scholarly journals Long Term Impact of Conjugate Vaccines on Haemophilus influenzae Meningitis: Narrative Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 886
Author(s):  
Mary Paulina Elizabeth Slack
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Conjugate Vaccine ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Short Review ◽  
National Immunization ◽  
Indigenous Children ◽  
Serotype B ◽  
Review Reports ◽  
Long Term Impact

H. influenzae serotype b (Hib) used to be the commonest cause of bacterial meningitis in young children. The widespread use of Hib conjugate vaccine has profoundly altered the epidemiology of H. influenzae meningitis. This short review reports on the spectrum of H. influenzae meningitis thirty years after Hib conjugate vaccine was first introduced into a National Immunization Program (NIP). Hib meningitis is now uncommon, but meningitis caused by other capsulated serotypes of H. influenzae and non-typeable strains (NTHi) should be considered. H. influenzae serotype a (Hia) has emerged as a significant cause of meningitis in Indigenous children in North America, which may necessitate a Hia conjugate vaccine. Cases of Hie, Hif, and NTHi meningitis are predominantly seen in young children and less common in older age groups. This short review reports on the spectrum of H. influenzae meningitis thirty years after Hib conjugate vaccine was first introduced into a NIP.

scholarly journals Lagging Immune Response to Haemophilus influenzae Serotype b (Hib) Conjugate Vaccine after the Primary Vaccination with Hib of Infants in The Netherlands

Vaccines ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 347
Author(s):  
Leo Schouls ◽  
Corrie Schot ◽  
Richarda M. de Voer ◽  
Fiona van der Klis ◽  
Mirjam Knol ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Haemophilus Influenzae ◽  
Conjugate Vaccine ◽  
Capsular Polysaccharide ◽  
Sharp Decrease ◽  
Primary Vaccination ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
National Immunization ◽  
Serotype B

In 1993, a Haemophilus influenzae serotype b (Hib) conjugate vaccine was introduced in the Dutch national immunization program, resulting in a sharp decrease in invasive Hib disease. We used a population-based set of serum samples collected in The Netherlands in 2006–2007 (Pienter-II, 5696 sera) to assess the concentration of antibodies to the capsular polysaccharide of Hib, and compared the results with those obtained from a similar set collected in 1995–1996 (Pienter-I, 7837 sera). Post-primary vaccination serum samples from children aged 6–11 months from the Pienter-II study contained approximately 4-fold lower anti-Hib antibody concentrations than samples from children from the Pienter-I study. No such difference was found in post-booster samples from children older than 11 months of age. In Pienter-II, the proportion of children aged 6–11 months with anti-Hib antibody concentrations below the putative protective concentration of 0.15 µg/mL was 30%, which is significantly higher than in the Pienter-I study (12%). Fewer children in the Pienter-II group developed antibodies able to kill Hib in a serum bactericidal assay compared to the Pienter-I children. The cause of the lagged response in Pienter-II children remain uncertain, but lack of natural boosting, interference by the acellular pertussis vaccine, combining vaccines and acceleration of the schedule may have contributed.

Long-term Impact of Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccines on Invasive Disease and Pneumonia Hospitalizations in Indigenous and Non-Indigenous Australians

2019 ◽  
Vol 70 (12) ◽  
pp. 2607-2615
Author(s):  
Kelley N Meder ◽  
Sanjay Jayasinghe ◽  
Frank Beard ◽  
Aditi Dey ◽  
Martyn Kirk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Indigenous People ◽  
Conjugate Vaccine ◽  
Invasive Pneumococcal Disease ◽  
Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine ◽  
Pneumococcal Disease ◽  
Laboratory Data ◽  
Community Acquired Pneumonia ◽  
Indirect Impact ◽  
Long Term Impact

Abstract Background Universal pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) programs began in Indigenous Australian children in 2001 and all children in 2005, changing to 13-valent PCV (PCV13) in 2011. We used laboratory data for invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) and coded hospitalizations for noninvasive pneumococcal community-acquired pneumonia (PnCAP) to evaluate long-term impact. Methods Annual incidence (per 100 000 population) was calculated for age-specific total IPD, PCV13 non–7-valent PCV (PCV7) serotypes, and PnCAP by Indigenous status. Incidence in the pre–universal PCV7 (2002–2004), early PCV7 (2005–2007), pre-PCV13 (2008 to mid-2011), and post-PCV13 (mid-2011 to 2016) periods was used to calculate incidence rate ratios (IRRs). Results In the total population, all-age incidence of IPD declined from 11.8 pre-PCV7 to 7.1 post-PCV13 (IRR, 0.61 [95% confidence interval {CI}, .59–.63]) but for PnCAP declined among ages <1 year (IRR, 0.34 [95% CI, .25–.45]) and 1–4 years (IRR, 0.50 [95% CI, .43–.57]) but increased significantly among age ≥5 years (IRRs, 1.08–1.14). In Indigenous people, baseline PCV13 non-PCV7 IPD incidence was 3-fold higher, amplified by a serotype 1 epidemic in 2011. By 2015–2016, although incidence of IPD and PnCAP in children aged <5 years decreased by 38%, neither decreased in people aged ≥5 years. Conclusions Fifteen years post-PCV and 5 years post-PCV13, direct and indirect impact on IPD and PnCAP differed by age and between Indigenous and non-Indigenous people, with potential implications for long-term PCV impact in comparable settings. Fifteen years after pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) introduction and 5 years post-PCV13, direct and indirect impact on invasive pneumococcal disease and pneumococcal community-acquired pneumonia differed by age and between Indigenous and non-Indigenous people, with potential implications for long-term PCV impact in comparable settings.

