scholarly journals Diverse Genotypes and Species of Cryptosporidium in Wild Rodent Species from the West Coast of the USA and Implications for Raw Produce Safety and Microbial Water Quality

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 867
Author(s):  
Xunde Li ◽  
Edward Robert Atwill
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
West Coast ◽  
Cryptosporidium Species ◽  
Ground Squirrels ◽  
Rodent Species ◽  
Deer Mice ◽  
Wild Rodents ◽  
Wild Rodent ◽  
The West ◽  
The Usa

Cryptosporidium spp. are protozoan parasites that infect perhaps all vertebrate animals, with a subset of species and genotypes that function as food- and waterborne pathogens. The objective of this work was to collate the Cryptosporidium species and genotypes from common wild rodents on the west coast of the USA and update the information regarding the zoonotic potential of Cryptosporidium from these ubiquitous wild species. Representative sequences of the 18S rRNA gene for a unique set of Cryptosporidium isolates obtained from deer mice, house mice, mountain beavers, yellow-bellied marmot, long-tailed vole, California ground squirrels, Belding’s ground squirrels, and a golden-mantled ground squirrel in GenBank were selected for phylogenetic analysis. Phylogenetic and BLAST analysis indicated that 4 (18%) of the 22 unique Cryptosporidium sequences from these wild rodent species were 99.75% to 100% identical to known zoonotic species (C. parvum, C. ubiquitum, C. xiaoi), suggesting that a minority of these representative Cryptosporidium isolates could have a public health impact through food and waterborne routes of human exposure. These zoonotic isolates were shed by deer mice and a yellow-bellied marmot from California, and from a mountain beaver trapped in Oregon. In addition, the group of unique Cryptosporidium isolates from deer mice and ground dwelling squirrels exhibited considerable DNA diversity, with multiple isolates appearing to be either host-limited or distributed throughout the various clades within the phylogenetic tree representing the various Cryptosporidium species from host mammals. These results indicate that only a subset of the unique Cryptosporidium genotypes and species obtained from wild rodents on the US west coast are of public health concern; nevertheless, given the geographic ubiquity of many of these host species and often high density at critical locations like municipal watersheds or produce production fields, prudent pest control practices are warranted to minimize the risks of water- and foodborne transmission to humans.

scholarly journals Fecal Shedding of Zoonotic Food-Borne Pathogens by Wild Rodents in a Major Agricultural Region of the Central California Coast

2013 ◽  
Vol 79 (20) ◽  
pp. 6337-6344 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Kilonzo ◽  
Xunde Li ◽  
Eduardo J. Vivas ◽  
Michele T. Jay-Russell ◽  
Kristine L. Fernandez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rodent Species ◽  
Deer Mice ◽  
Minimal Risk ◽  
Wild Rodents ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Fecal Shedding ◽  
Wildlife Reservoirs ◽  
Food Borne Pathogens ◽  
Farm Type ◽  
Food Borne

ABSTRACTRecent outbreaks of food-borne illness associated with the consumption of produce have increased concern over wildlife reservoirs of food-borne pathogens. Wild rodents are ubiquitous, and those living close to agricultural farms may pose a food safety risk should they shed zoonotic microorganisms in their feces near or on agricultural commodities. Fecal samples from wild rodents trapped on 13 agricultural farms (9 produce, 3 cow-calf operations, and 1 beef cattle feedlot) in Monterey and San Benito Counties, CA, were screened to determine the prevalence and risk factors for shedding of several food-borne pathogens. Deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus) were the most abundant rodent species trapped (72.5%).Cryptosporidiumspecies (26.0%) andGiardiaspecies (24.2%) were the predominant isolates from rodent feces, followed bySalmonella entericaserovars (2.9%) andEscherichia coliO157:H7 (0.2%). Rodent trap success was significantly associated with detection ofSalmonellain rodent feces, while farm type was associated with fecal shedding ofCryptosporidiumandGiardia. Seasonal shedding patterns were evident, with rodents trapped during the spring and summer months being significantly less likely to be sheddingCryptosporidiumoocysts than those trapped during autumn. Higher rodent species diversity tended to correlate with lower fecal microbial prevalence, and most spatiotemporal pathogen clusters involved deer mice. Rodents in the study area posed a minimal risk as environmental reservoirs ofE. coliO157:H7, but they may play a role in environmental dissemination ofSalmonellaand protozoa. Rodent control efforts that potentially reduce biodiversity may increase pathogen shedding, possibly through promotion of intraspecific microbial transmission.

