scholarly journals The Role of Streptococcus spp. in Bovine Mastitis

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 1497
Author(s):  
Tina Kabelitz ◽  
Etienne Aubry ◽  
Kira van Vorst ◽  
Thomas Amon ◽  
Marcus Fulde
Keyword(s):  
Animal Health ◽  
Bovine Mastitis ◽  
Detailed Knowledge ◽  
Prevention Measures ◽  
Detection Techniques ◽  
Streptococcus Species ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Therapy Costs ◽  
Resistance Rates

The Streptococcus genus belongs to one of the major pathogen groups inducing bovine mastitis. In the dairy industry, mastitis is the most common and costly disease. It not only negatively impacts economic profit due to milk losses and therapy costs, but it is an important animal health and welfare issue as well. This review describes a classification, reservoirs, and frequencies of the most relevant Streptococcus species inducing bovine mastitis (S. agalactiae, S. dysgalactiae and S. uberis). Host and environmental factors influencing mastitis susceptibility and infection rates will be discussed, because it has been indicated that Streptococcus herd prevalence is much higher than mastitis rates. After infection, we report the sequence of cow immune reactions and differences in virulence factors of the main Streptococcus species. Different mastitis detection techniques together with possible conventional and alternative therapies are described. The standard approach treating streptococcal mastitis is the application of ß-lactam antibiotics. In streptococci, increased antimicrobial resistance rates were identified against enrofloxacin, tetracycline, and erythromycin. At the end, control and prevention measures will be considered, including vaccination, hygiene plan, and further interventions. It is the aim of this review to estimate the contribution and to provide detailed knowledge about the role of the Streptococcus genus in bovine mastitis.

scholarly journals Health vigilance concerning Acinetobacter baumannii bacteremia at the mohammed VI university hospital of oujda (morocco): epidemiological profile and antibiotic resistance

2021 ◽  
Vol 319 ◽  
pp. 01003
Author(s):  
Loubna Yacoubi ◽  
Soumia Farih ◽  
Noussaiba Benhamza ◽  
Abderazzak Seddari ◽  
Adil maleb
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Blood Cultures ◽  
University Hospital ◽  
Microbiology Laboratory ◽  
Prevention Measures ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Epidemiological Profile ◽  
Healthcare Associated ◽  
Resistance Rates ◽  
Contaminated Blood

The objective of this work is to determine the epidemiological profile of Acinetobacter b aumannii (A.baumannii ) bacteremia in the microbiology laboratory of CHU Mohammed VI of Oujda and its antibiotic resistance rates. This is a retrospective and descriptive study of 27 months from June 24, 2016to September 19, 2018 including all positive blood cultures processed in the microbiology laboratory in accordance with REMIC (reference in medical microbiology)and EUCAST(European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing). Contaminated blood cultures were excluded. As results we collected 863 positive blood cultures, A. baumannii accounted for 7.41% (n = 64). 67% (n =43) of the strains were isolated from patients hospitalized in intensive care (adults, children and newborns). The two main risk factors described in patients with our series were wearing of intravascular device in 55% (n=35) Immunosuppression in 22% n=14). A. baumannii bacteremia was associated with care in 37.5% (n=24). 75% (n=48) of A. baumannii isolates were resistant to carbapenems. No strain of A. baumannii was resistant to colistin. In light of these results strengthening the control and prevention measures for healthcare associated infections would be the most reliable way to limit the spread of A. baumannii in our establishment.

