scholarly journals Ectopic Spacer Acquisition in Streptococcus thermophilus CRISPR3 Array

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 512
Author(s):  
Rodrigo Achigar ◽  
Martina Scarrone ◽  
Geneviève M. Rousseau ◽  
Cécile Philippe ◽  
Felipe Machado ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Streptococcus Pyogenes ◽  
Streptococcus Thermophilus ◽  
Phage Infection ◽  
Phage Resistance ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
General Phenomenon ◽  
Present Evidence ◽  
Crispr Array

Streptococcus thermophilus relies heavily on two type II-A CRISPR-Cas systems, CRISPR1 and CRISPR3, to resist siphophage infections. One hallmark of these systems is the integration of a new spacer at the 5′ end of the CRISPR arrays following phage infection. However, we have previously shown that ectopic acquisition of spacers can occur within the CRISPR1 array. Here, we present evidence of the acquisition of new spacers within the array of CRISPR3 of S. thermophilus. The analysis of randomly selected bacteriophage-insensitive mutants of the strain Uy01 obtained after phage infection, as well as the comparison with other S. thermophilus strains with similar CRISPR3 content, showed that a specific spacer within the array could be responsible for misguiding the adaptation complex. These results also indicate that while the vast majority of new spacers are added at the 5′ end of the CRISPR array, ectopic spacer acquisition is a common feature of both CRISPR1 and CRISPR3 systems in S. thermophilus, and it can still provide phage resistance. Ectopic spacer acquisition also appears to have occurred naturally in some strains of Streptococcus pyogenes, suggesting that it is a general phenomenon, at least in type II-A systems.

scholarly journals Evolutionary dynamics of phage resistance in bacterial biofilms

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew Simmons ◽  
Matthew C. Bond ◽  
Knut Drescher ◽  
Vanni Bucci ◽  
Carey D. Nadell
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary Dynamics ◽  
Physiological State ◽  
Computational Simulation ◽  
Phage Infection ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Phage Resistance ◽  
Natural Environments ◽  
Biofilm Growth ◽  
Single Strain ◽  
Negative Frequency Dependent Selection

AbstractInteractions among bacteria and their viral predators, the bacteriophages, are likely among the most common ecological phenomena on Earth. The constant threat of phage infection to bacterial hosts, and the imperative of achieving infection on the part of phages, drives an evolutionary contest in which phage-resistant bacteria emerge, often followed by phages with new routes of infection. This process has received abundant theoretical and experimental attention for decades and forms an important basis for molecular genetics and theoretical ecology and evolution. However, at present, we know very little about the nature of phage-bacteria interaction – and the evolution of phage resistance – inside the surface-bound communities that microbes usually occupy in natural environments. These communities, termed biofilms, are encased in a matrix of secreted polymers produced by their microbial residents. Biofilms are spatially constrained such that interactions become limited to neighbors or near-neighbors; diffusion of solutes and particulates is reduced; and there is pronounced heterogeneity in nutrient access and therefore physiological state. These factors can dramatically impact the way phage infections proceed even in simple, single-strain biofilms, but we still know little of their effect on phage resistance evolutionary dynamics. Here we explore this problem using a computational simulation framework customized for implementing phage infection inside multi-strain biofilms. Our simulations predict that it is far easier for phage-susceptible and phage-resistant bacteria to coexist inside biofilms relative to planktonic culture, where phages and hosts are well-mixed. We characterize the negative frequency dependent selection that underlies this coexistence, and we then test and confirm this prediction using an experimental model of biofilm growth measured with confocal microscopy at single-cell and single-phage resolution.

Type II: Streptococcus thermophilus

2012 ◽  
pp. 171-200 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie-Ève Dupuis ◽  
Sylvain Moineau
Keyword(s):  
Streptococcus Thermophilus ◽  
Type Ii

scholarly journals Inhibition of phage infection in capsule-producing Streptococcus thermophilus using concanavalin A, lysozyme and saccharides

2007 ◽  
Vol 6 (19) ◽  
pp. 2280-2286 ◽  
Author(s):  
Khalil Rowaida ◽  
F Frank Joseph ◽  
N Hassan Ashraf ◽  
H Omar Sanaa
Keyword(s):  
Concanavalin A ◽  
Streptococcus Thermophilus ◽  
Phage Infection

scholarly journals Crystal Structure of Streptococcus pyogenes Cas1 and Its Interaction with Csn2 in the Type II CRISPR-Cas System

Structure ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 70-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donghyun Ka ◽  
Hasup Lee ◽  
Yi-Deun Jung ◽  
Kyunggon Kim ◽  
Chaok Seok ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crystal Structure ◽  
Streptococcus Pyogenes ◽  
Type Ii

scholarly journals Draft Genome Sequences of Three VirulentStreptococcus thermophilusBacteriophages Isolated from the Dairy Environment in the Veneto Region of Italy

