scholarly journals Bacteriophages to Control Multi-Drug Resistant Enterococcus faecalis Infection of Dental Root Canals

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 517
Author(s):  
Mohamed El-Telbany ◽  
Gamal El-Didamony ◽  
Ahmed Askora ◽  
Eman Ariny ◽  
Dalia Abdallah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Enterococcus Faecalis ◽  
Root Canal ◽  
Phage Therapy ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Burst Size ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Range Analysis ◽  
Root Canals

Phage therapy is an alternative treatment to antibiotics that can overcome multi-drug resistant bacteria. In this study, we aimed to isolate and characterize lytic bacteriophages targeted against Enterococcus faecalis isolated from root canal infections obtained from clinics at the Faculty of Dentistry, Ismalia, Egypt. Bacteriophage, vB_ZEFP, was isolated from concentrated wastewater collected from hospital sewage. Morphological and genomic analysis revealed that the phage belongs to the Podoviridae family with a linear double-stranded DNA genome, consisting of 18,454, with a G + C content of 32.8%. Host range analysis revealed the phage could infect 10 of 13 E. faecalis isolates exhibiting a range of antibiotic resistances recovered from infected root canals with efficiency of plating values above 0.5. One-step growth curves of this phage showed that it has a burst size of 110 PFU per infected cell, with a latent period of 10 min. The lytic activity of this phage against E. faecalis biofilms showed that the phage was able to control the growth of E. faecalis in vitro. Phage vB_ZEFP could also prevent ex-vivo E. faecalis root canal infection. These results suggest that phage vB_ZEFP has potential for application in phage therapy and specifically in the prevention of infection after root canal treatment.

scholarly journals Targeting Enterococcus faecalis Biofilms with Phage Therapy

2015 ◽  
Vol 81 (8) ◽  
pp. 2696-2705 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leron Khalifa ◽  
Yair Brosh ◽  
Daniel Gelman ◽  
Shunit Coppenhagen-Glazer ◽  
Shaul Beyth ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Enterococcus Faecalis ◽  
Root Canal ◽  
Phage Therapy ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Root Canal Treatment ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance Profile ◽  
Conventional Antibiotics

ABSTRACTPhage therapy has been proven to be more effective, in some cases, than conventional antibiotics, especially regarding multidrug-resistant biofilm infections. The objective here was to isolate an anti-Enterococcus faecalisbacteriophage and to evaluate its efficacy against planktonic and biofilm cultures.E. faecalisis an important pathogen found in many infections, including endocarditis and persistent infections associated with root canal treatment failure. The difficulty inE. faecalistreatment has been attributed to the lack of anti-infective strategies to eradicate its biofilm and to the frequent emergence of multidrug-resistant strains. To this end, an anti-E. faecalisandE. faeciumphage, termed EFDG1, was isolated from sewage effluents. The phage was visualized by electron microscopy. EFDG1 coding sequences and phylogeny were determined by whole genome sequencing (GenBank accession numberKP339049), revealing it belongs to theSpounavirinaesubfamily of theMyoviridaephages, which includes promising candidates for therapy against Gram-positive pathogens. This analysis also showed that the EFDG1 genome does not contain apparent harmful genes. EFDG1 antibacterial efficacy was evaluatedin vitroagainst planktonic and biofilm cultures, showing effective lytic activity against variousE. faecalisandE. faeciumisolates, regardless of their antibiotic resistance profile. In addition, EFDG1 efficiently preventedex vivoE. faecalisroot canal infection. These findings suggest that phage therapy using EFDG1 might be efficacious to preventE. faecalisinfection after root canal treatment.

scholarly journals In vitro evaluation of the effectiveness of the chemomechanical preparation against Enterococcus faecalis after single- or multiple-visit root canal treatment

2007 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 308-313 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eduardo Diogo Gurgel-Filho ◽  
Nilton Vivacqua-Gomes ◽  
Brenda Paula Figueiredo de Almeida Gomes ◽  
Caio Cezar Randi Ferraz ◽  
Alexandre Augusto Zaia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Hydroxide ◽  
Enterococcus Faecalis ◽  
Root Canal ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Single Visit ◽  
Root Canals ◽  
Multiple Visit ◽  
Microbial Samples ◽  
Chlorhexidine Gel

