scholarly journals The Ecophysiological Performance and Traits of Genera within the Stichococcus-like Clade (Trebouxiophyceae) under Matric and Osmotic Stress

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 1816
Author(s):  
Anh Tu Van ◽  
Veronika Sommer ◽  
Karin Glaser
Keyword(s):  
Osmotic Stress ◽  
Desiccation Tolerance ◽  
Compatible Solutes ◽  
Production Capacity ◽  
Chloride Ion ◽  
Taxonomic Revision ◽  
Wide Distribution ◽  
Ecological Niches ◽  
Ionic Stress ◽  
Matric Stress

Changes in water balance are some of the most critical challenges that aeroterrestrial algae face. They have a wide variety of mechanisms to protect against osmotic stress, including, but not limited to, downregulating photosynthesis, the production of compatible solutes, spore and akinete formation, biofilms, as well as triggering structural cellular changes. In comparison, algae living in saline environments must cope with ionic stress, which has similar effects on the physiology as desiccation in addition to sodium and chloride ion toxicity. These environmental challenges define ecological niches for both specialist and generalist algae. One alga known to be aeroterrestrial and euryhaline is Stichococcus bacillaris Nägeli, possessing the ability to withstand both matric and osmotic stresses, which may contribute to wide distribution worldwide. Following taxonomic revision of Stichococcus into seven lineages, we here examined their physiological responses to osmotic and matric stress through a salt growth challenge and desiccation experiment. The results demonstrate that innate compatible solute production capacity under salt stress and desiccation tolerance are independent of one another, and that salt tolerance is more variable than desiccation tolerance in the Stichococcus-like genera. Furthermore, algae within this group likely occupy similar ecological niches, with the exception of Pseudostichococcus.

Major Compatible Solutes and Structural Adaptation of Proteins in Extremophiles

2022 ◽  
pp. 161-186
Author(s):  
Hardik Shah ◽  
Khushbu Panchal ◽  
Amisha Panchal
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Osmotic Stress ◽  
Amino Acid Composition ◽  
Scientific Community ◽  
Compatible Solutes ◽  
Organic Solutes ◽  
Structural Adaptation ◽  
Extreme Habitats

Extremophiles are the most ancient microbes on the Earth and also a center of attraction for the scientific community for research because of their ability to adapt to extreme habitats. Compatible solutes are among those factors which enable these microorganisms to thrive in such extreme habitats. Under osmotic stress, the majority of extremophiles accumulate specific organic solutes such as amino acids, sugars, polyols, and their derivatives. In addition, proteins in extremophiles are found to be evolved by changing their amino acid composition to alter the hydrophobicity of its core and surface charge to maintain activity. This chapter encompasses a comprehensive study about the role of various compatible solutes in the endurance of microorganisms under extremophilic conditions, synthesis of compatible solutes, nature of extremophilic proteins, and their applications. Furthermore, an attempt has been made to cover various strategies adopted by the scientific community while pursuing research on compatible solutes.

Ectoine as a natural component of food: detection in red smear cheeses

2007 ◽  
Vol 74 (4) ◽  
pp. 446-451 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Klein ◽  
Thomas Schwarz ◽  
Georg Lentzen
Keyword(s):  
Osmotic Stress ◽  
Halophilic Bacteria ◽  
Compatible Solutes ◽  
Compatible Solute ◽  
Brevibacterium Linens ◽  
Food Detection ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Cheese Production ◽  
Natural Component ◽  
Red Smear Cheese

Ectoine is a compatible solute accumulated in halophilic bacteria in response to high salt concentrations and offers protection from osmotic stress. The occurrence of compatible solutes is widespread among bacteria, yet ectoine has never been detected in foods. The use of an ectoine producing microorganism (Brevibacterium linens) in the surface ripening of red smear cheeses led to the question whether ectoine can be found in cheese. Therefore we examined samples from a variety of cheese manufacturers and different types of red smear cheeses for the presence of ectoine using HPLC and HPLC/MS analysis. Ectoine solely appears in the rind and was detected up to 178 mg/200 g red smear cheese, depending on several factors like ripening status and conditions throughout the cheese production process (e.g. salt concentrations of used brine baths).

scholarly journals Genomic Insights into the Diversity of Non-Coding RNAs in Bacillus Cereus Sensu Lato.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kátia B. Gonçalves ◽  
Renan J. Casarotto Appel ◽  
Laurival A. Vilas Boas ◽  
Priscilla F. Cardoso ◽  
Gislayne T. Vilas Boas
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Cereus ◽  
Class Group ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Wide Distribution ◽  
Ecological Niches ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Non Coding Rnas ◽  
Structural Category ◽  
Bacterial Groups ◽  
Bacillus Cereus Sensu Lato