Long-term Impact of Abusive Head Trauma in Young Children: Outcomes at 5 and 11 Years Old

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jordan E Jackson ◽  
Alana L Beres ◽  
Christina M Theodorou ◽  
Beatrice Ugiliweneza ◽  
Maxwell Boakye ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Head Trauma ◽  
Abusive Head Trauma ◽  
Long Term Impact

scholarly journals Observation of Traditional Caregiver-Infant Feeding Behaviours and Porridge and Energy Intakes during One Meal to Define Key Messages for Promoting Responsive Feeding in the Amparafaravola District, Rural Madagascar

Nutrients ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 361
Author(s):  
Yannick Razafindratsima ◽  
Andrimampionona Razakandrainy ◽  
Sonia Fortin ◽  
Charlotte Ralison ◽  
Claire Mouquet-Rivier
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Infant Feeding ◽  
Focus Group Discussions ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Group Discussions ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Long Term Impact ◽  
Feeding Behaviours

Undernutrition is highly prevalent in young children in Madagascar and insufficient intake per meal could be one of the main causes. A cross-sectional survey of infant feeding practices including video-recorded meal observations was carried out with 101 caregiver–infant pairs in the Amparafaravola district, Northeast Madagascar. The objective was to quantify the porridge/energy intake of 9–11-month-old children and assess its association with the caregiver–infant feeding behaviours. Then, key messages for promoting responsive feeding (RF) were developed and tested through focus group discussions. The mean porridge intake was 12.8 ± 7.5 g/kg body weight (BW)/meal, corresponding to hardly one-third of the 300 kcal recommended from complementary foods for 9–11-month-old children. Analysis of meal videos suggested that mothers practiced the five positive feeding behaviours (self-feeding, responsive, active, social, and distraction), and rarely the negative ones. Only 6.9% of mothers used positive RF “very frequently”, although it was associated with higher intakes (p < 0.05), with mean intake reaching 21 g/kg BW. In focus groups, caregivers approved the six RF messages and related counselling cards. They suggested some modifications to improve their understanding, and counselling cards were revised accordingly. The long-term impact of RF-promoting card use on the meal intakes and the nutritional status of young children must now be assessed.

scholarly journals A SHORT REVIEW OF DISTRIBUTION OF DICTYOCAULUS FILARIA RUDOLPHI (1809) LUNG NEMATODE IN SHEEP OF DIFFERENT CLIMATE AND LANDSCAPE ZONES OF ARMENIA

2021 ◽  
pp. 349-355
Author(s):  
Movsesyan ◽  
Petrosyan ◽  
Nikoghosyan ◽  
Terenina ◽  
Voronin
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Short Review ◽  
Age Dynamics ◽  
Adult Sheep ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Long Term Studies

Original long-term studies of the authors on the sheep infestation by D. filaria in conditions of pronounced vertical zonal character of climate and landscape belts (300–2000 m above sea level) have shown a presence of wide infestation among all age groups of the animals: in lambs up to 60%, in young sheep up to 57% and in adult sheep up to 45%. Dictyocaulus is also present in moufflons and bezoar goats in Armenia. The main reasons for such a wide infection are the following: • a monoxenous character of D. filaria life cycle, i.e. the parasite being a geohelminth; • its survivability in wide range of biotic conditions; • an insufficient volume of planned prophylaxis measures against dictyocaulosis. A study of seasonal and age dynamics on author's own and literature data was also performed. Dynamics of infestation of lambs with Dictyocaulus is in both lowlands and mountain zones characterized with 2 peaks: summer and autumn ones (prevalence reaching 29.0% for lowlands, 42.0% for highlands in contrast to 5.7% and 2.8% respectively in the spring) with no invasion at start of the year. For young and adult sheep, dynamics of invasion with Dictyocaulus is characterized with high prevalence in spring and autumn periods (start of the year prevalence up to 45.0%, decrease to 15–25.0% in summer, rising to 40.0% and higher in October-December).

scholarly journals Long-term impact of pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccination on nasopharyngeal carriage in children previously vaccinated with various pneumococcal conjugate vaccine regimes

Vaccine ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 33 (42) ◽  
pp. 5708-5714 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura K. Boelsen ◽  
Eileen M. Dunne ◽  
Karen E. Lamb ◽  
Kathryn Bright ◽  
Yin Bun Cheung ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Conjugate Vaccine ◽  
Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine ◽  
Nasopharyngeal Carriage ◽  
Long Term Impact

scholarly journals Long-term antibody persistence study (3 years after last dose) of the 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in young children in China