The purpose was to assess the elimination of Enterococcus faecalis in vitro in human mandibular premolars after chemomechanical preparation with or without the use of a calcium hydroxide dressing. After 60 days of contamination with E. faecalis, the root canals were prepared using the Crown-Down technique combined with 2% chlorhexidine gel irrigation. Then, the specimens were divided into two experimental groups, treated in a single visit or in multiple visits, and two control groups. The multiple-visit group received a dressing with calcium hydroxide for 14 days (CalenTM) and the single-visit group did not receive any medication. In the two control groups, the canals were filled with BHI after chemomechanical preparation with 2% chlorhexidine gel or distilled water. Microbial samples were taken from the root canals for colony forming unit count for each phase of the treatment using sterile paper points inside the root canal lumen. Data were ranked and analyzed by the Kruskal-Wallis statistical test. The residual microbial colonies were then assessed. The results showed that chemomechanical preparation using 2% chlorhexidine gel with no intra-canal dressing reduced by 100% the E. faecalis contamination of the root canal lumen. The calcium-hydroxide group that received the 14-day intra-canal dressing allowed a small number of bacteria to grow between visits, but without statistical differences between groups.

scholarly journals Ex vivo model for studying polymicrobial biofilm formation in root canals

2017 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hugo Díez Ortega ◽  
Francisco Correa Toral ◽  
Leylin Delgado Hernández ◽  
Carolina Echavarría González ◽  
Fátima Serna Varona ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Root Canal ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Ex Vivo Model ◽  
Root Canals ◽  
Gram Staining ◽  
Natural Teeth ◽  
Formation Conditions ◽  
Root Canal System ◽  
Co2 Atmosphere

Endodontic disease has mainly a microbial origin. It is caused by biofilms capable of attaching and surviving in the root canal. Therefore, it is important to study the conditions in which those biofilms grow, develop and colonize the root canal system. However, few studies have used natural teeth as models, which would take into account the root canal anatomical complexity and simulate the clinical reality. In this study, we used human premolar root canals to standardize <em>in vitro</em> biofilm optimal formation conditions for microorganisms such as <em>Enterococcus faecalis</em>, <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em> and <em>Candida albicans</em>. 128 lower premolars underwent canal preparation using K-type files, and were treated with 5.25% sodium hypochlorite and EDTA. Samples were inoculated with microorganisms and incubated for 15, 30, 45, and 60 days under anaerobiosis (CO2 atmosphere) and aerobiosis. Microorganism presence was confirmed by Gram staining, cell culture, and electron microscopy. Exopolysaccharide matrix and microorganism aggregation were observed following 15 days of incubation. Bacterial growth towards the apical third of the root canal and biofilm maturation was detected after 30 days. CO2 atmosphere favored microbial growth the most. <em>In vitro</em> biofilm maturation was confirmed after 30 days of incubation under a CO2 atmosphere for both bacteria and yeast.

scholarly journals Evaluation of 4% Sodium Hypochlorite in eliminating Enterococcus faecalis from the Root Canal when Used with Three Irrigation Methods: An in vitro Study

2017 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 214-217
Author(s):  
Vinisha Pandey ◽  
Harsh Priyank ◽  
Abhishek Bagul ◽  
Kishore Kumar Majety ◽  
Parul Verma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Enterococcus Faecalis ◽  
Sodium Hypochlorite ◽  
Root Canal ◽  
Saline Solution ◽  
Brain Heart Infusion ◽  
Root Canals ◽  
Irrigation Methods ◽  
Group I ◽  
Significant Difference

