scholarly journals Nitrogen Sources and Iron Availability Affect Pigment Biosynthesis and Nutrient Consumption in Anabaena sp. UTEX 2576

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 431 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel A. Norena-Caro ◽  
Tara M. Malone ◽  
Michael G. Benton
Keyword(s):  
Co2 Fixation ◽  
Nitrogen Sources ◽  
Chemical Production ◽  
N Sources ◽  
Wastewater Bioremediation ◽  
Nutrient Consumption ◽  
Mineral Utilization ◽  
Anabaena Sp ◽  
Pigment Biosynthesis ◽  
Β Carotene

Anabaena sp. UTEX 2576 metabolizes multiple nitrogen (N) sources and is deemed a biotechnological platform for chemical production. Cyanobacteria have been identified as prolific producers of biofertilizers, biopolymers, biofuels, and other bioactive compounds. Here, we analyze the effect of different N-sources and Fe availability on the bioproduction of phycobiliproteins and β-carotene. We characterize nutrient demand in modified BG11 media, including data on CO2 fixation rates, N-source consumption, and mineral utilization (e.g., phosphorus (P), and 11 metallic elements). Results suggest that non-diazotrophic cultures grow up to 60% faster than diazotrophic cells, resulting in 20% higher CO2-fixation rates. While the production of β-carotene was maximum in medium with NaNO3, Fe starvation increased the cellular abundance of C-phycocyanin and allophycocyanin by at least 22%. Compared to cells metabolizing NaNO3 and N2, cultures adapted to urea media increased their P, calcium and manganese demands by at least 72%, 97% and 76%, respectively. Variations on pigmentation and nutrient uptake were attributed to changes in phycocyanobilin biosynthesis, light-induced oxidation of carotenoids, and urea-promoted peroxidation. This work presents insights into developing optimal Anabaena culture for efficient operations of bioproduction and wastewater bioremediation with cyanobacteria.

scholarly journals Understanding the Differences in the Growth and Toxin Production of Anatoxin-Producing Cuspidothrix issatschenkoi Cultured with Inorganic and Organic N Sources from a New Perspective: Carbon/Nitrogen Metabolic Balance

Toxins ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 724
Author(s):  
Siyi Tao ◽  
Suqin Wang ◽  
Lirong Song ◽  
Nanqin Gan
Keyword(s):  
Harmful Algal Blooms ◽  
Algal Blooms ◽  
Nitrogen Sources ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Toxin Production ◽  
Organic N ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Metabolic Balance ◽  
N Sources ◽  
Inorganic And Organic

Cyanotoxins are the underlying cause of the threat that globally pervasive Cyanobacteria Harmful algal blooms (CyanoHABs) pose to humans. Major attention has been focused on the cyanobacterial hepatotoxin microcystins (MCs); however, there is a dearth of studies on cyanobacterial neurotoxin anatoxins. In this study, we explored how an anatoxin-producing Cuspidothrix issatschenkoi strain responded to culture with inorganic and organic nitrogen sources in terms of growth and anatoxins production. The results of our study revealed that ʟ- alanine could greatly boost cell growth, and was associated with the highest cell productivity, while urea significantly stimulated anatoxin production with the maximum anatoxin yield reaching 25.86 μg/mg dry weight, which was 1.56-fold higher than that in the control group (BG11). To further understand whether the carbon/nitrogen balance in C. issatschenkoi would affect anatoxin production, we explored growth and toxin production in response to different carbon/nitrogen ratios (C/N). Anatoxin production was mildly promoted when the C/N ratio was within low range, and significantly inhibited when the C/N ratio was within high range, showing approximately a three-fold difference. Furthermore, the transcriptional profile revealed that anaC gene expression was significantly up-regulated over 2–24 h when the C/N ratio was increased, and was significantly down-regulated after 96 h. Overall, our results further enriched the evidence that urea can stimulate cyanotoxin production, and ʟ-alanine could boost C. issatschenkoi proliferation, thus providing information for better management of aquatic systems. Moreover, by focusing on the intracellular C/N metabolic balance, this study explained the anatoxin production dynamics in C. issatschenkoi in response to different N sources.