Abstract Bacillus cereus sensu lato is a group of bacteria of medical and agricultural importance in different ecological niches and with controversial taxonomic relationships. Studying the composition of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) in several bacterial groups has been an important tool for identifying genetic information. However, to date, no comparative genomics study of ncRNA has been performed in this group. Thus, this study aimed to identify and characterize the set of ncRNAs from 132 strains of Bacillus cereus, Bacillus thuringiensis and Bacillus anthracis to obtain an overview of the diversity and distribution of these genetic elements in these species. We observed that the number of ncRNAs differs in the chromosomes of the three species, but not in the plasmids, when species or phylogenetic clusters were compared. The prevailing functional/structural category was Cis-reg and the most frequent class was Riboswitch. However, in plasmids, the class Group II intron was the most frequent. Also, nine ncRNAs were selected for validation in the strain B. thuringiensis 407 by RT-PCR, which allowed to identify the expression of the ncRNAs. The wide distribution and diversity of ncRNAs in the B. cereus group, and more intensely in B. thuringiensis, may help improve the abilities of these species to adapt to various environmental changes.

scholarly journals Life at low water activity

2004 ◽  
Vol 359 (1448) ◽  
pp. 1249-1267 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. D. Grant
Keyword(s):  
Osmotic Stress ◽  
Water Activity ◽  
Water Availability ◽  
Osmotic Potential ◽  
Compatible Solutes ◽  
Restricted Range ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Geological Time ◽  
Time Periods ◽  
Sugar Levels

Two major types of environment provide habitats for the most xerophilic organisms known: foods preserved by some form of dehydration or enhanced sugar levels, and hypersaline sites where water availability is limited by a high concentration of salts (usually NaCl). These environments are essentially microbial habitats, with high–sugar foods being dominated by xerophilic (sometimes called osmophilic) filamentous fungi and yeasts, some of which are capable of growth at a water activity ( a w ) of 0.61, the lowest a w value for growth recorded to date. By contrast, high–salt environments are almost exclusively populated by prokaryotes, notably the haloarchaea, capable of growing in saturated NaCl ( a w 0.75). Different strategies are employed for combating the osmotic stress imposed by high levels of solutes in the environment. Eukaryotes and most prokaryotes synthesize or accumulate organic so–called ‘compatible solutes’ (osmolytes) that have counterbalancing osmotic potential. A restricted range of bacteria and the haloarchaea counterbalance osmotic stress imposed by NaCl by accumulating equivalent amounts of KCl. Haloarchaea become entrapped and survive for long periods inside halite (NaCl) crystals. They are also found in ancient subterranean halite (NaCl) deposits, leading to speculation about survival over geological time periods.

Revision of the New World genera Adelius Haliday and Paradelius de Saeger (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Cheloninae: Adeliini)

Zootaxa ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 4571 (2) ◽  
pp. 151
Author(s):  
EDUARDO M. SHIMBORI ◽  
MARCO A. BORTONI ◽  
SCOTT R. SHAW ◽  
CAROLINA DA S. SOUZA-GESSNER ◽  
PAULA DE C. M. CERÂNTOLA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
New World ◽  
Taxonomic Revision ◽  
Wide Distribution ◽  
Neotropical Region ◽  
Leaf Mining ◽  
The World ◽  
High Elevations ◽  
One New Species ◽  
First Descriptions

Species of adeliine braconids were previously described and named from all biogeographic areas of the world except the Neotropical Region. Here we present the first taxonomic revision of New World adeliines, as well as the first newly described species of both genera, Adelius and Paradelius, from the Neotropical Region. Although not commonly sampled because of their minute size and associations with leaf-mining hosts, our results indicate that adeliines actually have a wide distribution in the neotropics, especially in middle to high elevations and dry forests. In addition to redescriptions of all known Nearctic species, we present the first descriptions of the females of Adelius coloradensis and A. nigripectus, of 16 new species of the genus Adelius (A. adeleae Shimbori & Shaw sp. n., A. bolivariensis Bortoni & Penteado-Dias sp. n., A. boliviensis Bortoni & Penteado-Dias sp. n., A. caatinga Bortoni, Shimbori & Penteado-Dias sp. n., A. canadensis Shimbori & Shaw sp. n., A. ecuadoriensis Bortoni & Penteado-Dias sp. n., A. excelsus Bortoni & Shimbori sp. n., A. floridensis Shimbori & Shaw sp. n., A. gauldi Shimbori & Shaw sp. n., A. janzeni Shimbori & Shaw sp. n., A. monteiroi Souza-Gessner, Cerântola & Penteado-Dias sp. n., A. morretesiensis Bortoni, Shimbori & Penteado-Dias sp. n., A. panamensis Shimbori & Shaw sp. n., A. pentagonalis Shimbori & Shaw sp. n., A. quiteriae Souza-Gessner, Cerântola & Penteado-Dias sp. n., and A. sancticaroli Bortoni, Penteado-Dias & Shimbori sp. n.), and one new species of the genus Paradelius (P. neotropicalis Shimbori & Shaw sp. n.). Keys for the New World species of both genera are provided. 

