scholarly journals Combined Comparative Genomics and Gene Expression Analyses Provide Insights into the Terpene Synthases Inventory in Trichoderma

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. 1603
Author(s):  
Isabel Vicente ◽  
Riccardo Baroncelli ◽  
María Eugenia Morán-Diez ◽  
Rodolfo Bernardi ◽  
Grazia Puntoni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Comparative Genomics ◽  
Gene Family ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Functional Differentiation ◽  
Terpene Synthase ◽  
Terpene Synthases ◽  
Trichoderma Spp ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Expression Studies

Trichoderma is a fungal genus comprising species used as biocontrol agents in crop plant protection and with high value for industry. The beneficial effects of these species are supported by the secondary metabolites they produce. Terpenoid compounds are key players in the interaction of Trichoderma spp. with the environment and with their fungal and plant hosts; however, most of the terpene synthase (TS) genes involved in their biosynthesis have yet not been characterized. Here, we combined comparative genomics of TSs of 21 strains belonging to 17 Trichoderma spp., and gene expression studies on TSs using T. gamsii T6085 as a model. An overview of the diversity within the TS-gene family and the regulation of TS genes is provided. We identified 15 groups of TSs, and the presence of clade-specific enzymes revealed a variety of terpenoid chemotypes evolved to cover different ecological demands. We propose that functional differentiation of gene family members is the driver for the high number of TS genes found in the genomes of Trichoderma. Expression studies provide a picture in which different TS genes are regulated in many ways, which is a strong indication of different biological functions.

scholarly journals A Comprehensive Survey on the Terpene Synthase Gene Family Provides New Insight into Its Evolutionary Patterns

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 2078-2098 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shu-Ye Jiang ◽  
Jingjing Jin ◽  
Rajani Sarojam ◽  
Srinivasan Ramachandran
Keyword(s):  
Gene Family ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Family Members ◽  
Terpene Synthase ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Terpene Synthases ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
A Genome ◽  
Family Expansion ◽  
Insight Into

Abstract Terpenes are organic compounds and play important roles in plant growth and development as well as in mediating interactions of plants with the environment. Terpene synthases (TPSs) are the key enzymes responsible for the biosynthesis of terpenes. Although some species were employed for the genome-wide identification and characterization of the TPS family, limited information is available regarding the evolution, expansion, and retention mechanisms occurring in this gene family. We performed a genome-wide identification of the TPS family members in 50 sequenced genomes. Additionally, we also characterized the TPS family from aromatic spearmint and basil plants using RNA-Seq data. No TPSs were identified in algae genomes but the remaining plant species encoded various numbers of the family members ranging from 2 to 79 full-length TPSs. Some species showed lineage-specific expansion of certain subfamilies, which might have contributed toward species or ecotype divergence or environmental adaptation. A large-scale family expansion was observed mainly in dicot and monocot plants, which was accompanied by frequent domain loss. Both tandem and segmental duplication significantly contributed toward family expansion and expression divergence and played important roles in the survival of these expanded genes. Our data provide new insight into the TPS family expansion and evolution and suggest that TPSs might have originated from isoprenyl diphosphate synthase genes.

scholarly journals Differential gene expression associated with a floral scent polymorphism in the evening primrose Oenothera harringtonii (Onagraceae)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lindsey L. Bechen ◽  
Matthew G. Johnson ◽  
Geoffrey T. Broadhead ◽  
Rachel A. Levin ◽  
Rick P. Overson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Differential Gene Expression ◽  
Floral Scent ◽  
Terpene Synthase ◽  
Rna Seq ◽  
Loss Of Function ◽  
Terpene Biosynthesis ◽  
Terpene Synthases ◽  
Evening Primrose ◽  
Differential Gene

AbstractBackgroundPlant volatiles play an important role in both plant-pollinator and plant-herbivore interactions. Intraspecific polymorphisms in volatile production are ubiquitous, but studies that explore underlying differential gene expression are rare. Oenothera harringtonii populations are polymorphic in floral emission of the monoterpene (R)-(-)-linalool; some plants emit (R)-(-)-linalool (linalool+ plants) while others do not (linalool-plants). However, the genes associated with differential production of this floral volatile in Oenothera are unknown. We used RNA-Seq to broadly characterize differential gene expression involved in (R)-(-)-linalool biosynthesis. To identify genes that may be associated with the polymorphism for this trait, we used RNA-Seq to compare gene expression in six different Oenothera harringtonii tissues from each of three linalool+ and linalool-plants.ResultsThree clusters of differentially expressed genes were enriched for terpene synthase activity: two were characterized by tissue-specific upregulation and one by upregulation only in plants with flowers that produce (R)-(-)-linalool. A molecular phylogeny of all terpene synthases identified two putative (R)-(-)-linalool synthase transcripts in Oenothera harringtonii, a single allele of which is found exclusively in linalool+ plants.ConclusionsBy using a naturally occurring polymorphism and comparing different tissues, we were able to identify genes putatively involved in the biosynthesis of (R)-(-)-linalool. Expression of these genes in linalool-plants suggests a regulatory polymorphism, rather than a population-specific loss-of-function allele. Additional terpene biosynthesis-related genes that are up-regulated in plants that emit (R)-(-)-linalool may be associated with herbivore defense, suggesting a potential economy of scale between plant reproduction and defense.