AGRONOMIC AND FINANCIAL BENEFITS OF PHOSPHORUS AND NITROGEN SOURCES IN WESTERN KENYA

2009 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 241-260 ◽  
Author(s):  
BASHIR JAMA ◽  
ABEDNEGO KIWIA
Keyword(s):  
Farming Systems ◽  
Nitrogen Sources ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Smallholder Farming ◽  
N Sources ◽  
Financial Benefits ◽  
P Application ◽  
Cropping Seasons ◽  
P Sources

SUMMARYA better understanding of the agronomic and economic benefits of integrating organic and inorganic fertilizers is essential for their wide-scale dissemination and adoption in smallholder farming systems in developing countries. Field studies were conducted for 10 cropping seasons (1996–2000) on a Kandiudalfic Eutrudox soil to compare the effects of Minjingu phosphate rock (MPR) and triple superphosphate (TSP) on the yield of maize (Zea mays), in combination with three nitrogen (N) sources: urea, Tithonia diversifolia and Sesbania sesban leafy biomass. Urea and tithonia were applied to provide 60 kg N ha−1. Phosphorus (P) from either MPR or TSP was added either once at 250 kg P ha−1 at the beginning of the experiment or annually at 50 kg P ha−1 for five years, the two rates representing two P recapitalization strategies. From the second year, potassium (K) was added to half of each plot to correct for the deficiency that emerged. Over the 10 cropping seasons, the agronomic and economic benefits of the two P recapitalization strategies were similar and were not influenced by the P sources used. With N and K application, both P sources resulted in at least a two-fold maize grain yield increase over the control with no P application that averaged 1.1 tons ha−1. Comparing the N sources, although urea and tithonia had similar net benefits when P was applied, the total cost associated with tithonia was considerably higher. Without P application, sesbania fallow was the most financially attractive option. Sesbania fallows as an N source were also least sensitive to increases in the price of fertilizers and the cost of labour although the financial benefits of this system remained low in the absence of P and K application.

scholarly journals The effect of diverse nitrogen sources in the nutrient medium on the growth of the green microalgae Chromochloris zofingiensis in the batch culture

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 41-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. S. Minyuk ◽  
N. V. Dantsyuk ◽  
E. S. Chelebieva ◽  
I. N. Chubchikova ◽  
I. V. Drobetskaya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Source ◽  
Nutrient Medium ◽  
Nitrogen Sources ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Cell Swelling ◽  
Total Carotenoids ◽  
Chlorella Zofingiensis ◽  
N Sources ◽  
N Source ◽  
Chlorophylls A And B

The effect of three nitrogen (N) sources in the nutrient medium – sodium nitrate (NaNO3), urea (CO(NH2)2), and ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) – on the morphological and physiological characteristics of the green microalga Chromochloris (Chlorella) zofingiensis, a potential commercial producer of lipids and a ketocarotenoid astaxanthin, was studied. The alga was batch-cultivated in glass conical flasks from starting cell density (n) around 2.3·106 per mL and dry weight (DW) content of 0.06 g·L−1 in all variants at 120 μmol·m−2·s−1 PAR, +20…+21 °C, and air bubbling at a rate of 0.3 L·min−1·L−1. The concentration of nitrogen sources (as elemental N) in the modified BBM nutrient medium was 8.83 mmol·L−1, the cultivation duration was 17 days. The dynamics of n and cell volumes, DW content, chlorophylls a and b (Chla and Chlb), total carotenoids (Car), and lipids (Lip) in the cultures, concentration of N sources in the nutrient medium, and its pH were recorded. It was shown that the growth rate, size distribution of the cell populations, and the biomass chemical composition depended significantly on the nitrogen source in the nutrient medium. Using NH4Cl as N source caused on the second day growth inhibition, cell swelling, aggregation, and discoloration; by the seventh day, it caused culture crash. C. zofingiensis cells took up NaNO3 and CO(NH2)2 from the medium at a similar rate (0.626 and 0.631 mmol N·L−1·day−1, respectively), but the growth of the culture fed with CO(NH2)2 lagged; its cell volume and Chla, Chlb, and total Car contents declined profoundly. The average dry matter productivity (PDW) in the culture grown on CO(NH2)2 [(0.086 ± 0.004) g·L−1·day−1] was 32.6 % lower than in the culture grown on NaNO3 [(0.114 ± 0.005) g·L−1·day−1]. At the same time, lipid productivity (PLip) of the urea-fed culture was comparable with that of the nitrate-fed culture (PLip of 28 and 26 mg·L−1·day−1, respectively). The lipid DW percentage of the former exceeded significantly that of the nitrate-fed culture (31.6 % vs 23.1 %, respectively). From the standpoint of profitability, the lag in biomass accumulation recorded in the urea-fed culture on PDW is not critical since it is compensated by lowering the cost of nitrogen source for the nutrient medium (approximately by 230 %) and a higher biomass lipid content. C. zofingiensis grown in media with urea as the only N source deserves further investigation.

