scholarly journals Biofilms in Diabetic Foot Ulcers: Significance and Clinical Relevance

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. 1580
Author(s):  
Cassandra Pouget ◽  
Catherine Dunyach-Remy ◽  
Alix Pantel ◽  
Sophie Schuldiner ◽  
Albert Sotto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetic Foot ◽  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Chronic Infection ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Limb Amputation ◽  
Foot Ulcers ◽  
Main Role ◽  
Diabetic Foot Ulcers ◽  
Patients With Diabetes

Foot infections are the main disabling complication in patients with diabetes mellitus. These infections can lead to lower-limb amputation, increasing mortality and decreasing the quality of life. Biofilm formation is an important pathophysiology step in diabetic foot ulcers (DFU)—it plays a main role in the disease progression and chronicity of the lesion, the development of antibiotic resistance, and makes wound healing difficult to treat. The main problem is the difficulty in distinguishing between infection and colonization in DFU. The bacteria present in DFU are organized into functionally equivalent pathogroups that allow for close interactions between the bacteria within the biofilm. Consequently, some bacterial species that alone would be considered non-pathogenic, or incapable of maintaining a chronic infection, could co-aggregate symbiotically in a pathogenic biofilm and act synergistically to cause a chronic infection. In this review, we discuss current knowledge on biofilm formation, its presence in DFU, how the diabetic environment affects biofilm formation and its regulation, and the clinical implications.

scholarly journals Alternative Approaches for the Management of Diabetic Foot Ulcers

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cassandra Pouget ◽  
Catherine Dunyach-Remy ◽  
Alix Pantel ◽  
Adeline Boutet-Dubois ◽  
Sophie Schuldiner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetic Foot ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Healing Process ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Skin Surface ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Limb Amputation ◽  
Foot Ulcers ◽  
Diabetic Foot Ulcers ◽  
Alternative Approaches

Diabetic foot ulcers (DFU) represent a growing public health problem. The emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria is a complication due to the difficulties in distinguishing between infection and colonization in DFU. Another problem lies in biofilm formation on the skin surface of DFU. Biofilm is an important pathophysiology step in DFU and may contribute to healing delays. Both MDR bacteria and biofilm producing microorganism create hostile conditions to antibiotic action that lead to chronicity of the wound, followed by infection and, in the worst scenario, lower limb amputation. In this context, alternative approaches to antibiotics for the management of DFU would be very welcome. In this review, we discuss current knowledge on biofilm in DFU and we focus on some new alternative solutions for the management of these wounds, such as antibiofilm approaches that could prevent the establishment of microbial biofilms and wound chronicity. These innovative therapeutic strategies could replace or complement the classical strategy for the management of DFU to improve the healing process.

scholarly journals Clinical profiles of diabetic foot ulcer patients undergoing major limb amputation at a tertiary care center in North-eastern Tanzania

BMC Surgery ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed Shabhay ◽  
Pius Horumpende ◽  
Zarina Shabhay ◽  
Andrew Mganga ◽  
Jeff Van Baal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Diabetic Foot ◽  
Care Center ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Limb Amputation ◽  
Foot Ulcers ◽  
Diabetic Foot Ulcers ◽  
Random Blood Glucose ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
The Mean

Abstract Background Diabetic foot ulcers complications are the major cause of non-traumatic major limb amputation. We aimed at assessing the clinical profiles of diabetic foot ulcer patients undergoing major limb amputation in the Surgical Department at Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre (KCMC), a tertiary care hospital in North-eastern Tanzania. Methods A cross—sectional hospital-based study was conducted from September 2018 through March 2019. Demographic data were obtained from structured questionnaires. Diabetic foot ulcers were graded according to the Meggitt-Wagner classification system. Hemoglobin and random blood glucose levels data were retrieved from patients’ files. Results A total of 60 patients were recruited in the study. More than half (31/60; 51.67%) were amputated. Thirty-five (58.33%) were males. Fifty-nine (98.33%) had type II diabetes. Nearly two-thirds (34/60; 56.67%) had duration of diabetes for more than 5 years. The mean age was 60.06 ± 11.33 years (range 30–87). The mean haemoglobin level was 10.20 ± 2.73 g/dl and 9.84 ± 2.69 g/dl among amputees. Nearly two thirds (42/60; 70.00%) had a haemoglobin level below 12 g/dl, with more than a half (23/42; 54.76%) undergoing major limb amputation. Two thirds (23/31; 74.19%) of all patients who underwent major limb amputation had mean hemoglobin level below 12 g/dl. The mean Random Blood Glucose (MRBG) was 13.18 ± 6.17 mmol/L and 14.16 ± 6.10 mmol/L for amputees. Almost two thirds of the study population i.e., 42/60(70.00%) had poor glycemic control with random blood glucose level above 10.0 mmol/L. More than half 23/42 (54.76%) of the patients with poor glycemic control underwent some form of major limb amputation; which is nearly two thirds (23/31; 74.19%) of the total amputees. Twenty-eight (46.67%) had Meggitt-Wagner classification grade 3, of which nearly two thirds (17:60.71%) underwent major limb amputation. Conclusion In this study, the cohort of patients suffering from diabetic foot ulcers treated in a tertiary care center in north-eastern Tanzania, the likelihood of amputation significantly correlated with the initial grade of the Meggit-Wagner ulcer classification. High blood glucose levels and anaemia seem to be also important risk factors but correlation did not reveal statistical significance.

