scholarly journals Petrographic Markers for Archaeometric Identification of Montjuïc Sandstone, the Flagship Stone of Barcelona (NE Spain)

Minerals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 154
Author(s):  
Lluís Casas ◽  
Roberta Di Febo ◽  
David Parcerisa
Keyword(s):  
13Th Century ◽  
Bottom Part ◽  
Clastic Rock ◽  
Architectural Elements ◽  
First Time ◽  
Ne Spain

The present study deals with a particular clastic rock from the Montjuïc hill exploited since Roman times in Barcino (present-day Barcelona (NE Spain)). Polarized and cathodoluminescence microscopies have been used to describe the main petrographic features of Montjuïc sandstones. Several characteristic provenance markers have been identified; among them the most specifically restricted to Montjuïc sandstone are the K-feldspar clasts with authigenic overgrowths. A petrographic survey oriented to the detection of such markers has been fruitfully applied to sculptures, architectural elements, mosaics, and pottery. The petrographic approach has demonstrated that some Roman heritage materials had been erroneously assigned to Montjuïc sandstone and the revision of all the pieces macroscopically assigned to this provenance is advised. The use of Montjuïc sandstone in Roman tesserae has been reported for the first time with interesting implications on previously unreported evidence of Roman extraction at the bottom part of the Montjuïc cliff. Finally, Montjuïc crushed sandstone used as pottery temper has been also reported in the productions of a medieval (12–13th century) workshop in Barcelona. This encourages the study of the distribution of pottery with this particular temper.

scholarly journals Sedimentology, architecture and depositional setting of the fluvial Spireslack Sandstone of the Midland Valley, Scotland: insights from the Spireslack surface coal mine

2018 ◽  
Vol 488 (1) ◽  
pp. 181-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Ellen ◽  
M. A. E. Browne ◽  
A. J. Mitten ◽  
S. M. Clarke ◽  
A. G. Leslie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Coal Mine ◽  
Sediment Load ◽  
Architectural Elements ◽  
Base Level ◽  
Surface Coal Mine ◽  
Lateral Extent ◽  
Fluvial Sandstone ◽  
Depositional Setting ◽  
First Time ◽  
Mixed Load

AbstractThe Spireslack surface coal mine exposes a section in the Carboniferous Lawmuir Formation (Brigantian) into the Upper Limestone Formation (Arnsbergian). This paper describes the stratigraphy exposed at Spireslack and, in so doing, names for the first time the Spireslack Sandstone, a distinctive erosively based, sandstone-dominated unit in the Upper Limestone Formation. The Spireslack Sandstone consists of two fluvial sandstone channel sets and an upper, possibly fluvio-estuarine, succession. From an analysis of their internal architectural elements, the channel sets are interpreted as a low-sinuosity, sand-dominated, mixed-load fluvial system in which avulsion and variations in sediment load played a significant part. The lower channel set appears to be confined to erosional palaeovalleys of limited lateral extent and significant relief. The upper channel set is much more laterally extensive and shows evidence of a generally lower sediment load with a greater degree of lateral accretion and flooding. Consequently, the Spireslack Sandstone may represent a system responding to base level changes of higher magnitude and longer duration than the glacio-eustatic scale commonly attributed to Carboniferous fluvio-deltaic cycles. The Spireslack Sandstone may represent an important correlative marker in the Carboniferous of the Midland Valley and may provide an alternative analogue for some Carboniferous fluvial sandstone stratigraphic traps.

scholarly journals EXTERNAL DEFENSIVE CONSTRUCTIONS OF JURCHEN CITES IN EASTERN XIA

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Н.Г. Артемьева ◽  
С.В. Макиевский
Keyword(s):  
Far East ◽  
Far East Of Russia ◽  
13Th Century ◽  
Mountain Landscape ◽  
Topographic Features ◽  
North East ◽  
The Far East ◽  
Natural Terrain ◽  
First Time