scholarly journals Growth and gas exchanges in soursop under irrigation with saline water and nitrogen sources

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (11) ◽  
pp. 776-781 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evandro M. da Silva ◽  
Geovani S. de Lima ◽  
Hans R. Gheyi ◽  
Reginaldo G. Nobre ◽  
Francisco V. da S. Sá ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Saline Water ◽  
Calcium Nitrate ◽  
Nitrogen Sources ◽  
Potassium Nitrate ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
Water Salinity ◽  
Gas Exchanges ◽  
N Sources ◽  
Salinity Levels ◽  
The Individual

ABSTRACT Nitrogen (N) fertilization has been tested for the mitigation of salt stress in some species including fruit crops. However, special attention should be paid to the source of N, due to the different compositions and saline indices of the fertilizers, particularly when irrigation is conducted using waters with salinity levels that are restrictive to agriculture. Thus, this study evaluated the effect of fertilization with N sources on the growth and gas exchanges of soursop irrigated with saline water after transplanting. The experiment was carried out in greenhouse at the Center of Technology and Natural Resources of the Federal University of Campina Grande, and treatments were arranged in randomized blocks, in 4 x 4 factorial scheme, corresponding to electrical conductivity of water - 0.5, 1.1, 2.5 and 3.5 dS m-1, and the N sources urea, ammonia sulfate, calcium nitrate and potassium nitrate, with three replicates. Growth and gas exchanges of soursop at 110 days after transplanting were not influenced by either the interaction between water salinity and N sources or the individual action of N, but were inhibited by the increase in water salinity from 0.5 dS m-1. Increasing water salinity inhibited stomatal opening and carboxylation in the leaves.

scholarly journals Molybdenum-Induced Effects on Nitrogen Metabolism Enzymes and Elemental Profile of Winter Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Under Different Nitrogen Sources

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (12) ◽  
pp. 3009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Imran ◽  
Xuecheng Sun ◽  
Saddam Hussain ◽  
Usman Ali ◽  
Muhammad Shoaib Rana ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Glutamate Synthase ◽  
Nitrogen Sources ◽  
Mineral Elements ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
N Sources ◽  
Metabolism Enzymes ◽  
Winter Wheat Cultivars ◽  
N Metabolism ◽  
Hydroponic Study

Different nitrogen (N) sources have been reported to significantly affect the activities and expressions of N metabolism enzymes and mineral elements concentrations in crop plants. However, molybdenum-induced effects in winter wheat cultivars have still not been investigated under different N sources. Here, a hydroponic study was carried out to investigate these effects on two winter wheat cultivars (‘97003’ and ‘97014’) as Mo-efficient and Mo-inefficient, respectively, under different N sources (NO3−, NH4NO3, and NH4+). The results revealed that the activities of nitrate reductase (NR) and nitrite reductase (NiR) followed the order of NH4NO3 > NO3− > NH4+ sources, while glutamine synthetase (GS) and glutamate synthase (GOGAT) followed the order of NH4+ > NH4NO3 > NO3− in both the wheat cultivars. However, Mo-induced effects in the activities and expressions of N metabolism enzymes under different N sources followed the order of NH4NO3 > NO3− > NH4+ sources, indicating that Mo has more complementary effects towards nitrate nutrition than the sole ammonium source in winter wheat. Interestingly, under −Mo-deprived conditions, cultivar ‘97003’ recorded more pronounced alterations in Mo-dependent parameters than ‘97014’ cultivar. Moreover, Mo application increased the proteins, amino acids, ammonium, and nitrite contents while concomitantly decreasing the nitrate contents in the same order of NH4NO3 > NO3− > NH4+ sources that coincides with the Mo-induced N enzymes activities and expressions. The findings of the present study indicated that Mo plays a key role in regulating the N metabolism enzymes and assimilatory products under all the three N sources; however, the extent of complementation exists in the order of NH4NO3 > NO3− > NH4+ sources in winter wheat. In addition, it was revealed that mineral elements profiles were mainly affected by different N sources, while Mo application generally had no significant effects on the mineral elements contents in the winter wheat leaves under different N sources.

