scholarly journals Gut Microbiota and Host Metabolism: From Proof of Concept to Therapeutic Intervention

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 1302
Author(s):  
Patrice D. Cani ◽  
Emilie Moens de Hase ◽  
Matthias Van Hul
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Research Field ◽  
Proof Of Concept ◽  
Clinical Implementation ◽  
Science Area ◽  
Microbiome Research ◽  
Fast Pace ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Host Metabolism

The field of the gut microbiota is still a relatively young science area, yet many studies have already highlighted the translational potential of microbiome research in the context of human health and disease. However, like in many new fields, discoveries are occurring at a fast pace and have provided new hope for the development of novel clinical applications in many different medical conditions, not in the least in metabolic disorders. This rapid progress has left the field vulnerable to premature claims, misconceptions and criticism, both from within and outside the sector. Tackling these issues requires a broad collaborative effort within the research field and is only possible by acknowledging the difficulties and challenges that are faced and that are currently hindering clinical implementation. These issues include: the primarily descriptive nature of evidence, methodological concerns, disagreements in analysis techniques, lack of causality, and a rather limited molecular-based understanding of underlying mechanisms. In this review, we discuss various studies and models that helped identifying the microbiota as an attractive tool or target for developing various translational applications. We also discuss some of the limitations and try to clarify some common misconceptions that are still prevalent in the field.

scholarly journals BOARD INVITED REVIEW: The pig microbiota and the potential for harnessing the power of the microbiome to improve growth and health1

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (9) ◽  
pp. 3741-3757 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nirosh D Aluthge ◽  
Dana M Van Sambeek ◽  
Erin E Carney-Hinkle ◽  
Yanshuo S Li ◽  
Samodha C Fernando ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Microbial Colonization ◽  
Critical Importance ◽  
Specific Host ◽  
Microbiome Research ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
The Impact

Abstract A variety of microorganisms inhabit the gastrointestinal tract of animals including bacteria, archaea, fungi, protozoa, and viruses. Pioneers in gut microbiology have stressed the critical importance of diet:microbe interactions and how these interactions may contribute to health status. As scientists have overcome the limitations of culture-based microbiology, the importance of these interactions has become more clear even to the extent that the gut microbiota has emerged as an important immunologic and metabolic organ. Recent advances in metagenomics and metabolomics have helped scientists to demonstrate that interactions among the diet, the gut microbiota, and the host to have profound effects on animal health and disease. However, although scientists have now accumulated a great deal of data with respect to what organisms comprise the gastrointestinal landscape, there is a need to look more closely at causative effects of the microbiome. The objective of this review is intended to provide: 1) a review of what is currently known with respect to the dynamics of microbial colonization of the porcine gastrointestinal tract; 2) a review of the impact of nutrient:microbe effects on growth and health; 3) examples of the therapeutic potential of prebiotics, probiotics, and synbiotics; and 4) a discussion about what the future holds with respect to microbiome research opportunities and challenges. Taken together, by considering what is currently known in the four aforementioned areas, our overarching goal is to set the stage for narrowing the path towards discovering how the porcine gut microbiota (individually and collectively) may affect specific host phenotypes.

scholarly journals SAT-657 The Gut Microbiome Regulates Host Glucose Homeostasis via Peripheral Serotonin

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Damien Keating
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Glucose Homeostasis ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Microbiota Composition ◽  
Serotonin Synthesis ◽  
Pharmacological Inhibition ◽  
Genetic Deletion ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Induced Changes ◽  
Host Metabolism

Abstract The gut microbiome is an established regulator of aspects of host metabolism, such as glucose handling. Despite the known impacts of the gut microbiota on host glucose homeostasis, the underlying mechanisms are unknown. The gut microbiome is also a potent mediator of gut-derived serotonin synthesis, and this peripheral source of serotonin is itself a regulator of glucose homeostasis. Here, we determined whether the gut microbiome influences glucose homeostasis through effects on gut-derived serotonin. Using both pharmacological inhibition and genetic deletion of gut-derived serotonin synthesis, we find [1] that the improvements in host glucose handling caused by antibiotic-induced changes in microbiota composition are dependent on the synthesis of peripheral serotonin. [1] The gut microbiome regulates host glucose homeostasis via peripheral serotonin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2019 Oct 1;116(40):19802-19804. Martin AM, Yabut JM, Choo JM, Page AJ, Sun EW, Jessup CF, Wesselingh SL, Khan WI, Rogers GB, Steinberg GR, Keating DJ.

scholarly journals Microbiota and metabolism: what's new in 2018?