Государство Восточное Ся (1215–1233 гг.) было создано чжурчжэнями для защиты от монгольского вторжения на территории Северо-Востока Китая, в которую входил юг Дальнего Востока России. При строительстве городов-крепостей широко использовались естественно-географические условия. Горный ландшафт создавал возможность строить горные городища в распадках сопок, используя природные условия как дополнительные преграды. При исследовании фортификационных сооружений Шайгинского городища были выявлены основные и дополнительные оборонные сооружения чжурчжэньских укрепленных поселений, прослежена эволюция средневекового оборонного зодчества Дальнего Востока. В наиболее уязвимых местах возводились внешние дополнительные сооружения – реданы и отсекающие валы. Редан Шайгинского городища представлял собой сооружение шириной около 30 м, окруженное тремя валами и тремя рвами. В качестве дополнительного укрепления применялись отсекающие рвы, которые перекрывали подходы по мысам к городищу. На Шайгинском городище прослежено четыре отсекающих рва. Внешние фортификационные сооружения в виде редана и отсекающих рвов выполняли функцию первой линии защиты чжурчжэньских городов-крепостей. Эти укрепления впервые зафиксированы на горных городищах периода государства Восточного Ся. Их можно считать достижением чжурчжэньских градостроителей XIII в. The Eastern Xia Kingdom(1215–1233) was established by the Jurchens to defend themselves against invasions of the Mongols in North-East Chinathat included the southern parts of the Far East of Russia. Local topographic features were widely used in construction of city fortresses. Mountain landscape provided an opportunity to build mountainous fortified settlements into narrow valleys of sopkas to follow the natural terrain contours and use them to create additional obstacles. Excavations of the Shayginskoye hillfort revealed main and additional defensive constructions of Jurchen fortified settlements tracing the evolution of medieval defensive architecture in the Far East. Additional external constructions such as redans and cut-off ramparts were erected in soft spots of fortifications. The redan of the Shayginskoye hillfort was a construction around 20 mwide which was surrounded with three ramparts and three ditches. Cut-off ditches that closed access to the hillfort through promontories were used as an additional obstacle. Four cut-off ditches were identified at the Shayginskoye hillfort. External fortification constructions such as redans and cut-off ditches served to be the first defensive line of Jurchen fortress cities. This type of fortifications was recorded for the first time in mountainous hillforts of Eastern Xia. They can be regarded as an achievement of Jurchen town planners of the 13th century.

scholarly journals UNDERWATER PHOTOGRAMMETRY DIGITAL SURFACE MODEL (DSM) OF THE SUBMERGED SITE OF THE ANCIENT LIGHTHOUSE NEAR QAITBAY FORT IN ALEXANDRIA, EGYPT

2019 ◽  
Vol XLII-2/W10 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Abdelaziz ◽  
M. Elsayed
Keyword(s):  
3D Model ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Data Gathering ◽  
Archaeological Site ◽  
3D Models ◽  
Surface Model ◽  
Digital Surface Model ◽  
Architectural Elements ◽  
3D Photogrammetry ◽  
First Time

<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Underwater photogrammetry in archaeology in Egypt is a completely new experience applied for the first time on the submerged archaeological site of the lighthouse of Alexandria situated on the eastern extremity of the ancient island of Pharos at the foot of Qaitbay Fort at a depth of 2 to 9 metres. In 2009/2010, the CEAlex launched a 3D photogrammetry data-gathering programme for the virtual reassembly of broken artefacts. In 2013 and the beginning of 2014, with the support of the Honor Frost Foundation, methods were developed and refined to acquire manual photographic data of the entire underwater site of Qaitbay using a DSLR camera, simple and low cost materials to obtain a digital surface model (DSM) of the submerged site of the lighthouse, and also to create 3D models of the objects themselves, such as statues, bases of statues and architectural elements. In this paper we present the methodology used for underwater data acquisition, data processing and modelling in order to generate a DSM of the submerged site of Alexandria’s ancient lighthouse. Until 2016, only about 7200&amp;thinsp;m<sup>2</sup> of the submerged site, which exceeds more than 13000&amp;thinsp;m<sup>2</sup>, was covered. One of our main objectives in this project is to georeference the site since this would allow for a very precise 3D model and for correcting the orientation of the site as regards the real-world space.</p>

The Treaty of Meaux-Paris (1228)

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-29
Author(s):  
Vicent Martines
Keyword(s):  
Collective Identity ◽  
Literary Texts ◽  
French Law ◽  
13Th Century ◽  
First Time ◽  
Just Right

The authors analyze the Treaty of Meaux-Paris (1228) signed between France and Toulouse. It has extraordinary relevance as it establishes the terms of the application of French law over the powerful county of Toulouse and by extension over Occitan lands, as the result of the Battle of Muret (1213). They offer the first translation ever (into English) of this treaty and they analyze it as the legal rendering of the centralized expansion of the French Crown on its way towards becoming an absolutist monarchy. They also study for the first time this treaty in comparison to the Decrees of Nova Planta issued in Spain between 1707-1716 by a king of French origin which represented the fulfillment of an authoritarian process that began in France in the 13th century. The treaty and the decrees used the concept of the “just right of conquest,” which provided a (debatable) legitimacy to the interests of the winning parties. They analyze literary texts such as the Cançó de la Croada as well as historical contemporary accounts creation of a Catalan collective identity.

scholarly journals Pull-Out Capacity and Failure Mechanisms of Strip Anchors in Clay

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (15) ◽  
pp. 3853
Author(s):  
Fernando Cañizal ◽  
Jorge Castro ◽  
Jorge Cañizal ◽  
César Sagaseta
Keyword(s):  
Failure Mechanisms ◽  
Cohesive Soils ◽  
Finite Element Analyses ◽  
Bottom Part ◽  
Pull Out ◽  
Shallow Failure ◽  
Plate Anchors ◽  
Floating Platforms ◽  
First Time ◽  
Analytical Limit

