scholarly journals Virome in the Lungs: The Role of Anelloviruses in Childhood Respiratory Diseases

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 1357
Author(s):  
Giulia Dodi ◽  
Marina Attanasi ◽  
Paola Di Filippo ◽  
Sabrina Di Pillo ◽  
Francesco Chiarelli
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
Chronic Inflammatory Disease ◽  
Molecular Techniques ◽  
Chronic Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Constant Change ◽  
Inflammatory Processes ◽  
Health And Disease

More recently, increasing attention has been directed to exploring the function of the global virome in health and disease. Currently, by new molecular techniques, such as metagenomic DNA sequencing, the virome has been better unveiled. By investigating the human lung virome, we could provide novel insights into respiratory diseases. The virome, as a part of the microbiome, is characterized by a constant change in composition related to the type of diet, environment, and our genetic code, and other incalculable factors. The virome plays a substantial role in modulating human immune defenses and contributing to the inflammatory processes. Anelloviruses (AVs) are new components of the virome. AVs are already present during early life and reproduce without apparently causing harm to the host. The role of AVs is still unknown, but several reports have shown that AVs could activate the inflammasomes, intracellular multiprotein oligomers of the innate immune system, which show a crucial role in the host defense to several pathogens. In this narrative revision, we summarize the epidemiological data related to the possible link between microbial alterations and chronic respiratory diseases in children. Briefly, we also describe the characteristics of the most frequent viral family present in the lung virome, Anelloviridae. Furthermore, we discuss how AVs could modulate the immune system in children, affecting the development of chronic respiratory diseases, particularly asthma, the most common chronic inflammatory disease in childhood.

scholarly journals The Role of Innate Lymphoid Cells in Chronic Respiratory Diseases

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy T. Hsu ◽  
Timothy A. Gottschalk ◽  
Evelyn Tsantikos ◽  
Margaret L. Hibbs
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Pulmonary Inflammation ◽  
Innate Lymphoid Cells ◽  
Lymphoid Cells ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Chronic Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Chronic Lung Diseases ◽  
Pulmonary Immune System

The lung is a vital mucosal organ that is constantly exposed to the external environment, and as such, its defenses are continuously under threat. The pulmonary immune system has evolved to sense and respond to these danger signals while remaining silent to innocuous aeroantigens. The origin of the defense system is the respiratory epithelium, which responds rapidly to insults by the production of an array of mediators that initiate protection by directly killing microbes, activating tissue-resident immune cells and recruiting leukocytes from the blood. At the steady-state, the lung comprises a large collection of leukocytes, amongst which are specialized cells of lymphoid origin known as innate lymphoid cells (ILCs). ILCs are divided into three major helper-like subsets, ILC1, ILC2 and ILC3, which are considered the innate counterparts of type 1, 2 and 17 T helper cells, respectively, in addition to natural killer cells and lymphoid tissue inducer cells. Although ILCs represent a small fraction of the pulmonary immune system, they play an important role in early responses to pathogens and facilitate the acquisition of adaptive immunity. However, it is now also emerging that these cells are active participants in the development of chronic lung diseases. In this mini-review, we provide an update on our current understanding of the role of ILCs and their regulation in the lung. We summarise how these cells and their mediators initiate, sustain and potentially control pulmonary inflammation, and their contribution to the respiratory diseases chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma.

Role of Vasavaleha in the management of Covid19

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (SPL1) ◽  
pp. 259-261
Author(s):  
Aamir Khan ◽  
Rajni K. Gurmule
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Spreading Rate ◽  
Host Immune System ◽  
Shortness Of Breath ◽  
Antitussive Effect ◽  
Corona Viruses ◽  
Very High

Vasavaleha is one of the best medicine given for respiratory diseases. Corona viruses typically affect the respiratory system, causing symptoms such as coughing, fever and shortness of breath. It also affects host immune system of human body. Spreading rate of this disease is very high. Whole world is seeking for the treatment which can uproots this diseases. There in no vaccine available till date against this pandemic disease. Ayurveda mainly focuses on prevention of diseases alongwith its total cure. Rajyakshma Vyadhi is MadhyamMarga Roga as per Ayurveda. It shows many symptoms such as Kasa, Shwasa etc. By overall view of Covid 19, shows its resemblance with Rajyakshma Vyadhi described in Ayurveda. Vasavaleha is a Kalpa which is described in Rogadhikara of Rajyakshma. It shows Kasahara, Shwashara properties. It consists of Vasa, Pipalli, Madhu and Goghrita. These components shows actions like bronchodilation, antitussive effect and many more other actions. Pipalli shows important Rasayana effect. So in present review, we have tried to focus on role of Vasavaleha in the management of Covid 19. This can be used as preventive as well as adjuvant medication in treating Covid 19. There is need of further clinical research to rule of exact action of Vasavaleha against Covid 19.