Vaccine ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 34 (44) ◽  
pp. 5359-5365 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rongcheng Li ◽  
Kong-Xiong Fang ◽  
Mariano Young ◽  
Xin Zhou ◽  
Zhangjing Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Conjugate Vaccine ◽  
Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine ◽  
Antibody Persistence

scholarly journals Impact of 13-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine on Meningitis and Pneumonia Hospitalizations in Children aged <5 Years in Senegal, 2010–2016

2019 ◽  
Vol 69 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. S66-S71 ◽  
Author(s):  
Papa M Faye ◽  
Mouhamadou A Sonko ◽  
Amadou Diop ◽  
Aliou Thiongane ◽  
Idrissa D Ba ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Conjugate Vaccine ◽  
Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine ◽  
Discharge Diagnosis ◽  
Pediatric Hospital ◽  
Meningitis Belt ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Long Term Impact

Abstract Background Senegal introduced a 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) in October 2013, given at 6, 10, and 14 weeks of age. We document trends of meningitis and pneumonia after the PCV13 introduction. Methods From October 2010–October 2016, hospitalization data for clinical meningitis and pneumonia in children aged <5 years were collected from logbooks at a large, tertiary, pediatric hospital in Dakar. We used a set of predetermined keywords to define hospitalizations for extraction from hospital registers. We conducted a time-series analysis and compared hospitalizations before and after the PCV13 introduction, accounting for seasonality. The initial PCV13 uptake period (October 2013–September 2014) was considered to be transitional and was excluded. Results Over the 7-year period, 1836 and 889 hospitalizations with a discharge diagnosis of pneumonia and meningitis, respectively, occurred in children aged <5 years. In children aged <12 months, a small, significant reduction in pneumonia was observed post-PCV13 (−3.8%, 95% confidence interval [CI] −1.5 to −5.9%). No decline was observed among children aged 12–59 months (−0.7%, 95% CI −0.8 to 2.2%). Meningitis hospitalizations remained stable for children aged <12 months (1.8%, 95% CI −0.9 to 4.4%) and 12–59 months (−0.5%, 95% CI −3.6 to 2.6%). Conclusions We used data from 1 hospital to detect a small, significant reduction in all-cause pneumonia hospitalizations 2 years post-PCV13 introduction in infants; the same trend was not measurable in children aged 12–59 months or in meningitis cases. There is a need for continued surveillance to assess the long-term impact of sustained PCV13 use and to monitor how pneumococcus is causing disease in the meningitis belt.

scholarly journals l-Histidine Supplementation in Adults and Young Children with Atopic Dermatitis (Eczema)

2020 ◽  
Vol 150 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 2576S-2579S ◽  
Author(s):  
Neil K Gibbs
Keyword(s):  
Atopic Dermatitis ◽  
Pilot Study ◽  
Young Children ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Skin Barrier ◽  
Severity Index ◽  
Skin Condition ◽  
Skin Barrier Function ◽  
Safe Approach

ABSTRACT Atopic dermatitis (AD) is an incurable, inflammatory skin condition that is prevalent (∼20%) in young children. There is an unmet clinical need, particularly in children, for safe interventions that target the etiology of the disease. Deficiencies in the skin barrier protein, filaggrin (FLG) have been identified as major predisposing factors in AD. In mammals, l-histidine is rapidly incorporated into epidermal FLG and subsequent FLG proteolysis releases l-histidine as an important natural moisturizing factor (NMF). It has therefore been hypothesized that l-histidine supplementation would be a safe approach to augment both FLG and the NMF, enhance skin barrier function, and reduce AD severity. In a clinical pilot study, adult subjects (n = 24) with AD took either a placebo or 4 g oral l-histidine daily for 8 wk. Unlike the placebo, l-histidine reduced AD (34% reduction in SCORing Atopic Dermatitis scores; P &lt; 0.003) after 4 wk. Nine and 8 adverse events (AEs), and 1 and 0 severe AEs were recorded in the l-histidine or placebo groups, respectively, with no AE being causally related to l-histidine ingestion. A survey of adults (n = 98) taking 4 g l-histidine daily reiterated a lack of causal AEs and also reported a 33% reduction in topical corticosteroid use. A placebo-controlled, clinical pilot study conducted in young children with AD (n = 49; mean age 3.5 y) taking 0.8 g l-histidine daily, showed that eczema area and severity index scores were reduced by 49% (P &lt; 0.02) at 12 wk, whereas a placebo had no effect. The children taking l-histidine had 50 minor AEs (compared with 39 on placebo), with 78% considered as “not,” 18% “unlikely,” and 4% “possibly” related to l-histidine ingestion. These studies indicate that at the levels reported, oral l-histidine supplementation is well tolerated and has potential as a safe intervention for long-term use in the management of AD in all age groups.

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