Plate anchors are a well-established solution for supporting the efforts of floating platforms for wind and marine renewable energies. The behavior of ultrathin rigid plate anchors buried in purely cohesive soils under undrained and plane-strain conditions is analyzed. As already known, a dimensional analysis shows that the pull-out capacity of the anchor may be expressed using a weightless break-out factor (Nc0) that only depends on the ratio between the depth and the anchor width (H/B). Using finite element analyses, tabulated values of the weightless break-out factor are provided in this paper and three different failure mechanisms are identified, namely very shallow (quasi-vertical), shallow or intermediate (semi-vertical), and deep (rotational). For very shallow failure mechanisms, the studied problem is completely equivalent to the trapdoor problem because immediate breakaway at the bottom part of the anchor is considered (vented conditions). The existing analytical solutions for the very shallow (Nc0 = 1.956 H/B) and deep cases (Nc = 3π + 2) using the slip-line method are reviewed and an analytical limit is proposed for the first time for the very shallow mechanism (H/B = 1.314). For shallow (intermediate) cases, the failure mechanism is identified and the angle of the main slip lines is numerically evaluated.

Georgia before the Mongols

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen H. Rapp Jr.
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Late Antiquity ◽  
Historical Record ◽  
13Th Century ◽  
The Balkans ◽  
Social Landscape ◽  
Southern Georgia ◽  
First Time ◽  
New Phase

Nestled in one of Eurasia’s most energetic crossroads, Georgia has a long and multifaceted history. The remains of Homo georgicus excavated at Dmanisi in southern Georgia belong to the oldest hominids yet discovered outside Africa. They have been reliably dated to 1.8 million years ago. Subsequent Neolithic, Chalcolithic, and Bronze Age sites are distributed throughout the region between the Black and Caspian Seas. But it is not until the early 1st millennium bce that the immediate ancestors of modern Georgians emerge in the historical record. Their attestation sharpens in the Achaemenid and early Hellenistic epochs. The peoples of Caucasia were thrust upon the Eurasian stage principally as a result of their associations with Iran. They were, at the same time, active members in the first Iranian Commonwealth, a massive cross-cultural enterprise stretching from Central Asia to the Balkans. Toward the end of the 4th century bce, the disruption triggered by Alexander’s conquest of Achaemenid Persia sparked the formation of a kingdom anchored in the eastern Georgian territory of Kʻartʻli (Iberia). Caucasia’s Iranian and especially Iranic (“Persianate”) cultures proved remarkably durable. The Irano-Caucasian nexus pushed into the medieval period, having endured the Christianization of the realms of Kʻartʻli, Armenia, and Caucasian Albania. As was the case elsewhere, Christianity’s long-term success hinged on its adaptation to the existing social pattern. Caucasia’s social landscape continued to be dominated by dynastic noble houses, but the hybrid Zoroastrianisms they had long favored were eclipsed by Christianity starting in the 4th century. Meanwhile, in western Georgia the polities based in Egrisi (cf. Greek Colchis) fell under the stronger influence of the Graeco-Roman Mediterranean. They too were brought into the Christian fold in late antiquity. The Kʻartʻvelian monarchy was abolished by the Sasanians circa 580 and remained in abeyance until 888. In the afterglow of the interregnum, the ascendant Bagratid dynasty—following the “Byzantinizing” path blazed by the Georgian Church—consciously reoriented kingship from an Iranian to a Byzantine basis as it politically integrated eastern and western Georgia for the first time. Nevertheless, at the height of the all-Georgian kingdom, many aspects of Iranic culture flourished, including epic literature. Mongol hegemony across much of the 13th century marks a crucial turning point in Georgian history. Under Īlkhānid rule, Caucasia’s access to the Eurasian ecumene expanded significantly, but the political fragmentation of Georgia intensified. In the new phase of imperialism ushered by Timur (Tamerlane), the Irano-Caucasian nexus blossomed one last time under the Safavids before the isthmus fell under Russian and then Soviet control.