2018 ◽  
Vol 315 (1) ◽  
pp. E1-E6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexis Bretin ◽  
Andrew T. Gewirtz ◽  
Benoit Chassaing
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Metabolic Health ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Made In

The concept that the gut microbiota plays a broadly important role in health and disease in general, and metabolic health in particular, is now well established. However, many of the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood while approaches to reliably manipulate the microbiota to promote health have not yet been clearly defined. Nonetheless, progress in these areas is steadily accelerating. Herein, we review select areas of progress that have been made in the last year that should hasten the era in which the microbiota can be therapeutically manipulated to promote metabolic health.

scholarly journals A Computational Method to Dissect Colonization Resistance of the Gut Microbiota against Pathogens

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shanlin Ke ◽  
Yandong Xiao ◽  
Scott T. Weiss ◽  
Xinhua Chen ◽  
Ciaran P. Kelly ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Rational Design ◽  
Computational Method ◽  
Colonization Resistance ◽  
Gut Microbes ◽  
Population Dynamics Model ◽  
Microbiome Research ◽  
Enteric Infections ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Microbiome Data

The indigenous gut microbes have co-evolved with their hosts for millions of years. Those gut microbes play a crucial role in host health and disease. In particular, they protect the host against incursion by exogenous and often harmful microorganisms, a mechanism known as colonization resistance (CR). Yet, identifying the exact microbes responsible for the gut microbiota-mediated CR against a particular pathogen remains a fundamental challenge in microbiome research. Here, we develop a computational method --- Generalized Microbe-Phenotype Triangulation (GMPT) to systematically identify causal microbes that directly influence the microbiota-mediated CR against a pathogen. We systematically validate GMPT using a classical population dynamics model in community ecology, and then apply it to microbiome data from two mouse studies on C. difficile infection. The developed method will not only significantly advance our understanding of CR mechanisms but also pave the way for the rational design of microbiome-based therapies for preventing and treating enteric infections.

scholarly journals The gut microbiome regulates host glucose homeostasis via peripheral serotonin

2019 ◽  
Vol 116 (40) ◽  
pp. 19802-19804 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alyce M. Martin ◽  
Julian M. Yabut ◽  
Jocelyn M. Choo ◽  
Amanda J. Page ◽  
Emily W. Sun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Glucose Homeostasis ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Microbiota Composition ◽  
Serotonin Synthesis ◽  
Pharmacological Inhibition ◽  
Genetic Deletion ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Induced Changes ◽  
Host Metabolism

The gut microbiome is an established regulator of aspects of host metabolism, such as glucose handling. Despite the known impacts of the gut microbiota on host glucose homeostasis, the underlying mechanisms are unknown. The gut microbiome is also a potent mediator of gut-derived serotonin synthesis, and this peripheral source of serotonin is itself a regulator of glucose homeostasis. Here, we determined whether the gut microbiome influences glucose homeostasis through effects on gut-derived serotonin. Using both pharmacological inhibition and genetic deletion of gut-derived serotonin synthesis, we find that the improvements in host glucose handling caused by antibiotic-induced changes in microbiota composition are dependent on the synthesis of peripheral serotonin.

scholarly journals The Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis in Health and Disease and Its Implications for Translational Research

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melanie Anna Schächtle ◽  
Stephan Patrick Rosshart
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Translational Research ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Brain Physiology ◽  
Microbiome Research ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
The Impact

Over the past decades, microbiome research has evolved rapidly and became a hot topic in basic, preclinical and clinical research, for the pharmaceutical industry and for the general public. With the help of new high-throughput sequencing technologies tremendous progress has been made in the characterization of host-microbiota interactions identifying the microbiome as a major factor shaping mammalian physiology. This development also led to the discovery of the gut-brain axis as the crucial connection between gut microbiota and the nervous system. Consequently, a rapidly growing body of evidence emerged suggesting that the commensal gut microbiota plays a vital role in brain physiology. Moreover, it became evident that the communication along this microbiota-gut-brain axis is bidirectional and primarily mediated by biologically active microbial molecules and metabolites. Further, intestinal dysbiosis leading to changes in the bidirectional relationship between gut microbiota and the nervous system was linked to the pathogenesis of several psychiatric and neurological disorders. Here, we discuss the impact of the gut microbiota on the brain in health and disease, specifically as regards to neuronal homeostasis, development and normal aging as well as their role in neurological diseases of the highest socioeconomic burden such as Alzheimer’s disease and stroke. Subsequently, we utilize Alzheimer’s disease and stroke to examine the translational research value of current mouse models in the spotlight of microbiome research. Finally, we propose future strategies on how we could conduct translational microbiome research in the field of neuroscience that may lead to the identification of novel treatments for human diseases.