Does the weather play a role in the spread of pandemic influenza? A study of H1N1pdm09 infections in France during 2009–2010

2015 ◽  
Vol 143 (16) ◽  
pp. 3384-3393 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. VITTECOQ ◽  
B. ROCHE ◽  
J.-M. COHEN ◽  
F. RENAUD ◽  
F. THOMAS ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza A ◽  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Case Reports ◽  
Influenza Pandemic ◽  
National Level ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Demographic Variables ◽  
Prevention Measures ◽  
Control And Prevention

SUMMARYUnderstanding patterns of influenza spread and persistence is crucial for pandemic preparedness. The H1N1pdm09 virus caused the first influenza pandemic of the 21st century which resulted in at least 18500 deaths. Based on laboratory-confirmed primary-care case reports we investigated the role of weather conditions and socio-demographic variables in its initial spread and subsequent presence in France. Our findings suggest that low relative humidity and high population density were determinants in shaping the early spread of the virus at the national level. Those conditions also favoured the persistence of viral presence throughout the first 33 weeks of the pandemic. Additionally this persistence was significantly favoured by low insolation. These results confirm the increasingly recognized role of humidity in influenza dynamics and underlie the concomitant effect of insolation. Therefore climatic factors should be taken into account when designing influenza control and prevention measures.

scholarly journals Viability of oocist eimeria of turkeys under exposure to Mycadez

2020 ◽  
pp. 52-55
Author(s):  
P. V. Liulin ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Substrate Temperature ◽  
Prevention Measures ◽  
Surface Layers ◽  
Leading Role ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Scientific Laboratory ◽  
Petri Dishes

The sanitary and parasitic state of poultry houses affects the infestation of turkeys with eimeria. The increased humidity and temperature of the surface layers of the litter, which contributes to the sporulation of oocysts and the infection of young birds with eimerious invasion plays an important role. Therefore, while developing control and prevention measures, it is necessary to take into account the permissible standards for litter moisture and ambient temperature. It is well known that the viability of eimeria oocysts largely depends on the moisture content of the substrate, temperature and the presence of air. However, the influence of these factors and the effect of Mikadez on the viability of pathogens of eimeria oocysts have not been fully studied. Research object. Freshly excreted turkey feces containing oocysts of eimeria E. meleagridis (37.5 %); E. adenoids (25.7 %); E. gallopavonis (26.1 %), E. meleagrimitis (7.3 %); E. innocua (3.4 %) and Micadez litter desiccant were studied. Objective. To study the effectiveness of the litter desiccant Mikaedz TU U 08.1 - 36613759 - 002: 2013 on turkey eimeria oocysts in the environment. The studies were carried out in the scientific laboratory of the Department of Parasitology of the Kharkiv State Zooveterinary Academy, using generally accepted parasitological and microscopic research methods. Material for the study was taken from turkeys experimentally infested with eimeriosis. Feces were placed in Petri dishes without bedding and with bedding containing Mikadez, kept in a thermostat at a temperature of +20 ° C, 70 % relative humidity for 10 days. The loss of moisture in feces was monitored by weighing, and the viability of eimeria oocysts microscopically, counting the number of non-sporulated and sporulated oocysts in the Goryaev chamber were determined. With a decrease in fecal moisture to 31.3 ± 1.22 % ‒ 40.7 ± 0.51 %, the viability of eimeria oocysts reduced, which indicates the leading role of moisture in the sanitizing process. At a moisture content of 30 % in the substrates (feces), Eimeria oocysts lose their viability, and the Micadez bedding desiccant promotes the absorption of moisture from feces and accelerates the death of Eimeria oocysts in turkeys.

Role of Artesunate in Potentiation of β-lactam Against Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Isolated from Bovine Mastitis and its Histopathology Impact In-Vivo Study

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Clavulanic Acid ◽  
Resistance Mechanism ◽  
Bovine Mastitis ◽  
Lethal Challenge ◽  
Experimental Procedure ◽  
Appropriate Treatment ◽  
Amoxicillin Clavulanic Acid ◽  
Mrsa Infection

This article discusses the augmenting influence of Artesunate (ART) in combination with β-lactams (amoxicillin/clavulanic acid) antibiotic in sepsis mice models infected by a lethal challenge dose of live coagulase positive enterotoxigenic (Sec) MRSA that was isolated from a case of chronic bovine mastitis. The main goal is to find an appropriate treatment to overcome resistance mechanism of MRSA towards β-lactams antibiotic. Fifty healthy adult Swiss mice divided into 5 equal groups were used in the experimental procedure. The infected group that treated with both ART and β-lactams (amoxicillin/clavulanic acid) antibiotic revealed complete inhibition of MRSA count with complete normal macroscopic and histopathological features. We suggest that ART can potentiate the antibacterial action of β-lactams (amoxicillin/Clavulanic) acid against MRSA infection. The combination of ART and antibiotic can overcome MRSA resistance mechanism and so could be considered a novel candidate to overcome mastitis and/or sepsis caused by MRSA.

