scholarly journals Does Gut-Microbiome Interaction Protect against Obesity and Obesity-Associated Metabolic Disorders?

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 18
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Zawada ◽  
Anna Maria Rychter ◽  
Alicja Ewa Ratajczak ◽  
Agata Lisiecka-Masian ◽  
Agnieszka Dobrowolska ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
Metabolic Disorders ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Microbiota Composition ◽  
Obesity Prevalence ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Prevention And Treatment ◽  
Qualitative Changes

More research has recently focused on the role of the gut microbiota in the development or course of numerous diseases, including non-communicable diseases. As obesity remains prevalent, the question arises as to what microbial changes are associated with increased obesity prevalence and what kind of prevention and treatment approaches it could provide. Moreover, the influence of the gut-brain axis on obesity is also crucial, since it can affect metabolism and food intake. The quantitative and qualitative changes in the microbiota composition are called dysbiosis; however, in view of the current knowledge, it is difficult to conclude which microbial imbalances are adverse or beneficial. Increased numbers of pathological microorganisms were observed among patients with obesity and comorbidities associated with it, such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and insulin resistance. Our review provides current knowledge regarding changes in the intestinal microbiota associated with obesity and obesity-associated comorbidities. Nevertheless, given that dietary patterns and nutrients are two of the factors affecting the intestinal microbiota, we also discuss the role of different dietary approaches, vitamins, and minerals in the shaping of the intestinal microbiota.

scholarly journals The Role of Psychobiological and Neuroendocrine Mechanisms in Appetite Regulation and Obesity

2012 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 147-155 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ioanna Paspala ◽  
Niki Katsiki ◽  
Dorothea Kapoukranidou ◽  
Dimitri P Mikhailidis ◽  
Anna Tsiligiroglou-Fachantidou
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Physical Inactivity ◽  
Metabolic Disorders ◽  
Appetite Regulation ◽  
Multifactorial Disease ◽  
The Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Comprehensive Knowledge ◽  
Prevention And Treatment ◽  
Neuroendocrine Mechanisms

Obesity is a multifactorial disease. Among its causes are physical inactivity and overeating. In addition, other factors may play an important role in the development of overweight/obesity. For example, certain hormones including leptin, insulin and ghrelin, may influence appetite and consequently body weight. Obesity frequently co-exists with metabolic disorders including dyslipidemia, hypertension and insulin resistance, thus constituting the metabolic syndrome which is characterized by increased cardiovascular risk. Lack of comprehensive knowledge on obesity-related issues makes both prevention and treatment difficult. This review considers the psychobiological and neuroendocrine mechanisms of appetite and food intake. Whether these factors, in terms of obesity prevention and treatment, will prove to be relevant in clinical practice (including reducing the cardiovas-cular risk associated with obesity) remains to be established.

scholarly journals Inflammatory Mediators and Insulin Resistance in Obesity: Role of Nuclear Receptor Signaling in Macrophages

2010 ◽  
Vol 2010 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucía Fuentes ◽  
Tamás Rőszer ◽  
Mercedes Ricote
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Nuclear Receptor ◽  
Cytokine Production ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Liver Steatosis ◽  
Visceral Obesity ◽  
M2 Macrophage ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
The Impact

Visceral obesity is coupled to a general low-grade chronic inflammatory state characterized by macrophage activation and inflammatory cytokine production, leading to insulin resistance (IR). The balance between proinflammatory M1 and antiinflammatory M2 macrophage phenotypes within visceral adipose tissue appears to be crucially involved in the development of obesity-associated IR and consequent metabolic abnormalities. The ligand-dependent transcription factors peroxisome proliferator activated receptors (PPARs) have recently been implicated in the determination of the M1/M2 phenotype. Liver X receptors (LXRs), which form another subgroup of the nuclear receptor superfamily, are also important regulators of proinflammatory cytokine production in macrophages. Disregulation of macrophage-mediated inflammation by PPARs and LXRs therefore underlies the development of IR. This review summarizes the role of PPAR and LXR signaling in macrophages and current knowledge about the impact of these actions in the manifestation of IR and obesity comorbidities such as liver steatosis and diabetic osteopenia.

scholarly journals Role of Nutritive Factors in Infants Sleep Management

2021 ◽  
pp. 20-24
Author(s):  
Tatiana V. Turti ◽  
Irina A. Belyaeva ◽  
Elena P. Bombardirova ◽  
Pavel E. Sadchikov ◽  
Alexander Y. Nagonov
Keyword(s):  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
The Body ◽  
Individual Development ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Sleep Management ◽  
Nocturnal Awakening ◽  
Sleep Schedule ◽  
Functional Components ◽  
Crucial Part

