scholarly journals Next-Generation Probiotics and Their Metabolites in COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 941
Author(s):  
Thomas Gautier ◽  
Sandrine David-Le Gall ◽  
Alaa Sweidan ◽  
Zohreh Tamanai-Shacoori ◽  
Anne Jolivet-Gougeon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Next Generation ◽  
Secondary Bile Acid ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
Viral Respiratory Infections ◽  
Gut Microbiota Composition ◽  
Viral Respiratory

Since December 2019, a global pandemic has been observed, caused by the emergence of a new coronavirus, SARS CoV-2. The latter is responsible for the respiratory disease, COVID-19. The infection is also characterized by renal, hepatic, and gastrointestinal dysfunctions suggesting the spread of the virus to other organs. A dysregulated immune response was also reported. To date, there is no measure to treat or prevent SARS CoV-2 infection. Additionally, as gut microbiota composition is altered in patients with COVID-19, alternative therapies using probiotics can be considered to fight SARS CoV-2 infection. This review aims at summarizing the current knowledge about next-generation probiotics (NGPs) and their benefits in viral respiratory tract infections and in COVID-19. We describe these bacteria, highlighted by studies using metagenomic approaches. In addition, these bacteria generate metabolites such as butyrate, desaminotyrosine, and secondary bile acid, suggested to prevent viral respiratory infections. Gut microbial metabolites transported via the circulation to the lungs could inhibit viral replication or improve the immune response against viruses. The use of probiotics and/or their metabolites may target either the virus itself and/or the immunologic process. However, this review showed that more studies are needed to determine the benefits of probiotics and metabolite products in COVID-19.

scholarly journals Nutritional status, diet and viral respiratory infections: perspectives for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Heloneida de Araújo Morais ◽  
Jailane de Souza Aquino ◽  
Juliana Kelly da Silva-Maia ◽  
Sancha Helena de Lima Vale ◽  
Bruna Leal Lima Maciel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Eating Habits ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Viral Susceptibility ◽  
Viral Respiratory Infections ◽  
Viral Respiratory

Abstract COVID-19, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), was recognised by the WHO as a pandemic in 2020. Host preparation to combat the virus is an important strategy to avoid COVID-19 severity. Thus, the relationship between eating habits, nutritional status and their effects on the immune response and further implications in viral respiratory infections is an important topic discussed in this review. Malnutrition causes the most diverse alterations in the immune system, suppressing of the immune response and increasing the susceptibility to infections such as SARS-CoV-2. On the other hand, obesity induces low-grade chronic inflammation caused by excess adiposity, which increases angiotensin-converting enzyme 2. It decreases the immune response favouring SARS-CoV-2 virulence and promoting respiratory distress syndrome. The present review highlights the importance of food choices considering their inflammatory effects, consequently increasing the viral susceptibility observed in malnutrition and obesity. Healthy eating habits, micronutrients, bioactive compounds and probiotics are strategies for COVID-19 prevention. Therefore, a diversified and balanced diet can contribute to the improvement of the immune response to viral infections such as COVID-19.

Wheezing Associated With Respiratory Tract Infections In Children

1966 ◽  
Vol 5 (10) ◽  
pp. 586-592 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geraldine L. Freeman
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
Viral Respiratory Infections ◽  
Viral Respiratory

This paper reviews the known relation ships of common acute bacterial and viral respiratory infections to the asth matic state and to wheezing attacks in children. Implications for treatment are discussed in view of what has already been learned and what we need to know.

scholarly journals Acinetobacter baumannii Infections in Times of COVID-19 Pandemic

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1006
Author(s):  
Karyne Rangel ◽  
Thiago Pavoni Gomes Chagas ◽  
Salvatore Giovanni De-Simone
Keyword(s):  
Acinetobacter Baumannii ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Secondary Infection ◽  
Immune Dysfunction ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
Viral Respiratory Infections ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Viral Respiratory

The COVID-19 pandemic has generated an overuse of antimicrobials in critically ill patients. Acinetobacter baumannii frequently causes nosocomial infections, particularly in intensive care units (ICUs), where the incidence has increased over time. Since the WHO declared the COVID-19 pandemic on 12 March 2020, the disease has spread rapidly, and many of the patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 needed to be admitted to the ICU. Bacterial co-pathogens are commonly identified in viral respiratory infections and are important causes of morbidity and mortality. However, we cannot neglect the increased incidence of antimicrobial resistance, which may be attributed to the excess use of antimicrobial agents during the COVID-19 pandemic. Patients with COVID-19 could be vulnerable to other infections owing to multiple comorbidities with severe COVID-19, prolonged hospitalization, and SARS-CoV-2-associated immune dysfunction. These patients have acquired secondary bacterial infections or superinfections, mainly bacteremia and urinary tract infections. This review will summarize the prevalence of A. baumannii coinfection and secondary infection in patients with COVID-19.