scholarly journals Substrate Specificities and Availability of Fucosyltransferase and β-Carotene Hydroxylase for Myxol 2′-Fucoside Synthesis in Anabaena sp. Strain PCC 7120 Compared with Synechocystis sp. Strain PCC 6803

2008 ◽  
Vol 190 (20) ◽  
pp. 6726-6733 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mari Mochimaru ◽  
Hajime Masukawa ◽  
Takashi Maoka ◽  
Hatem E. Mohamed ◽  
Wim F. J. Vermaas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Carotenoid Biosynthesis ◽  
Biosynthetic Pathways ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Substrate Specificities ◽  
Field Desorption Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Anabaena Sp ◽  
Pcc 7120 ◽  
Β Carotene ◽  
Pcc 6803

ABSTRACT To elucidate the biosynthetic pathways of carotenoids, especially myxol 2′-glycosides, in cyanobacteria, Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120 (also known as Nostoc sp. strain PCC 7120) and Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803 deletion mutants lacking selected proposed carotenoid biosynthesis enzymes and GDP-fucose synthase (WcaG), which is required for myxol 2′-fucoside production, were analyzed. The carotenoids in these mutants were identified using high-performance liquid chromatography, field desorption mass spectrometry, and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance. The wcaG (all4826) deletion mutant of Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120 produced myxol 2′-rhamnoside and 4-ketomyxol 2′-rhamnoside as polar carotenoids instead of the myxol 2′-fucoside and 4-ketomyxol 2′-fucoside produced by the wild type. Deletion of the corresponding gene in Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803 (sll1213; 79% amino acid sequence identity with the Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120 gene product) produced free myxol instead of the myxol 2′-dimethyl-fucoside produced by the wild type. Free myxol might correspond to the unknown component observed previously in the same mutant (H. E. Mohamed, A. M. L. van de Meene, R. W. Roberson, and W. F. J. Vermaas, J. Bacteriol. 187:6883-6892, 2005). These results indicate that in Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120, but not in Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803, rhamnose can be substituted for fucose in myxol glycoside. The β-carotene hydroxylase orthologue (CrtR, Alr4009) of Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120 catalyzed the transformation of deoxymyxol and deoxymyxol 2′-fucoside to myxol and myxol 2′-fucoside, respectively, but not the β-carotene-to-zeaxanthin reaction, whereas CrtR from Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803 catalyzed both reactions. Thus, the substrate specificities or substrate availabilities of both fucosyltransferase and CrtR were different in these species. The biosynthetic pathways of carotenoids in Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120 are discussed.

Substitute foods—a practical alternative?

1973 ◽  
Vol 267 (882) ◽  
pp. 157-166 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Food Industry ◽  
Inorganic Nitrogen ◽  
Single Cells ◽  
Nitrogen Sources ◽  
Chemical Production ◽  
Synthetic Proteins ◽  
Delphi Exercise ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Human Use ◽  
Biochemical Degradation

Any practicable alternative food for human use must be highly acceptable to the consumer and must also fulfil man’s nutritional requirements. Substitute foods can consist of two types: synthetic, and reformed or modified. Synthetic proteins are unlikely to be produced by chemical techniques but biochemical techniques are currently being developed which allow the production of protein from inorganic nitrogen sources by the use of single cells. While much of the work is geared to the provision of animal food some are looking directly to human food. The requirements for these are reviewed and problem areas identified. Synthetic fats can be made and the chemical production and biochemical degradation is considered. There is unlikely to be a requirement for synthetic carbohydrates. Reformed or modified food has been of long standing use and recent developments in texturizing soya meal and in spinning vegetable proteins are discussed together with limitations of their use. Suggestions are made as to what might occur during the 1980s based on the opinions expressed by over forty members of the food industry (both scientific and commercial) in the course of a Delphi exercise predicting future trends in the food industry.

scholarly journals Global metabolic rewiring for improved CO2 fixation and chemical production in cyanobacteria

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Masahiro Kanno ◽  
Austin L. Carroll ◽  
Shota Atsumi
Keyword(s):  
Co2 Fixation ◽  
Chemical Production
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