The organized infant’s sleep schedule is the crucial part of normal individual development. On the contrary, restless sleep, nocturnal awakening, long wakefulness can lead to deviations in physical, psychomotor, and cognitive development. Feeding schedule organized according to the time of a day and circadian rhythms (chrono-nutrition concept) can be useful for prevention and correction of such disorders. You are aware of the effect of such factors as feeding before night's sleep, nutrition at dark time of a day, diet enriched with triptophane and nucleotides, on the maturation and consolidation of infants sleep. The correlation between intestinal microbiota and factors affecting the circadian and metabolic activity of the body are presented: day-night cycles, sleep and wake, diet and nutrition. Targeted regulation of the intestinal microbiota through products enriched with functional components (prebiotics) can lead to the development of healthy sleep in infants via axis “brain – intestine – microbiota”.

scholarly journals Gut microbiome dysbiosis in anorexia nervosa

2021 ◽  
Vol 75 ◽  
pp. 283-291
Author(s):  
Agata Janczy ◽  
Magdalena Landowska ◽  
Zdzisław Kochan
Keyword(s):  
Anorexia Nervosa ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Dietary Habits ◽  
Eating Habits ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders

Anorexia nervosa (AN) is described as an eating disorder, which is characterized by malnutrition, a fear of gaining body mass, and a disturbed self-body image. This disease is dependent on biological, psychological and socio-cultural factors. Among the various biological factors, the importance of intestinal microbiota has recently attracted much attention. Identification of the gut microbiota dysbiosis in patients with AN has opened new and promising research directions. Recent observations focus in particular on the association between intestinal microorganisms and the occurrence of functional gastrointestinal disorders associated with anorexia, anxiety and depression, as well as the regulation of eating habits. The composition of the gut microbiota differs between patients with AN and individuals with normal body mass. This is due to the incorrect diet of patients; on the other hand, there is growing interest in the role of intestinal microbiota in the pathogenesis of AN, its changes through re-nutrition practices, and in particular the modulation of intestinal microbiological composition by means of nutritional interventions or the use of preand probiotics as standard supplements therapy of eating disorders. There is a need for further research about the microbiome - intestine - brain axis. Furthermore, consequences of changes in dietary habits as part of AN treatment are also unknown. However, better knowledge about the relationship between the gut microbiome and the brain can help improve the treatment of this disorder. This review aims to present the current knowledge about the potential role of intestinal microbiota in the pathogenesis, course and treatment of AN.

scholarly journals Dysmetabolic mechanisms of preeclampsia development

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 346-356
Author(s):  
I. S. Lipatov ◽  
Yu. V. Tezikov ◽  
A. R. Azamatov
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Metabolic Disorders ◽  
Hematological Parameters ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Metabolic Disturbances ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Inflammatory Status ◽  
Group I

Background: An in-depth study of dismetabolic mechanisms in the genesis of pre-eclampsia (PE) has been updated because pregnancy is considered as a natural model of metabolic syndrome (MS), as well as the metabolic disorders are important in development of essential hypertension.Aims: to reveal clinical and laboratory parallels in pregnancy complicated by PE without MS and pregnancy proceeding on the background of MS to assess the role of metabolic disturbances in the development of PE.Materials and methods: 82 women with MS were examined in the dynamics of pregnancy and were divided into 2 groups depending on the implementation of PE: group I consisted of 50 women with PE on the background of MS, group II 32 women with MS without PE. We formed group III consisting of 44 pregnant women with PE without accompanying diseases to assess the pathogenetic value of metabolic disorders in the development of PE. The IV (control) group consisted of 30 healthy women with physiological pregnancy. Metabolic, hematological parameters, hormones, markers of the proinflammatory state, endothelial hemostasiological dysfunction, decidualization and placental angiogenesis, accumulation dynamics and distribution loci of adipose tissue were determined in all pregnant women.Results: In the groups of pregnant women with PE, changes similar to MS were revealed: pronounced diabetic and atherogenic disorders with the development of pathological insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia and leptinemia, endothelial-platelet link hyperactivation, thrombotic and inflammatory status, visceral type of fat deposition, hyperuricemia, hypersympathicotonia. It is proved that in the hierarchy of mechanisms of PE formation, placental dysfunction is a secondary alteration factor, which additionally potentiates the insulin resistance increase and the effects of structural and functional destabilization of the vascular endothelium.Conclusions: The direction of metabolic changes during pregnancy, the common development of PE and MS indicate the important role of dismetabolic mechanisms in the formation of PE.

scholarly journals The Confounders of Cancer Immunotherapy: Roles of Lifestyle, Metabolic Disorders and Sociological Factors