DETECTION OF RSV IN PEDIATRIC PATIENTS UNDER 5 YEARS OLD BY REALTIME RT-PCR AND CONVENTIONAL RT-PCR

2015 ◽  
pp. 15-20
Author(s):  
Van An Le ◽  
Thi Bao Chi Le ◽  
Hai Duong Huynh ◽  
Chien Thang Nguyen
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Sample Collection ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Closed Tube ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
Viral Respiratory Infections ◽  
Viral Respiratory

Objective: Application of realtime RT-PCR and conventional RT-PCR for detection of RSV in viral respiratory infections. Methods: Realtime RT-PCR and conventional nested RT-PCR were used to detect RSV on 110 respiratory samples collected from children with viral lower respiratory infections. Results: The data from the patients, whose samples were collected, showed that lower respiratory tract infections included bronchitis, bronchiolitis and pneumonia and that the mean of patient age was below 2 year old, among which, the negative RSV group of patients was 1.9 ±1.7 and the positive RSV group was 1.6 ± 1.4 years of age. The mean of time period from the onset of infections to sample collection was from 3.3 to 3.4 days. Realtime RT-PCR produced the same results as that of conventional RT-PCR. Conclusion: Realtime RT-PCR is rapid and closed-tube procedure; it should be used for detection of RSV in acute respiratory infections. Keywords: RSV, realtime RT-PCR, conventional RT-PCR

scholarly journals Calprotectin, a new biomarker for diagnosis of acute respiratory infections

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleksandra Havelka ◽  
Kristina Sejersen ◽  
Per Venge ◽  
Karlis Pauksens ◽  
Anders Larsson
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Bacterial Pneumonia ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Mycoplasma Pneumonia ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
Viral Respiratory Infections ◽  
Streptococcal Tonsillitis ◽  
Viral Respiratory

AbstractRespiratory tract infections require early diagnosis and adequate treatment. With the antibiotic overuse and increment in antibiotic resistance there is an increased need to accurately distinguish between bacterial and viral infections. We investigated the diagnostic performance of calprotectin in respiratory tract infections and compared it with the performance of heparin binding protein (HBP) and procalcitonin (PCT). Biomarkers were analyzed in patients with viral respiratory infections and patients with bacterial pneumonia, mycoplasma pneumonia and streptococcal tonsillitis (n = 135). Results were compared with values obtained from 144 healthy controls. All biomarkers were elevated in bacterial and viral infections compared to healthy controls. Calprotectin was significantly increased in patients with bacterial infections; bacterial pneumonia, mycoplasma pneumonia and streptococcal tonsillitis compared with viral infections. PCT was significantly elevated in patients with bacterial pneumonia compared to viral infections but not in streptococcal tonsillitis or mycoplasma caused infections. HBP was not able to distinguish between bacterial and viral causes of infections. The overall clinical performance of calprotectin in the distinction between bacterial and viral respiratory infections, including mycoplasma was greater than performance of PCT and HBP. Rapid determination of calprotectin may improve the management of respiratory tract infections and allow more precise diagnosis and selective use of antibiotics.

Lower respiratory tract infections in patients with comorbidities

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-34
Author(s):  
Leonid Dvoretsky ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Artery Disease ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
Viral Respiratory Infections ◽  
Viral Respiratory

Comorbidities are an important factor of the various infectious respiratory diseases emergence, complications development and prognosis. The most frequent comorbidities affecting the course and outcome of respiratory infections are the following: cardiovascular disease (heart failure, various types of coronary artery disease, cerebrovascular disease), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, diabetes mellitus, obesity. The paper reports data on the discussed comorbidities impact on the course and outcome of bacterial and viral respiratory infections, inter alia in patients with COVID-19.

scholarly journals 131. Antimicrobial Usage for Respiratory Infections in Urgent Care Settings within the University of Washington Medicine Network

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S77-S77
Author(s):  
Joanne Huang ◽  
Zahra Kassamali Escobar ◽  
Rupali Jain ◽  
Jeannie D Chan ◽  
John B Lynch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Drug Events ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Inappropriate Prescribing ◽  
Urgent Care ◽  
Antibiotic Prescribing ◽  
Prescribing Practices ◽  
University Of Washington ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
Viral Respiratory Infections ◽  
Viral Respiratory

Abstract Background In an effort to combat antimicrobial resistance and adverse drug events, The Joint Commission mandated expansion of antimicrobial stewardship programs into ambulatory healthcare settings Jan 2020. The most common diagnoses resulting in inappropriate antimicrobial prescribing are respiratory infections. This study aimed to assess the rate of antibiotic prescribing for viral respiratory tract infections within six urgent care clinics affiliated with University of Washington Medicine health system in Seattle, WA. Methods This was a retrospective observational study from Jan 2019-Feb 2020. We used the MITIGATE toolkit; a resource that meets CDC’s core elements for outpatient stewardship. Patients were identified based upon pre-specified ICD-10 codes for viral respiratory infections. The primary outcome was the rate of unnecessary antimicrobial prescriptions for acute viral respiratory infections. Secondary outcomes evaluated inappropriate prescribing practices based on antibiotic selection, diagnosis, and age. Results Of 7,313 patients (6078 adults and 1235 pediatric) included, 23% were inappropriately prescribed antibiotics. The most common antibiotics inappropriately prescribed were azithromycin (62%), amoxicillin (13%), and doxycycline (13%). Fluoroquinolone (FQ) utilization was low (2%). Bronchitis (61%) and nonsuppurative otitis media (NSOM) (24%) were the most common viral diagnoses for which antibiotics were prescribed. Overall, unnecessary prescribing was lower in pediatrics than adults at 13% and 25%, respectively (p< 0.001). Adults were more often prescribed antibiotics inappropriately for bronchitis and NSOM compared to pediatrics (p=0.0013). Conclusion Inappropriate prescribing practices across six urgent care clinics varied based upon age and diagnosis. Azithromycin is most often inappropriately prescribed but the low rate of FQ prescribing is encouraging. The lower rate of unnecessary prescribing in pediatrics is promising although there is room for improvement as 1 in 8 children were unnecessarily prescribed antibiotics. These findings support the need for antibiotic stewardship in the outpatient setting, targeting areas for azithromycin use and therapeutic management of bronchitis. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures

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