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vinícius da Silva Duarte ◽  
Sabrina Giaretta ◽  
Laura Treu ◽  
Stefano Campanaro ◽  
Pedro M. Pereira Vidigal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Draft Genome ◽  
Streptococcus Thermophilus ◽  
Phage Infection ◽  
Veneto Region ◽  
Genome Sequences ◽  
Content Type ◽  
And Control ◽  
New Strategies

ABSTRACTStreptococcus thermophilus, a very important dairy species, is constantly threatened by phage infection. We report the genome sequences of threeS. thermophilusbacteriophages isolated from a dairy environment in the Veneto region of Italy. These sequences will be used for the development of new strategies to detect and control phages in dairy environments.

Transduction of bacteriophage resistance in Streptococcus pyogenes with coinfection lysates of the virulent phage A25ts1-2 and a temperate bacteriophage 2511

1984 ◽  
Vol 30 (11) ◽  
pp. 1309-1314
Author(s):  
James G. Stuart ◽  
Rene Rogel ◽  
Tom Morton
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Streptococcus Pyogenes ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance Genes ◽  
Clinical Strain ◽  
Phage Resistance ◽  
Lytic Phage ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Temperate Bacteriophage ◽  
Chromosomal Dna ◽  
Viral Dna

Two new mutants of Streptococcus pyogenes designated KS107 and KS136 were shown to allow adsorption of a virulent bacteriophage KV1, but replication of viral DNA did not occur in these mutants. The novel observation was made that coinfection of donor ceils with phages A25ts1-2 and 2511 enhanced transduction of phage resistance and of antibiotic resistance. Mixed donor lysates did not give enhanced transduction. Antiserum to A25ts1-2 blocked transduction, suggesting that the presence of 2511 promoted packaging of chromosomal DNA into A25ts1-2 particles. Phage 2511 was isolated by induction of a clinical strain, but it behaved as a lytic phage in laboratory strains. Phage KV1 was isolated from sewage and was found to be closely related to A25ts1-2, whereas 2511 was clearly different. The phage resistance gene of KS107 was not linked to any of three antibiotic resistance genes by cotransduction tests.

scholarly journals The interplay of the type II TA system with other processes

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Wen-ping ◽  
Jia Wan Zhong ◽  
Yang Min
Keyword(s):  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽  
Environmental Stress ◽  
Regulatory Mechanism ◽  
Phage Infection ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
System Research ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
The Stability ◽  
And Function ◽  
Insight Into

The type II toxin antitoxin (TA) system is the most well-studied TA system and is widely distributed in bacteria, especially pathogens such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Type II TA system plays an important role in many cellular processes, including maintaining the stability of mobile genetic elements, and bacterial altruistic suicide in response to nutritional starvation, environmental stress and phage infection. Interactions between toxin proteins and antitoxin proteins are critical for the regulation and function of type II TA systems; indeed, the understanding of their function is mainly derived from interaction and regulation of paired TA system proteins. Nonetheless, investigating interaction between unpaired TA system proteins, and the interaction between TA system proteins and other functional proteins, are becoming more common and have provided new insight into the complexity of its regulatory mechanism. In this review, we outlined the cross-interaction between TA system proteins, and the interaction between TA system proteins and other functional proteins, and we are trying to explain novel mechanism of TA system in the regulation of cellular activities. On this basis, we further discussed the knowledge and physiological implications of the relevant aspects of TA system research.

scholarly journals Type II Toxin-Antitoxin Systems: Evolution and Revolutions

2020 ◽  
Vol 202 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathan Fraikin ◽  
Frédéric Goormaghtigh ◽  
Laurence Van Melderen
Keyword(s):  
Mobile Genetic Elements ◽  
Phage Infection ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Toxic Protein ◽  
Genetic Elements ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Poor Understanding ◽  
Bacterial Chromosomes ◽  
Postsegregational Killing

ABSTRACT Type II toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems are small genetic elements composed of a toxic protein and its cognate antitoxin protein, the latter counteracting the toxicity of the former. While TA systems were initially discovered on plasmids, functioning as addiction modules through a phenomenon called postsegregational killing, they were later shown to be massively present in bacterial chromosomes, often in association with mobile genetic elements. Extensive research has been conducted in recent decades to better understand the physiological roles of these chromosomally encoded modules and to characterize the conditions leading to their activation. The diversity of their proposed roles, ranging from genomic stabilization and abortive phage infection to stress modulation and antibiotic persistence, in conjunction with the poor understanding of TA system regulation, resulted in the generation of simplistic models, often refuted by contradictory results. This review provides an epistemological and critical retrospective on TA modules and highlights fundamental questions concerning their roles and regulations that still remain unanswered.

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