scholarly journals Compatible Solutes Protect against Chaotrope (Ethanol)-Induced, Nonosmotic Water Stress

2003 ◽  
Vol 69 (12) ◽  
pp. 7032-7034 ◽  
Author(s):  
John E. Hallsworth ◽  
Bernard A. Prior ◽  
Yoshiyuki Nomura ◽  
Masayoshi Iwahara ◽  
Kenneth N. Timmis
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Osmotic Stress ◽  
Aspergillus Nidulans ◽  
Compatible Solutes ◽  
Cellular Systems ◽  
Intracellular Concentration ◽  
Sensitive Indicator ◽  
Stressed Cells

ABSTRACT Water stress is one of the major stresses experienced by cellular systems and can take a number of distinct forms. In response to turgor-related osmotic stress, cells produce compatible solutes that are macromolecule protectants and also counteract the outflow of water from stressed cells. In this report we show that the germination of conidia of Aspergillus nidulans, a sensitive indicator of water stress, in the presence of ethanol is correlated with the intracellular concentration of the compatible solutes glycerol and erythritol, which protect against both osmotic and nonturgor forms of water stress.

scholarly journals Osmotic Stress Response: Quantification of Cell Maintenance and Metabolic Fluxes in a Lysine-Overproducing Strain of Corynebacterium glutamicum

2004 ◽  
Vol 70 (7) ◽  
pp. 4222-4229 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristian A. Varela ◽  
Mauricio E. Baez ◽  
Eduardo Agosin
Keyword(s):  
Osmotic Stress ◽  
Corynebacterium Glutamicum ◽  
Metabolic Flux ◽  
Cell Metabolism ◽  
Compatible Solutes ◽  
Flux Analysis ◽  
High Dilution ◽  
Metabolic Fluxes ◽  
Cell Productivity ◽  
Osmotic Stress Response

ABSTRACT Osmotic stress diminishes cell productivity and may cause cell inactivation in industrial fermentations. The quantification of metabolic changes under such conditions is fundamental for understanding and describing microbial behavior during bioprocesses. We quantified the gradual changes that take place when a lysine-overproducing strain of Corynebacterium glutamicum is grown in continuous culture with saline gradients at different dilution rates. The use of compatible solutes depended on environmental conditions; certain osmolites predominated at different dilution rates and extracellular osmolalities. A metabolic flux analysis showed that at high dilution rates C. glutamicum redistributed its metabolic fluxes, favoring energy formation over growth. At low dilution rates, cell metabolism accelerated as the osmolality was steadily increased. Flexibility in the oxaloacetate node proved to be key for the energetic redistribution that occurred when cells were grown at high dilution rates. Substrate and ATP maintenance coefficients increased 30- and 5-fold, respectively, when the osmolality increased, which demonstrates that energy pool management is fundamental for sustaining viability.

scholarly journals Compatible-Solute-Supported Periplasmic Expression of Functional Recombinant Proteins under Stress Conditions

2000 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
pp. 1572-1579 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Barth ◽  
M. Huhn ◽  
B. Matthey ◽  
A. Klimka ◽  
E. A. Galinski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Osmotic Stress ◽  
Recombinant Proteins ◽  
Glycine Betaine ◽  
Metal Ion ◽  
Halophilic Bacteria ◽  
Compatible Solutes ◽  
Compatible Solute ◽  
Size Exclusion ◽  
High Yield ◽  
High Concentrations

ABSTRACT The standard method of producing recombinant proteins such as immunotoxins (rITs) in large quantities is to transform gram-negative bacteria and subsequently recover the desired protein from inclusion bodies by intensive de- and renaturing procedures. The major disadvantage of this technique is the low yield of active protein. Here we report the development of a novel strategy for the expression of functional rIT directed to the periplasmic space of Escherichia coli. rITs were recovered by freeze-thawing of pellets from shaking cultures of bacteria grown under osmotic stress (4% NaCl plus 0.5 M sorbitol) in the presence of compatible solutes. Compatible solutes, such as glycine betaine and hydroxyectoine, are low-molecular-weight osmolytes that occur naturally in halophilic bacteria and are known to protect proteins at high salt concentrations. Adding 10 mM glycine betaine for the cultivation of E. coliunder osmotic stress not only allowed the bacteria to grow under these otherwise inhibitory conditions but also produced a periplasmic microenvironment for the generation of high concentrations of correctly folded rITs. Protein purified by combinations of metal ion affinity and size exclusion chromatography was substantially stabilized in the presence of 1 M hydroxyecotine after several rounds of freeze-thawing, even at very low protein concentrations. The binding properties and cytotoxic potency of the rITs were confirmed by competitive experiments. This novel compatible-solute-guided expression and purification strategy might also be applicable for high-yield periplasmic production of recombinant proteins in different expression systems.

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