scholarly journals Vancomycin-resistantEnterococcusspp. in marine environments from the West Coast of the USA

2009 ◽  
Vol 107 (1) ◽  
pp. 300-307 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.C. Roberts ◽  
O.O. Soge ◽  
M.A. Giardino ◽  
E. Mazengia ◽  
G. Ma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
West Coast ◽  
Marine Environments ◽  
The West ◽  
The Usa

scholarly journals Cadmium accumulation and loss in the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas along the west coast of the USA

2010 ◽  
Vol 401 ◽  
pp. 147-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
TYT Ng ◽  
CY Chuang ◽  
I Stupakoff ◽  
AE Christy ◽  
DP Cheney ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
West Coast ◽  
Crassostrea Gigas ◽  
Pacific Oyster ◽  
Cadmium Accumulation ◽  
The West ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The Usa

Worming its way in—Polydora websteri (Annelida: Spionidae) increases the number of non-indigenous shell-boring polydorin pests of cultured molluscs in South Africa

Zootaxa ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 4969 (2) ◽  
pp. 255-279
Author(s):  
NICOLA RODEWALD ◽  
REINETTE SNYMAN ◽  
CAROL A. SIMON
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
West Coast ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
18S Rrna ◽  
Cyt B ◽  
The West ◽  
Modern Culture ◽  
Mitochondrial Coi ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Global Route

Polychaete worms of the Polydora-complex (commonly referred to as polydorins) include some of the most common pests of cultured molluscs. Modern culture of molluscs, particularly oysters, is associated with large-scale movement of stock which facilitates movement of polydorins either as “hitchhikers” on the transported molluscs or in the packaging. In 2009, a species identified as Polydora cf. ciliata Johnston, 1838 was reported from oysters in a culture facility in Port Elizabeth, South Africa. Since then, more specimens of this species were recorded on farmed oysters from Namibia, Kleinzee and Paternoster on the west coast of South Africa, but tentatively reidentified as Polydora cf. websteri Hartman in Loosanoff and Engle, 1943 based on morphology and limited genetic evidence. The main aim of this study is therefore to clarify the identity of these specimens by integrating morphological and genetic (mitochondrial COI, Cyt b and nuclear 18S rRNA) evidence. Specimens from South Africa match the morphology of the lectotype of P. websteri and are morphologically and genetically very similar to P. websteri from Australia, China, Japan, and the east, gulf and west coasts of the USA. This confirms the presence of P. websteri in South Africa, making this the second most widespread polydorin pest of aquaculture known. Understanding the full distribution range of the species will help to better understand its global route of invasion and consequently assist with preventing or at least minimising further spread. Polydora websteri increases the number of polydorin pests in South Africa to seven. 

Ophiostoma longicollum.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
West Coast ◽  
Tree Mortality ◽  
The West ◽  
Platypus Quercivorus ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Wood Boring

Abstract O. longicollum is a perithecial ascomycete that was isolated from the wood of dying oak [Quercus spp.] trees attacked by the wood-boring beetle, Platypus quercivorus, on the west coast of Japan. Neither the pathogenicity of the fungus, nor any definite association with the beetle as a vector, has been established. The beetle is ranked first as a Prioritized Pest for the USA (USDA/APHIS, 2010) and another fungus, shown to be vectored by the beetle, has been associated with tree mortality.

The Impact of Regulations on West Coast Towing Vessel Safety

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert G. Allan
Keyword(s):  
Risk Analysis ◽  
West Coast ◽  
The West ◽  
Fiscal Impact ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Impact

The paper summarizes a lengthy study performed for Transport Canada evaluating through risk-analysis the effectiveness of regulations on the safety of towing vessels on the west coast of Canada and the USA, and to establish if there was a bias to one country due to the fiscal impact of regulations.

scholarly journals Quantification of migrant hoverfly movements (Diptera: Syrphidae) on the West Coast of North America

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 190153 ◽  
Author(s):  
Myles H. M. Menz ◽  
Brian V. Brown ◽  
Karl R. Wotton
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
West Coast ◽  
Life Histories ◽  
East Coast ◽  
Seasonal Migration ◽  
Science Data ◽  
The West ◽  
Video Footage ◽  
San Luis ◽  
The Usa