Effect of Bismuth Subnitrate Teat Canal Sealant with Ampicillin-Cloxacillin Combination in Control of Bovine Mastitis in Selected Farms in Kenya

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Bacterial Pathogens ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Bovine Mastitis ◽  
Test Group ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Dry Period ◽  
Coagulase Negative Staphylococci ◽  
Bismuth Subnitrate ◽  
Teat Canal

This study presents the results of effect of a combination of bismuth subnitrate teat canal sealant (Boviseal® -Bimeda® Animal Health, Ireland) and the antibiotic Ampicillin & Cloxacillin (Bovaclox® DC-Norbrook Laboratories Ltd-UK) when used during the dry period on occurrence of mastitis 100 days post-calving. The objectives of this study were: to determine the effect of Boviseal® teat canal sealant in combination with Bovaclox® DC in control of dairy cow mastitis 100 days after calving; to determine bacterial pathogens causing mastitis in the selected farms and to determine risk factors for occurrence of dairy mastitis in the selected farms. This controlled field trial was carried out in two Kenyan dairy farms: Chemusian Farm in Nakuru County and Gicheha Farm in Kiambu County. 156 dairy cows were used in the study. Healthy cows with no history of mastitis in their current lactation were recruited. They were randomly placed into either of the two study groups: the control and the test group. The Control group received Bovaclox® DC while the Test group received the Bovaclox® DC followed by Boviseal®. The cows were followed during the entire dry period and 100 days post-calving monitoring for mastitis occurrence. Cows in the control group were more susceptible to mastitis 100 days post-calving compared to cows in the treatment group (P<0.001, RR=4.4, OR=17.7). Of the bacterial pathogens, coagulase negative Staphylococci (CNS) were the most common pathogens isolated from mastitic milk at 34.6 % followed by Micrococcus spp. (9.0%). Other bacteria isolated were Streptococcus agalactiae (3.8%), Staphylococcus aureus (1.9%); Escherichia coli (0.6%) and various bacterial mixtures. Results of logistic regressions at P≤0.05 showed that farm, position of the quarter, type of barn floor and type of treatment were significantly associated with occurrence of mastitis. Cows in Gicheha farm whose barn floor was earthen, those cows in the control group and hindquarters were risk factors for mastitis (RR=1.5, 4.4 and 1.18 respectively). The results of this study showed that Bovaclox® DC + Boviseal® teat canal sealant combination applied during the dry period is more effective in controlling bovine mastitis 100 days post-calving compared to the use of Bovaclox® DC alone. The study thus recommends the use of Bovaclox® DC + Boviseal® dry cow combination for control of bovine mastitis.

scholarly journals Wood Pastures: A Transitional Habitat between Forests and Pastures for Dung Beetle Assemblages

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 25
Author(s):  
László Somay ◽  
Viktor Szigeti ◽  
Gergely Boros ◽  
Réka Ádám ◽  
András Báldi
Keyword(s):  
Functional Group ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Habitat Type ◽  
Dung Beetle ◽  
Dung Beetles ◽  
Livestock Grazing ◽  
Pitfall Traps ◽  
Assemblage Composition ◽  
Beetle Assemblages