scholarly journals Tissue-wide metabolomics reveals wide impact of gut microbiota on mice metabolite composition

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iman Zarei ◽  
Ville M. Koistinen ◽  
Marietta Kokla ◽  
Anton Klåvus ◽  
Ambrin Farizah Babu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Metabolic Response ◽  
Germ Free ◽  
Molecular Features ◽  
Beneficial Impact ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Specific Tissue ◽  
Host Metabolism ◽  
Different Tissues

The essential role of gut microbiota in health and disease is well-recognized, but the biochemical details underling beneficial impact remain largely undefined. Dysbiosis of gut bacteria results in the alteration of certain microbial and host metabolites, and identifying these markers could enhance the early detection of certain diseases. We report LC-MS based non-targeted metabolic profiling to demonstrate a large effect of gut microbiota on mammalian tissue metabolites. It was hypothesized that gut microbiota influences the overall biochemistry of the host metabolome and this effect is tissue-specific. Thirteen different tissues from germ-free and conventional mice were selected and their metabolic differences were analyzed. Our study demonstrated a large effect of the microbiome on mammalian biochemistry at different tissue levels and resulted in significant modulation of metabolites from multiple metabolic pathway (p ≤ 0.05). A vast metabolic response of host to metabolites generated by the microbiota was observed, Hundreds of molecular features were detected exclusively in one mouse group, with the majority of these being unique to specific tissue, suggesting direct impact gut microbiota on host metabolism.

The gut-brain axis: microglia in the spotlight

Neuroforum ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 205-212 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charlotte Mezö ◽  
Omar Mossad ◽  
Daniel Erny ◽  
Thomas Blank
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Brain Functions ◽  
Microbiome Research ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
The Brain

Summary Microbiome research has grown significantly in the last decade, highlighting manifold implications of the microbiota to the host’s health. The gut microbiota is connected to the brain through several avenues that allow their interaction. Thus, recent studies have attemtpted to characterize these connections and enhance our understanding of the so called ‘gut-brain-axis’. Microglia, the central nervous system resident macrophages, are crucial for the proper development and maintenance of brain functions. As immune cells, they are in the spotlight for relaying signals between the microbiota and cells of the brain. In this review, we contemplate on interactions between the gut microbiota and microglia, and their influence on brain functions in health and disease.

scholarly journals Next Generation Microbiome Research: Identification of Keystone Species in the Metabolic Regulation of Host-Gut Microbiota Interplay

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Héloïse Tudela ◽  
Sandrine P. Claus ◽  
Maya Saleh
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Metabolic Regulation ◽  
Keystone Species ◽  
Epithelial Barrier ◽  
Intestinal Epithelial ◽  
Intestinal Epithelial Barrier ◽  
Nutrient Metabolism ◽  
Major Step ◽  
Microbiome Research ◽  
Health And Disease

The community of the diverse microorganisms residing in the gastrointestinal tract, known as the gut microbiota, is exceedingly being studied for its impact on health and disease. This community plays a major role in nutrient metabolism, maintenance of the intestinal epithelial barrier but also in local and systemic immunomodulation. A dysbiosis of the gut microbiota, characterized by an unbalanced microbial ecology, often leads to a loss of essential functions that may be associated with proinflammatory conditions. Specifically, some key microbes that are depleted in dysbiotic ecosystems, called keystone species, carry unique functions that are essential for the balance of the microbiota. In this review, we discuss current understanding of reported keystone species and their proposed functions in health. We also elaborate on current and future bioinformatics tools needed to identify missing functions in the gut carried by keystone species. We propose that the identification of such keystone species functions is a major step for the understanding of microbiome dynamics in disease and toward the development of microbiome-based therapeutics.

scholarly journals Gut microbiota and systemic immunity in health and disease

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernard C Lo ◽  
Grace Y Chen ◽  
Gabriel Núñez ◽  
Roberta Caruso
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Cell Responses ◽  
Complex Interactions ◽  
Intestinal Physiology ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Gut Symbionts ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Mammalian Intestine

Abstract The mammalian intestine is colonized by trillions of microorganisms that have co-evolved with the host in a symbiotic relationship. Although the influence of the gut microbiota on intestinal physiology and immunity is well known, mounting evidence suggests a key role for intestinal symbionts in controlling immune cell responses and development outside the gut. Although the underlying mechanisms by which the gut symbionts influence systemic immune responses remain poorly understood, there is evidence for both direct and indirect effects. In addition, the gut microbiota can contribute to immune responses associated with diseases outside the intestine. Understanding the complex interactions between the gut microbiota and the host is thus of fundamental importance to understand both immunity and human health.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document