Cancers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 2983
Author(s):  
Ravindra Pramod Deshpande ◽  
Sambad Sharma ◽  
Kounosuke Watabe
Keyword(s):  
T Cell ◽  
Metabolic Disorders ◽  
Cell Activity ◽  
Effective Treatment Option ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Effector T Cell ◽  
Sociological Factors ◽  
Mutational Burden ◽  
And Gender

Checkpoint blockade immunotherapy (CPI) is an effective treatment option for many types of cancers. Irrespective of its wide clinical implications, the overall efficacy remains unpredictable and even poor in certain pathologies such as breast cancer. Thus, it is imperative to understand the role of factors affecting its responsiveness. In this review, we provide an overview on the involvement of sociological factors, lifestyles and metabolic disorders in modulating the CPI response in patients from multiple malignancies. Lifestyle habits including exercise, and diet promoted therapeutic responsiveness while alcohol consumption mitigated the CPI effect by decreasing mutational burden and hampering antigen presentation by dendritic cells. Metabolic disorder such as obesity was recognized to enhance the PD-1 expression while diabetes and hypertension were consequences of CPI therapy rather than causes. Among the sociologic factors, sex and race positively influenced the CPI effectiveness on account of increased effector T cell activity and increased PD-1 expression while ageing impaired CPI responsiveness by decreasing functional T cell and increased toxicity. The combined effect of these factors was observed for obesity and gender, in which obese males had the most significant effect of CPI. Therefore these variables should be carefully considered before treating patients with CPI for optimal treatment outcome.

scholarly journals Intestinal microbiota in the pathogenesis of chronic heart failure

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Vladimir Ivashkin ◽  
Maria Fadeeva ◽  
Manana Skhirtladze ◽  
Oxana Zolnikova
Keyword(s):  
Heart Failure ◽  
Chronic Heart Failure ◽  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
Metabolic Disorders ◽  
Intestinal Microflora ◽  
Positive Influence ◽  
Existing Data

In this review, we have considered and discussed the existing data to achieve a deeper understanding of the role of intestinal microbiota in the development and progression of chronic heart failure (CHF). The key moments of the CHF pathogenesis (an imbalance of neurohumoral systems, inflammatory theory and metabolic disorders) and the respective changes of the intestinal microflora composition were compared. Here, we also present the latest results of the positive influence of the microflora modulations on the course and prognosis of CHF with the prescribing antibiotics, probiotics and prebiotics.

scholarly journals Metabolic Disorders and Steatosis in Patients with Chronic Hepatitis C: Metabolic Strategies for Antiviral Treatments

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Munechika Enjoji ◽  
Motoyuki Kohjima ◽  
Kazuhiro Kotoh ◽  
Makoto Nakamuta
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Chronic Hepatitis ◽  
Lipid Metabolism ◽  
Hepatitis C ◽  
Chronic Hepatitis C ◽  
Metabolic Disorders ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Antiviral Treatment ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Hcv Infection

It has been reported that hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is closely associated with hepatic metabolic disorders. Hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance are both relatively common in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Recent investigations suggest that HCV infection changes the expression profile of lipid-metabolism-associated factors in the liver, conferring advantages to the life cycle of HCV. Moreover, insulin resistance and steatosis are independent predictors of impaired response to antiviral treatment in chronic hepatitis C. In this paper, we summarize our current knowledge of hepatic metabolic disorders and describe how HCV leads to and exploits these hepatic disorders. We also discuss the clinical significance of insulin sensitizers used to improve insulin resistance and lipid modulators used to manage lipid metabolism as potential treatment options for chronic hepatitis C.

scholarly journals OXIDATIVE STRESS AS THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF DIABETIC MACROANGIOPATHY AND PERSPECTIVES OF ITS CORRECTION BY FLAVONOIDS

2016 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 91-99
Author(s):  
N. I. Gorbenko ◽  
O. V. Ivanova ◽  
A. Y. Borikov
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Retrospective Analysis ◽  
Cardiometabolic Risk ◽  
Insulin Resistance Syndrome ◽  
Natural Antioxidants ◽  
Diabetic Macroangiopathy ◽  
Prevention And Treatment ◽  
Main Factors

The review elucidates the role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of diabetic cardiovascularcomplications. It was analyzed the main reasons for excessive production of reactive oxygen speciesin the conditions of hyperglycemia and the basic mechanisms of their damaging effect on the morphological and functional state of the myocardium and endothelium. It was considered theperspective of natural antioxidants, such as flavonoids, for the prevention and treatment of diabeticmacroangiopathy. It was made a retrospective analysis of own researches devoted to the quercetin effect on the main factors of cardiometabolic risk at the insulin resistance syndrome

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