Wood pastures are home to a variety of species, including the dung beetle. Dung beetles are an important functional group in decomposition. Specifically, in terms of livestock manure, they not only contribute to nutrient cycling but are key players in supporting human and animal health. Dung beetles, however, are declining in population, and urgent recommendations are needed to reverse this trend. Recommendations need to be based on solid evidence and specific habitats. Herein, we aimed to investigate the role of an intermediate habitat type between forests and pastures. Wood pastures are key areas for dung beetle conservation. For this reason, we compared dung beetle assemblages among forests, wood pastures, and grasslands. We complemented this with studies on the effects of dung type and season at three Hungarian locations. Pitfall traps baited with cattle, sheep, or horse dung were used in forests, wood pastures, and pasture habitats in spring, summer, and autumn. Dung beetle assemblages of wood pastures showed transient characteristics between forests and pastures regarding their abundance, species richness, Shannon diversity, assemblage composition, and indicator species. We identified a strong effect of season and a weak of dung type. Assemblage composition proved to be the most sensitive measure of differences among habitats. The conservation of dung beetles, and the decomposition services they provide, need continuous livestock grazing to provide fresh dung, as well as the maintenance of wood pastures where dung beetle assemblages typical of forests and pastures can both survive.

scholarly journals Survey of Saliva Components and Virus Sensors for Prevention of COVID-19 and Infectious Diseases

Biosensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 14
Author(s):  
Priya Dave ◽  
Roberto Rojas-Cessa ◽  
Ziqian Dong ◽  
Vatcharapan Umpaichitra
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Dental Health ◽  
The United States ◽  
Human Saliva ◽  
Field Application ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Prevention Measures ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Close Distance

The United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention considers saliva contact the lead transmission mean of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which causes the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Saliva droplets or aerosols expelled by sneezing, coughing, breathing, and talking may carry this virus. People in close distance may be exposed directly to these droplets or indirectly when touching the droplets that fall on surrounding surfaces and ending up contracting COVID-19 after touching the mucosa tissue of their faces. It is of great interest to quickly and effectively detect the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in an environment, but the existing methods only work in laboratory settings, to the best of our knowledge. However, it may be possible to detect the presence of saliva in the environment and proceed with prevention measures. However, detecting saliva itself has not been documented in the literature. On the other hand, many sensors that detect different organic components in saliva to monitor a person’s health and diagnose different diseases, ranging from diabetes to dental health, have been proposed and they may be used to detect the presence of saliva. This paper surveys sensors that detect organic and inorganic components of human saliva. Humidity sensors are also considered in the detection of saliva because a large portion of saliva is water. Moreover, sensors that detect infectious viruses are also included as they may also be embedded into saliva sensors for a confirmation of the presence of the virus. A classification of sensors by their working principles and the substances they detect is presented, including the sensors’ specifications, sample size, and sensitivity. Indications of which sensors are portable and suitable for field application are presented. This paper also discusses future research and challenges that must be resolved to realize practical saliva sensors. Such sensors may help minimize the spread of not only COVID-19 but also other infectious diseases.

scholarly journals Cutaneous anthrax outbreak associated with handling dead animals, Rhino Camp sub-county: Arua District, Uganda, January–May 2018

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vivian Ntono ◽  
Daniel Eurien ◽  
Lilian Bulage ◽  
Daniel Kadobera ◽  
Julie Harris ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Workers ◽  
Clinical Sample ◽  
Health Centre ◽  
Skin Lesions ◽  
Suspected Case ◽  
Prevention Measures ◽  
Multiple Exposures ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Cutaneous Anthrax

