s):  
Isabel Padilla ◽  
Maximina Romero ◽  
José I. Robla ◽  
Aurora López-Delgado
Keyword(s):  
Solar Energy ◽  
Environmental Sustainability ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Glass Melting ◽  
Glass Network ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Concentrated Solar Energy ◽  
Calcium Source ◽  
The Aluminum Industry

In this work, concentrated solar energy (CSE) was applied to an energy-intensive process such as the vitrification of waste with the aim of manufacturing glasses. Different types of waste were used as raw materials: a hazardous waste from the aluminum industry as aluminum source; two residues from the food industry (eggshell and mussel shell) and dolomite ore as calcium source; quartz sand was also employed as glass network former. The use of CSE allowed obtaining glasses in the SiO2-Al2O3-CaO system at exposure time as short as 15 min. The raw materials, their mixtures, and the resulting glasses were characterized by means of X-ray fluorescence, X-ray diffraction, and differential thermal analysis. The feasibility of combining a renewable energy, as solar energy and different waste for the manufacture of glasses, would highly contribute to circular economy and environmental sustainability.

scholarly journals Stable and Metastable Phase Equilibria Involving the Cu6Sn5 Intermetallic

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Leineweber ◽  
M. Löffler ◽  
S. Martin
Keyword(s):  
Phase Equilibria ◽  
Electron Backscatter Diffraction ◽  
Metastable Phase ◽  
Stable Phase ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Heat Treated ◽  
Ordered Phases ◽  
Backscatter Diffraction ◽  
Kinetics Of

Abstract Cu6Sn5 intermetallic occurs in the form of differently ordered phases η, η′ and η′′. In solder joints, this intermetallic can undergo changes in composition and the state of order without or while interacting with excess Cu and excess Sn in the system, potentially giving rise to detrimental changes in the mechanical properties of the solder. In order to study such processes in fundamental detail and to get more detailed information about the metastable and stable phase equilibria, model alloys consisting of Cu3Sn + Cu6Sn5 as well as Cu6Sn5 + Sn-rich melt were heat treated. Powder x-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy supplemented by electron backscatter diffraction were used to investigate the structural and microstructural changes. It was shown that Sn-poor η can increase its Sn content by Cu3Sn precipitation at grain boundaries or by uptake of Sn from the Sn-rich melt. From the kinetics of the former process at 513 K and the grain size of the η phase, we obtained an interdiffusion coefficient in η of (3 ± 1) × 10−16 m2 s−1. Comparison of this value with literature data implies that this value reflects pure volume (inter)diffusion, while Cu6Sn5 growth at low temperature is typically strongly influenced by grain-boundary diffusion. These investigations also confirm that η′′ forming below a composition-dependent transus temperature gradually enriches in Sn content, confirming that Sn-poor η′′ is metastable against decomposition into Cu3Sn and more Sn-rich η or (at lower temperatures) η′. Graphic Abstract

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