scholarly journals Comparative Genomics in Perennial Ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.): Identification and Characterisation of an Orthologue for the Rice Plant Architecture-Controlling Gene OsABCG5

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroshi Shinozuka ◽  
Noel O. I. Cogan ◽  
German C. Spangenberg ◽  
John W. Forster
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Comparative Genomics ◽  
Gene Family ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Plant Architecture ◽  
Foxtail Millet ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Plant Type ◽  
Bac Clone

Perennial ryegrass is an important pasture grass in temperate regions. As a forage biomass-generating species, plant architecture-related characters provide key objectives for breeding improvement. In silico comparative genomics analysis predicted colocation between a previously identified QTL for plant type (erect versus prostrate growth) and the ortholocus of the rice OsABCG5 gene (LpABCG5), as well as related QTLs in other Poaceae species. Sequencing of an LpABCG5-containing BAC clone identified presence of a paralogue (LpABCG6) in the vicinity of the LpABCG5 locus, in addition to three other gene-like sequences. Comparative genomics involving five other 5 grass species (rice, Brachypodium, sorghum, maize, and foxtail millet) revealed conserved microsynteny in the ABCG5 ortholocus-flanking region. Gene expression profiling and phylogenetic analysis suggested that the two paralogues are functionally distinct. Fourteen additional ABCG5 gene family members, which may interact with the LpABCG5 gene, were identified through sequencing of transcriptomes from perennial ryegrass leaf, anther, and pistils. A larger-scale phylogenetic analysis of the ABCG gene family suggested conservation between major branches of the Poaceae family. This study identified the LpABCG5 gene as a candidate for the plant type determinant, suggesting that manipulation of gene expression may provide valuable phenotypes for perennial ryegrass breeding.

scholarly journals A Wheat β-Patchoulene Synthase Confers Resistance against Herbivory in Transgenic Arabidopsis

Genes ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 441 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qingyu Pu ◽  
Jin Liang ◽  
Qinqin Shen ◽  
Jingye Fu ◽  
Zhien Pu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Catalytic Mechanism ◽  
Transgenic Arabidopsis ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Site Directed Mutagenesis ◽  
Beet Armyworm ◽  
Terpene Synthase ◽  
In Planta ◽  
Terpene Synthases ◽  
Sesquiterpene Synthase

Terpenoids play important roles in plant defense. Although some terpene synthases have been characterized, terpenoids and their biosynthesis in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) still remain largely unknown. Here, we describe the identification of a terpene synthase gene in wheat. It encodes a sesquiterpene synthase that catalyzes β-patchoulene formation with E,E-farnesyl diphosphate (FPP) as the substrate, thus named as TaPS. TaPS exhibits inducible expression in wheat in response to various elicitations. Particularly, alamethicin treatment strongly induces TaPS gene expression and β-patchoulene accumulation in wheat. Overexpression of TaPS in Arabidopsis successfully produces β-patchoulene, verifying the biochemical function of TaPS in planta. Furthermore, these transgenic Arabidopsis plants exhibit resistance against herbivory by repelling beet armyworm larvae feeding, thereby indicating anti-herbivory activity of β-patchoulene. The catalytic mechanism of TaPS is also explored by homology modeling and site-directed mutagenesis. Two key amino acids are identified to act in protonation and stability of intermediates and product formation. Taken together, one wheat sesquiterpene synthase is identified as β-patchoulene synthase. TaPS exhibits inducible gene expression and the sesquiterpene β-patchoulene is involved in repelling insect infestation.

The use of Trichoderma spp. to control plant diseases

2021 ◽  
pp. 401-428
Author(s):  
Enrique Monte ◽  
◽  
Rosa Hermosa ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Protection ◽  
Control Plant ◽  
Plant Protection Products ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Phytopathogenic Fungi ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Cell Wall Degrading Enzymes ◽  
Trichoderma Spp ◽  
Beneficial Effects

Trichoderma is one of the most studied genera of ascomycetous fungi due to the beneficial effects it has on plants. Trichoderma spp. are involved in the production of cell wall-degrading enzymes and metabolites with antimicrobial activity. It also produces volatile compounds that act together as direct biocontrol agents to protect plants against phytopathogenic fungi, oomycetes, nematodes and bacteria. Trichoderma spp. can also compete in the rhizosphere for space and nutrients while it can also protect plants by activating systemic immune responses that result in a faster and stronger induction of plant basal resistance mechanisms against biotic and abiotic stresses. The possibility that Trichoderma can also promote plant growth opens new opportunities to register strains as biostimulants. Adequate registration procedures are urgently needed as there is no appropriate legal framework for registering Trichoderma as both plant protection products and as biofertilizers.

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