Record of a nonbarred clastic shoreline

Geology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 338-342
Author(s):  
Manuel F. Isla ◽  
Ernesto Schwarz ◽  
Gonzalo D. Veiga
Keyword(s):  
Surf Zone ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Beach Profile ◽  
Deep Time ◽  
Architectural Analysis ◽  
Architectural Elements ◽  
Quantitative Studies ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
Ancient Record ◽  
First Time

Abstract The morphology of wave-dominated clastic shorelines (i.e., foreshore and upper-shoreface sediments) can vary from barred to nonbarred, though the ancient record of nonbarred, sand-dominated shorelines has yet to be recognized. Here, a facies and quantitative architectural analysis of a clastic succession characterized by sandy inclined beds is presented and interpreted as the record of a high-gradient, nonbarred shoreline. Inclined beds dip seaward, have a tangential geometry (&lt;3 m height, &lt;40 m length, &lt;11° dip), and are composed of planar lamination along the foresets and subordinate small-scale trough cross-bedding in the bottomsets. This facies distribution reflects a steep beach profile with a narrow surf zone and the development of plane beds both in foreshore and proximal upper-shoreface settings. Successive packages of inclined beds (a few tens of meters wide) are interpreted as the seaward accretion of this shoreline morphology, producing distinctive architectural elements (foresets and bottomsets). For the first time, we propose diagnostic criteria for identification in the rock record of the widely used modern nonbarred clastic shoreline model, and we contrast them with classical facies models of barred systems. Moreover, we discuss similarities and differences with radar-based Holocene coastal architectural elements, highlighting the need to incorporate detailed two-dimensional quantitative studies for refining the reconstruction of deep-time and recent clastic shorelines.

scholarly journals Integration of ground-penetrating radar, ultrasonic tests and infrared thermography for the analysis of a precious medieval rose window

2010 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
pp. 69-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Nuzzo ◽  
A. Calia ◽  
D. Liberatore ◽  
N. Masini ◽  
E. Rizzo
Keyword(s):  
Infrared Thermography ◽  
Ground Penetrating Radar ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
13Th Century ◽  
Complementary Information ◽  
Multi Scale ◽  
Architectural Elements ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Ground Penetrating ◽  
The Rose

Abstract. The integration of high-resolution, non-invasive geophysical techniques (such as ground-penetrating radar or GPR) with emerging sensing techniques (acoustics, thermography) can complement limited destructive tests to provide a suitable methodology for a multi-scale assessment of the state of preservation, material and construction components of monuments. This paper presents the results of the application of GPR, infrared thermography (IRT) and ultrasonic tests to the 13th century rose window of Troia Cathedral (Apulia, Italy), affected by widespread decay and instability problems caused by the 1731 earthquake and reactivated by recent seismic activity. This integrated approach provided a wide amount of complementary information at different scales, ranging from the sub-centimetre size of the metallic joints between the various architectural elements, narrow fractures and thin mortar fillings, up to the sub-metre scale of the internal masonry structure of the circular ashlar curb linking the rose window to the façade, which was essential to understand the original building technique and to design an effective restoration strategy.

scholarly journals The Early History of Moscow: 14C Dates from Red Square

Radiocarbon ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 583-589 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander L. Alexandrovskiy ◽  
Johannes Van Der Plicht ◽  
Nikolay Krenke ◽  
Olga Chichagova ◽  
Nikolai Kovaliukh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Early History ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Cultural Layer ◽  
Rural Settlements ◽  
13Th Century ◽  
History Of ◽  
Historical Center ◽  
First Time ◽  
Archaeological Excavations

For the first time, a series of 14C dates has been obtained for samples from the archaeological excavations in Red Square, the historical center of Moscow. The remains of burned dwellings from the bottom of the cultural layer were dated as well as dispersed charcoal from the underlying plough soil. The results correspond to a 200-yr time interval and prove that arable activity at the site began as early as the late 11th century ad. The field belonged to Moscow itself or to rural settlements nearby. The oldest dwelling was built ca. the late 12th–early 13th century ad.

scholarly journals First records of Xylosandrus compactus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae) in the Iberian Peninsula: an expanding alien species?

Zootaxa ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 4970 (1) ◽  
pp. 161-170
Author(s):  
JOSEP M RIBA-FLINCH ◽  
MAR LEZA ◽  
DIEGO GALLEGO
Keyword(s):  
Iberian Peninsula ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Balearic Islands ◽  
Liquidambar Styraciflua ◽  
Beetle Species ◽  
Eastern Asia ◽  
Invasive Ability ◽  
Laurus Nobilis ◽  
First Time ◽  
Ne Spain

Xylosandrus compactus (Eichhoff) (Col.: Curculionidae, Scolytinae) is an ambrosia beetle species native to subtropical Eastern Asia, with great concern due to its high invasive ability. This species has invaded 54 countries worldwide, including 4 European countries (Italy, France, Greece, and Spain); it was detected in Mallorca (Balearic Islands, Spain) in October 2019. In the present work, X. compactus is recorded for the first time in the Iberian Peninsula (Girona province, NE Spain); specimens were collected in Banyoles (August 2020, attacking twigs of Laurus nobilis and Liquidambar styraciflua) and Platja d’Aro (October 2020, attacking twigs of L. nobilis). Up-to-date information is presented about its geographical distribution, host plants, biology, symptoms, associate damages, and the possible origin of this species in Europe. 

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