The seasonal migration of huge numbers of hoverflies is frequently reported in Europe from mountain passes or spurs of land. The movement of such large numbers of beneficial insects is thought to provide significant ecosystem services in terms of pollination and pest control. Observations from the East Coast of the USA during the 1920s indicate the presence of migratory life histories among some hoverfly species there, but 90 years have now passed since the last reported observation of hoverfly migration in the USA. Here, we analyse video footage taken during a huge northward migration of hoverflies on 20 April 2017 on the West Coast of California. The quantification of migrant numbers from this footage allows us to estimate the passage of over 100 000 hoverflies in half an hour over a 200 m section of headland in Montaña de Oro State Park (San Luis Obispo County). Field collections and analysis of citizen science data indicate different species from the previously reported Eristalis tenax migrations on the East Coast of the USA and provide evidence for migration among North American hoverflies. We wish to raise awareness of this phenomenon and suggest approaches to advance the study of hoverfly migration in North America and elsewhere.

The occurrence of the toxic diatom genus Pseudo-nitzschia (Bacillariophyceae) on the West Coast of the USA, 1920–1996: a review

Phycologia ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 36 (6) ◽  
pp. 419-437 ◽  
Author(s):  
Greta A. Fryxell ◽  
M. Célia Villac ◽  
Lynda P. Shapiro
Keyword(s):  
West Coast ◽  
The West ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Diatom Genus

scholarly journals Lack of Evidence on the Susceptibility of Ticks and Wild Rodent Species to PCV3 Infection

Pathogens ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 682
Author(s):  
Laura Grassi ◽  
Valentina Tagliapietra ◽  
Annapaola Rizzoli ◽  
Marco Martini ◽  
Michele Drigo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Roe Deer ◽  
Rodent Species ◽  
Porcine Circovirus ◽  
Myodes Glareolus ◽  
Wild Rodents ◽  
Wild Rodent ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Swine Industry ◽  
Wild Boars ◽  
Pcr Targeting

Porcine circovirus 3 (PCV3) is an emerging virus, first detected in 2016 and widespread in the swine industry. Although not considered a primary pathogen, PCV3 is potentially linked to several clinical conditions that threaten swine farming. Wild boars are considered the main reservoir species for PCV3 infection in the wild, but recent detection in roe deer, chamois and associated ticks has complicated our understanding of its epidemiology. Much emphasis has been placed on ticks, as competent vectors, and wild rodents, which typically feed immature tick stages. The aim of this study was to clarify whether wild rodent species and associated ticks are susceptible to PCV3 infection and involved in its spread. Wild small mammals’ serum samples and hosted ticks were, therefore, collected from areas where no wild boars were present and tested by PCR, targeting the PCV3 rep gene. A total of 90 yellow-necked mice (Apodemus flavicollis), two wood mice (A. sylvaticus), 26 bank voles (Myodes glareolus) and 262 Ixodes spp. ticks were investigated. PCV3 DNA was not detected in serum or in tick samples. These findings support the hypothesis that the investigated species do not have an actual role as PCV3 reservoirs. Further studies would be necessary to state whether these species, or others that we did not test, are involved in PCV3 infection spread—in particular when susceptible species share the same habitat.

scholarly journals The effect of mobility restrictions on the SARS-CoV-2 diffusion: lessons from the first wave in Sweden, USA, France and Colombia.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olivier Telle ◽  
Richard Paul ◽  
Samuel Benkimoun
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Real Time ◽  
West Coast ◽  
Human Mobility ◽  
Great Majority ◽  
Mobility Patterns ◽  
The West ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Social Media Platforms ◽  
Vaccination Campaigns

Abstract The control of human mobility has quickly been targeted as a major leverage to contain the spread of SARS-CoV-2 in a great majority of countries worldwide. Using more than 151 million anonymized movements registered by one of the major social media platforms combined with spatial and temporal Covid-19 data, the objective of this research is to understand how mobility patterns and SARS-CoV-2 diffusion during the first wave are connected in four different countries: the west coast of the USA, Colombia, Sweden and France. In this research, we could demonstrate that introducing movement improved considerably the model. It underlines as well that mobility played an important role in the diffusion of SARS-CoV-2, even during the lockdown, suggesting a moderate impact of lockdown on virus diffusion. However, it suggests that government could better locate where disease mitigation would be the most effective by systematically analyzing real-time movements of population. Lockdown strategies and vaccination campaigns could, for example, be prioritized according to spatial vulnerability and connectivity to hotspots of viral circulation.

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