ABSTRACT Introduction Endodontic treatment removes all pathogens, such as Enterococcus faecalis from pulp and root canals. The aim of this study is to assess the usefulness of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) in removing E. faecalis from the root canal used with three different irrigation methods. Materials and methods This study was conducted on freshly extracted maxillary incisors. After biomechanical preparation, root canals were injected with E. faecalis. Three groups were made which contained 30 teeth in each group; 2 mL of NaOCl solution was used for irrigation followed by agitation with K-files in group I; 2 mL of NaOCl solution was used for irrigation and ultrasonic agitation was done in group II. In group III, an alternate irrigation with NaOCl and 3% hydrogen peroxide was done. The fourth group (control) was irrigated with sterile saline solution. E. faecalis bacteria were sampled to the root canals with paper points and were transferred to tubes that contained 5 mL of brain heart infusion broth. Tubes were incubated and the presence of broth turbidity was suggestive of bacteria remaining in the root canal. Results All three groups showed no statistically significant difference. However, difference existed between experimental groups and control groups. Conclusion The author concluded that all three methods of application of NaOCl were effective in disinfecting the root canal than the saline solution. Clinical significance No single irrigant has 100% efficiency. Thus by this study, a best irrigating solution with maximum properties can be established. How to cite this article Priyank H, Pandey V, Bagul A, Majety KK, Verma P, Choudhury BK. Evaluation of 4% Sodium Hypochlorite in eliminating Enterococcus faecalis from the Root Canal when Used with Three Irrigation Methods: An in vitro Study. J Contemp Dent Pract 2017;18(3):214-217.

scholarly journals Comparison of Antibacterial Effects of Photodynamic Therapy, Modified Triple Antibiotic Paste and Calcium Hydroxide on Root Canals Infected With Enterococcus faecalis: An In Vitro Study

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. S23-S29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Asnaashari ◽  
Mohammad Jafar Eghbal ◽  
Amirali Sahba Yaghmayi ◽  
Mehdi Shokri ◽  
Saranaz Azari-Marhabi
Keyword(s):  
Photodynamic Therapy ◽  
Calcium Hydroxide ◽  
Enterococcus Faecalis ◽  
Root Canal ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Root Canals ◽  
Anterior Teeth ◽  
Triple Antibiotic Paste ◽  
Working Length

Introduction: A pivotal issue to achieve success in the treatment of the root canal is root canal disinfection. One of the most important bacteria that infect the root canal is Enterococcus faecalis. This study seeks to examine the effectiveness of 3 methods for disinfecting the root canal: photodynamic therapy, modified triple antibiotic paste (MTAP), and calcium hydroxide. Methods: Sixty-two single-rooted extracted anterior teeth were collected. After cleaning and disinfecting the teeth, their crowns were cut at the CEJ point. The root canals were shaped to the working length up to file F3 ProTaper (F1, F2, F3). EDTA 17% and sodium hypochlorite 2.5% were used for 5 minutes to wash and remove the smear layer, and then the apical foramen was sealed using composite. After that, the teeth were sterilized in an autoclave at 121°C for 15 minutes. Then 10 samples were taken randomly as the negative control. The remaining samples were immersed and cultivated in a suspension containing E. faecalis for 21 days. Then the samples were divided into 5 groups: 2 positive control groups, 1 group treated with the antibiotic paste with the concentration of 1 mg/mL, 1 group treated with calcium hydroxide, and 1 group treated with photodynamic therapy. Then, to collect the biofilm, the ProTaper file F4 was used. After that, the microbial suspension was provided and counting the colonies was carried out to compare the groups. Results: The findings indicated that the amount of CFU/mg of MTAP samples, including clindamycin, metronidazole, ciprofloxacin in the concentration of 1 mg/mL and photodynamic therapy and calcium hydroxide was lower than that in the control group. Antibiotic paste cleansed the root canal up to 99.9%. Photodynamic therapy reduced the amount of CFU/mg to 98.8%, and calcium hydroxide reduced the amount of CFU/mg to 94.13%. Conclusion: Using photodynamic therapy causes a reduction in the biofilm and inhibits the growth of the E. faecalis bacterium. In addition, in this study, MTAP with a concentration of 1 mg/mL was used, which expunged the bacteria completely. Meanwhile, calcium hydroxide had the weakest effect of all on the E. faecalis bacterium.