Virome and Inflammasomes, a Finely Tuned Balance with Important Consequences for the Host Health

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 1027-1044 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giulia Freer ◽  
Fabrizio Maggi ◽  
Mauro Pistello
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Downstream Effects ◽  
Host Health ◽  
Inflammatory Processes ◽  
Human Immune ◽  
Immune Defences

Background:The virome is a network of viruses normally inhabiting humans. It forms a conspicuous portion of the so-called microbiome, once generically referred to as resident flora. Indeed, viruses infecting humans without leading to clinical disease are increasingly recognized as part of the microbiome and have an impact on the development of our immune system. In addition, they activate inflammasomes, multiprotein complexes that assemble in cells and that are responsible for the downstream effects of sensing pathogens.Objective:This review aims at summarizing the evidence on the role of the virome in modulating inflammation and emphasizes evidence for Anelloviruses as useful molecular markers to monitor inflammatory processes and immune system competence.Method:We carried out a review of the literature published in the last 5 years and summarized older literature to take into account ground-breaking discoveries concerning inflammasome assembly and virome.Results:A massive amount of data recently emerging demonstrate that the microbiome closely reflects what we eat, and many other unexpected variables. Composition, location, and amount of the microbiome have an impact on innate and adaptive immune defences. Viruses making up the virome contribute to shaping the immune system. Anelloviruses, the best known of such viruses, are present in most human beings, persistently without causing apparent disease. Depending on their interplay with such viruses, inflammasomes instruct host defences to tolerate or forfeit a specific microorganism.Conclusion:The virome plays an important role in shaping human immune defences and contributes to inflammatory processes by quenching or increasing them.

From Genesis To Revelation: The Role Of Inflammatory Mediators In Chronic Respiratory Diseases And Their Control By Nucleic Acid-Based Drugs

2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (999) ◽  
pp. 1-1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sante Di Gioia ◽  
Carla Sardo ◽  
Stefano Castellani ◽  
Barbara Porsio ◽  
Giuliana Belgiovine ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nucleic Acid ◽  
Inflammatory Mediators ◽  
Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Chronic Respiratory Diseases

Immunohistochemical Study of Presence of T Cells, B Cells, and Macrophages in Periradicular Lesions of Primary Teeth

2008 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 287-293 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michele Bolan ◽  
Daniele de Almeida Lima ◽  
Cláudia Pinto Figueiredo ◽  
Gabriella Di Giunta ◽  
Maria José de Carvalho Rocha
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Immune System ◽  
B Cells ◽  
Primary Teeth ◽  
Microscopic Analysis ◽  
Inflammatory Cells ◽  
Periapical Lesions ◽  
Inflammatory Processes ◽  
Local Inflammatory Reaction

BACKGROUND: The periapical lesion is the result of a local inflammatory reaction caused by bacteria and its products present on the root canal. The interaction between inflammatory cells and bacteria elicit both specific and non-specific immune responses. OBJETIVE: Due to the lack of studies evaluating the role of the immune system in periapical lesions of primary teeth and considering the potentially systemic effects that these infections can cause in children, especially because of the immaturity of their immune system, we sought to evaluate the presence of T cells, B cells and macrophages on periradicular lesions in primary teeth. STUDY DESIGN: 14 periradicular lesions were analyzed. The immunohistochemistry technique was performed using CD45RO, CD20, CD68 monoclonal antibodies aiming to identify T cells, B cells and macrophages, respectively. Cells were quantified by microscopic analysis of histological sections. RESULTS: Mean percentage of positive cells CD45RO was 11.76; CD20 was 5.25; CD68 was 10.92. Our results showed that T and B cells and macrophages comprise the majority of the inflammatory infiltrate. CONCLUSION: We concluded that both humoral and cell mediated immune reactions take place in periradicular lesions of primary teeth. The immune system plays an important role on the periradicular inflammatory processes in primary teeth.

Vagus Nerve Stimulation

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 54-58
Author(s):  
Eric J. Yang ◽  
Sahil Sekhon ◽  
Kristen M. Beck ◽  
Isabelle M. Sanchez ◽  
Tina Bhutani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Psoriatic Arthritis ◽  
Vagus Nerve ◽  
Nerve Stimulation ◽  
Vagus Nerve Stimulation ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Chronic Inflammatory Disease ◽  
Inflammatory Processes ◽  
Current Therapies ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel

Treatments for psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis have progressed at a rapid rate over the past 20 years, but treating patients with recalcitrant disease still remains a difficult task. Current therapies for these diseases involve topical agents, phototherapy, and systemic immunosuppression. However, the role of the nervous system in psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis remains largely unexplored. Recent animal studies and clinical trials have demonstrated that vagus nerve stimulation can decrease inflammatory processes in rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease. In this article, we outline the existing knowledge of the nervous system’s role in chronic inflammatory disease and discuss how these findings could be utilized in the future for treatment of psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis.

scholarly journals Role of 5-HT7 receptors in the immune system in health and disease

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alejandro Quintero-Villegas ◽  
Sergio Iván Valdés-Ferrer
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Immune Response ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Blood Platelets ◽  
Pain Tolerance ◽  
Immune Mediated ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Health And Disease

AbstractIn mammalians, serotonin (5-HT) has critical roles in the central nervous system (CNS), including mood stability, pain tolerance, or sleep patterns. However, the vast majority of serotonin is produced by intestinal enterochromaffin cells of the gastrointestinal tract and circulating blood platelets, also acting outside of the CNS. Serotonin effects are mediated through its interaction with 5-HT receptors (5-HTRs), a superfamily with a repertoire of at least fourteen well-characterized members. 5-HT7 receptors are the last 5-HTR member to be identified, with well-defined functions in the nervous, gastrointestinal, and vascular systems. The effects of serotonin on the immune response are less well understood. Mast cells are known to produce serotonin, while T cells, dendritic cells, monocytes, macrophages and microglia express 5-HT7 receptor. Here, we review the known roles of 5-HT7 receptors in the immune system, as well as their potential therapeutic implication in inflammatory and immune-mediated disorders.

scholarly journals IL-33 Mediated Inflammation in Chronic Respiratory Diseases—Understanding the Role of the Member of IL-1 Superfamily

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agata Gabryelska ◽  
Piotr Kuna ◽  
Adam Antczak ◽  
Piotr Białasiewicz ◽  
Michał Panek
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Chronic Respiratory Diseases
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