Abstract Background On 18 January 2018 a 40 year old man presented with skin lesions at Rhino Camp Health Centre. A skin lesion swab was collected on 20 January 2018 and was confirmed by PCR at Uganda Virus Research Institute on 21 January 2018. Subsequently, about 9 persons were reported to have fallen ill after reporting contact with livestock that died suddenly. On 9 February 2018, Arua District notified Uganda Ministry of Health of a confirmed anthrax outbreak among humans in Rhino Camp sub-county. We investigated to determine the scope and mode of transmission and exposures associated with identified anthrax to guide control and prevention measures. Methods We defined a suspected cutaneous anthrax case as onset of skin lesions (e.g., papule, vesicle, or eschar) in a person residing in Rhino Camp sub-county, Arua District from 25 December 2017 to 31 May 2018. A confirmed case was a suspected case with PCR-positivity for Bacillus anthracis from a clinical sample. We identified cases by reviewing medical records at Rhino Camp Health Centre. We also conducted additional case searches in the affected community with support from Community Health Workers. In a retrospective cohort study, we interviewed all members of households in which at least one person had contact with the carcasses of or meat from animals suspected to have died of anthrax. We collected and tested hides of implicated animals using an anthrax rapid diagnostic test. Results We identified 14 case-patients (1 confirmed, 13 suspected); none died. Only males were affected (affected proportion: 12/10,000). Mean age of case-persons was 33 years (SD: 22). The outbreak lasted for 5 months, from January 2018–May 2018, peaking in February. Skinning (risk ratio = 2.7, 95% CI = 1.1–6.7), dissecting (RR = 3.0, 95% CI = 1.2–7.6), and carrying dead animals (RR = 2.7, 95% CI = 1.1–6.7) were associated with increased risk of illness, as were carrying dissected parts of animals (RR = 2.9, 95% CI 1.3–6.5) and preparing and cooking the meat (RR = 2.3, 95% CI 0.9–5.9). We found evidence of animal remains on pastureland. Conclusion Multiple exposures to the hides and meat of animals that died suddenly were associated with this cutaneous anthrax outbreak in Arua District. We recommended public education about safe disposal of carcasses of livestock that die suddenly.

scholarly journals Language Proficiency and Migrant–Native Disparities in Postpartum Depressive Symptoms

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (9) ◽  
pp. 4782
Author(s):  
Sousan Hamwi ◽  
Elsa Lorthe ◽  
Henrique Barros
Keyword(s):  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Language Proficiency ◽  
Help Seeking ◽  
Depression Scale ◽  
Migrant Women ◽  
Prevention Measures ◽  
Native Women ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
Postpartum Depressive Symptoms

Migrant women have a higher risk of developing postpartum depressive symptoms (PPDS) than do native women. This study aimed to investigate the role of host-country language proficiency in this disparity. We analysed the data of 1475 migrant and 1415 native women who gave birth at a Portuguese public hospital between 2017 and 2019 and were participants in the baMBINO cohort study. Migrants’ language proficiency was self-rated and comprised understanding, speaking, reading, and writing skills. PPDS were assessed using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale with a cut-off score of ≥10. Multivariable logistic regression models were fitted to estimate the association between language proficiency and PPDS. PPDS were experienced by 7.2% of native women and 12.4% among migrants (p < 0.001). Increasing proportions of PPDS were observed among decreasing Portuguese proficiency levels; 11% among full, 13% among intermediate, and 18% among limited proficiency women (ptrend < 0.001). Full (aOR 1.63 (95% CI 1.21–2.19)), intermediate (aOR 1.68 (95% CI 1.16–2.42)), and limited (aOR 2.55 (95% CI 1.64–3.99)) language proficiencies were associated with increasingly higher odds of PPDS among migrant women, compared to native proficiency. Prevention measures should target migrant women at high risk of PPDS, namely those with limited language skills, and promote awareness, early detection, and help-seeking, in addition to facilitating communication in their perinatal healthcare encounters.

scholarly journals Migrants’ Quarantine and COVID-19 Pandemic in Italy: a Medico-anthropological View

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvia Di Meo ◽  
Enrico Bentivegna
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factor ◽  
Global Health ◽  
Infection Control ◽  
Social Inequalities ◽  
Patient Relationship ◽  
Prevention Measures ◽  
Cultural Aspects ◽  
Health Response ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Infection Control And Prevention

AbstractThe COVID-19 pandemic represents an important risk factor for migrants’ health. Paul Farmer highlighted the risk of global health response in emergency conditions exacerbating global and social inequalities. We argue that this is the case for quarantine ships and migrants’ management during the pandemic. Every aspect of infection-control and prevention measures acquires detention characteristics in these situations. With emphasis to the evolution of the doctor-patient relationship and to the anthropological and cultural aspects that were established during the pandemic, this article aims to provide an integrated view where physicians and anthropologists collaborate to deepen the understanding of the topic.

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