Antimicrobial Activity of Calcium Hydroxide Synthesized from Indonesian Limestone against Enterococcus faecalis

2021 ◽  
Vol 1044 ◽  
pp. 171-177
Author(s):  
Myrna Nurlatifah Zakaria ◽  
Ida Rodiyah Siti Halimah ◽  
Atia Nurul Sidiqa ◽  
Ira Artilia ◽  
Arief Cahyanto
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Hydroxide ◽  
Enterococcus Faecalis ◽  
Root Canal ◽  
Antimicrobial Property ◽  
Antimicrobial Effect ◽  
Antimicrobial Activities ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Root Canals ◽  
Infected Root

Recurrent endodontic infections of treated teeth are mainly linked to microbial persistency in the root canal system. Enterococcus faecalis is a bacterium that is often identified in these recurrent infections. Calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) is a widely used root canal medicament and is now being developed to be produced from natural materials. Ca(OH)2, which is synthesized from natural limestone from Palimanan, Indonesia, has a structure similar to Ca(OH)2, which is often used as a root canal medicament. The purpose of this study was to determine the antimicrobial property of Ca(OH)2 paste synthesized from natural limestone compared to conventional Ca(OH)2 paste. This study is an in vitro experimental study consists of 3 groups (n=24, namely, conventional Ca(OH)2 paste, limestone synthesized Ca(OH)2 paste, and saline as the negative control, for 2 intervals of time and evaluated by Total Plate Counting (TPC) method. Samples were mandibular first premolar root canal prepared by root canal preparation and contaminated with E. faecalis (ATCC 29212). The infected root canals of each group were treated by the medicaments, and samples from the root canals were taken on day 7 (n=4) and 14 (n=4). Results showed that both Ca(OH)2 groups had antimicrobial activities against E. faecalis. The limestone Ca(OH)2 paste group had the least amount of bacterial colonies on the 7th day compared to other groups. In contrast, on the 14th day, the conventional Ca(OH)2 paste had the least bacterial colonies. It can be concluded that the Ca(OH)2 paste synthesized from natural limestone has an antimicrobial effect on E. faecalis, the antimicrobial effect was higher on the 7th day but decreases on the 14th day, whereas the conventional Ca(OH)2 had a higher antimicrobial effect on day 14 compared to day 7. Further studies are expected to improve the long-term antimicrobial effectiveness and sustainability of the natural limestone synthesized Ca(OH)2 paste.

The Effectiveness of Three Instrumentation Techniques on the Elimination of Entererococcus Faecalis from a Root Canal: An In Vitro Study

2005 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 94-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meltem Çolak ◽  
Sinan Evcil ◽  
Y. Ziya Bayindir ◽  
Nimet Yigit
Keyword(s):  
Enterococcus Faecalis ◽  
Root Canal ◽  
In Vitro Study ◽  
Bacterial Cells ◽  
Sterile Saline ◽  
Root Canals ◽  
Rotary Instruments ◽  
Colony Forming Units ◽  
Before And After

Abstract The in vitro reduction of a bacterial population in a root canal by mechanical instrumentation using three techniques was evaluated. Root canals inoculated with a Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) suspension were instrumented using hand Hedstroem files, Giromatic files, and Hero 642 rotary instruments. Irrigation was performed using sterile saline solution. Root canals were sampled before and after instrumentation. After serial dilutions, samples were plated onto Mitis-Salivarius agar and the colony forming units grown were counted. All instruments tested were able to significantly reduce the number of bacterial cells in the root canal, however, the results of this study indicated that Hedstroem files, Giromatic, and Hero 642 techniques were not significantly different in their ability to reduce intracanal bacteria. Citation Colak M, Evcil S, Bayindir Y, Yigit N. The Effectiveness of Three Instrumentation Techniques on the Elimination of Enterococcus Faecalis from a Root Canal: An In Vitro Study. J Contemp Dent Pract 2005 February;(6)1:094-106.

scholarly journals Antibacterial Effect of Endodontic Disinfections on Enterococcus Faecalis in Dental Root Canals—An In-Vitro Model Study

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (9) ◽  
pp. 2427
Author(s):  
Stefan Kranz ◽  
André Guellmar ◽  
Franziska Braeutigam ◽  
Silke Tonndorf-Martini ◽  
Markus Heyder ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Enterococcus Faecalis ◽  
Root Canal ◽  
Bacterial Colonization ◽  
In Vitro Study ◽  
Microbial Culture ◽  
Dentinal Tubules ◽  
Root Canals ◽  
Model Study ◽  
Chloramine T

Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) is rather unsusceptible to many root canal disinfections which often cause a therapeutic problem. Therefore, the present in vitro study observed the efficiency of different endodontic antiseptics in their capability to suppress E. faecalis, especially inside dentinal tubules. Prior to any testing, root canals of extracted third human molars were inoculated with E. faecalis for 48 h. Antiseptic dressings with chloramine-T or calcium hydroxide (CaOH) for 24 h or irrigations with 1.3% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) were applied with n = 10 in each group. As control irrigation with normal saline was used. All treated canals were manually enlarged from size ISO 50 to 110 and the ablated dentin debris was subjected to microbial culture analysis. Bacterial colonization of the dentinal tubules up to 300 µm was verified by scanning electron microscopy and histological sample preparation. Application of crystalline chloramine-T caused total bacterial suppression inside the dentinal tubules. Dressings with CaOH showed only minor effects. Irrigation with NaOCl caused total eradication of bacteria adhering to the root canal walls, but also failed to completely suppress E. faecalis inside the dentinal tubules. The study showed that chloramine-T is of strong antiseptic activity and also efficient in suppressing E. faecalis inside dentinal tubules.

scholarly journals Effect of Passive Ultrasonic Irrigation on Enterococcus faecalis from Root Canals: An Ex Vivo Study

2015 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 342-346 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juliane Maria Guerreiro-Tanomaru ◽  
Gisselle Moraima Chávez-Andrade ◽  
Norberto Batista de Faria-Júnior ◽  
Evandro Watanabe ◽  
Mário Tanomaru-Filho
Keyword(s):  
Enterococcus Faecalis ◽  
Root Canal ◽  
Saline Solution ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Canal System ◽  
Passive Ultrasonic Irrigation ◽  
Root Canals ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Ultrasonic Irrigation ◽  
Root Canal System

<p>Endodontic irrigation aims to clean and disinfect the root canal system. Passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI) is based on the use of an ultrasound-activated instrument into the root canal filled with irrigant. The aim of this study was to evaluate, ex vivo, the effectiveness of PUI in eliminating <italic>Enterococcus faecalis</italic> from root canals. Seventy-five extracted human single-root teeth were used. After root canal preparation, specimens were inoculated with <italic>E. faecalis</italic> and incubated at 37 °C for 21 days. Specimens were distributed into five groups (n=15), according to the irrigation method: PUI + saline solution (PUI/SS); PUI + 1% NaOCl (PUI/NaOCl); conventional needle irrigation (CNI) + saline solution (CNI/SS); CNI + 1% NaOCl (CNI/NaOCl); No irrigation (control). Microbiological samples were collected at three time points: initial (21 days after inoculation), post-irrigation (immediately after irrigation), and final (7 days after irrigation). Data were obtained in CFU mL<sup>-1</sup> and subjected to analysis by ANOVA and Tukey's tests at 5% significance level. The post-irrigation samples did not demonstrate statistical difference between PUI/SS and CNI/SS nor between PUI/NaOCl and CNI/NaOCl (p>0.05), but PUI/NaOCl and CNI/NaOCl had lower CFU mL<sup>-1</sup> number than the other groups (p>0.05). Statistically significant difference was observed between the initial and post-irrigation samples and between the post-irrigation and final samples (p<0.05) in all groups, except in the control. The final samples of all groups presented bacterial counts similar to the initial samples. PUI or CNI with 1% NaOCl contribute to disinfection, but are unable to eradicate <italic>E. faecalis</italic> from the root canal system.</p>

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