Plantar Pressures, Plantar Forces, and Their Influence on the Pathogenesis of Diabetic Foot Ulcers

2013 ◽  
Vol 103 (4) ◽  
pp. 322-332 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jérôme Patry ◽  
Richard Belley ◽  
Mario Côté ◽  
Marie-Ludivine Chateau-Degat
Keyword(s):  
Shear Stress ◽  
Mechanical Stress ◽  
Diabetic Foot ◽  
Threshold Value ◽  
Foot Ulcers ◽  
Diabetic Foot Ulcers ◽  
Plantar Pressures ◽  
Manual Search ◽  
Patients With Diabetes ◽  
Full Text Review

Background: Clinical recommendations for the prevention and healing of diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) are somewhat clear. However, assessment and quantification of the mechanical stress responsible for DFU remain complex. Different pressure variables have been described in the literature to better understand plantar tissue stress exposure. This article reviews the role of pressure and shear forces in the pathogenesis of plantar DFU. Methods: We performed systematic searches of the PubMed and Embase databases, completed by a manual search of the selected studies. From 535 potentially relevant references, 70 studies were included in the full-text review. Results: Variables of plantar mechanical stress relate to vertical pressure, shear stress, and temporality of loading. At this time, in-shoe peak plantar pressure (PPP) is the only reliable variable that can be used to prevent DFU. Although it is a poor predictor of in-shoe PPP, barefoot PPP seems complementary and may be more suitable when evaluating patients with diabetes mellitus and peripheral neuropathy who seem noncompliant with footwear. An in-shoe PPP threshold value of 200 kPa has been suggested to prevent DFU. Other variables, such as peak pressure gradient and peak maximal subsurface shear stress and its depth, seem to be of additional utility. Conclusions: To better assess the at-risk foot and to prevent ulceration, the practitioner should integrate quantitative models of dynamic foot plantar pressures, such as in-shoe and barefoot PPPs, with the regular clinical screening examination. Prospective studies are needed to evaluate causality between other variables of mechanical stress and DFUs. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 103(4): 322–332, 2013)

The Physical Characteristics of Materials Used in the Manufacture of Orthoses for Patients with Diabetes

2007 ◽  
Vol 28 (10) ◽  
pp. 1057-1063 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanne Paton ◽  
Ray B. Jones ◽  
Elizabeth Stenhouse ◽  
Graham Bruce
Keyword(s):  
Physical Properties ◽  
Diabetic Foot ◽  
Performance Indicator ◽  
Practical Method ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Foot Ulcers ◽  
Diabetic Foot Ulcers ◽  
Patients With Diabetes ◽  
Properties Of Materials ◽  
Materials Used

Background: Neuropathic diabetic foot ulceration may be prevented if the mechanical stress transmitted to the plantar tissues can be modified. Orthotic therapy is one practical method commonly used to maintain tissue integrity. Orthotic design must consider the materials chosen for use in fabrication and profile of the device because both aspects influence the performance and durability of the device. Published research evaluating the physical properties of materials commonly used in the manufacture of orthoses for patients with diabetes is limited. This study investigated the physical properties of materials used to fabricate orthoses designed for the prevention of neuropathic diabetic foot ulcers. Methods: Fifteen commonly used orthotic materials were selected for testing: four specifications of 6.4-mm Poron® (Rogers Corp., Gent, Belgium), 3.2-mm Poron®, three densities of 12-mm Ethylene Vinyl Acetate (EVA), 12-mm low-density plastazote, two depths (6.4-mm, 3.2-mm) of Cleron™ (Algeo Ltd., Liverpool, UK), Professional Protective Technology (PPT), and MaxaCane (Algeo Ltd, Liverpool, UK). The density, resilience, stiffness, static coefficient of friction, durability, and compression set of each material were tested, ranked, and allocated a performance indicator score. Results: The most clinically desirable dampening materials tested were Poron® 96 (6-mm) and Poron® 4000 (6-mm). High density EVA (Algeo Ltd., Liverpool, UK) and Lunacell Nora® EVA (Freudenberg, Weinhein, Germany) possessed the properties most suitable to achieve motion control. The data present a simple and useful comparison and classification of the selected materials. Conclusions: Although this information should not be used as a single indicator for assessing the suitability of an orthotic material, the results provide clinically relevant information relating to the physical properties of orthotic materials commonly used in the prevention of neuropathic diabetic foot ulcers.

scholarly journals Toward Machine-Learning-Based Decision Support in Diabetes Care: A Risk Stratification Study on Diabetic Foot Ulcer and Amputation

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zeinab Schäfer ◽  
Andreas Mathisen ◽  
Katrine Svendsen ◽  
Susanne Engberg ◽  
Trine Rolighed Thomsen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Diabetic Foot ◽  
National Registry ◽  
Registry Data ◽  
Data Sources ◽  
Machine Learning Techniques ◽  
Foot Ulcers ◽  
Diabetic Foot Ulcers ◽  
Patients With Diabetes

Diabetes mellitus is associated with serious complications, with foot ulcers and amputation of limbs among the most debilitating consequences of late diagnosis and treatment of foot ulcers. Thus, prediction and on-time treatment of diabetic foot ulcers (DFU) are of great importance for improving and maintaining patients' quality of life and avoiding the consequent socio-economical burden of amputation. In this study, we use Danish national registry data to understand the risk factors of developing diabetic foot ulcers and amputation among patients with diabetes. We analyze the data of 246,705 patients with diabetes to assess some of the main risk factors for developing DFU/amputation. We study the socioeconomic information and past medical history of the patients. Factors, such as low family disposable income, cardiovascular disorders, peripheral artery, neuropathy, and chronic renal complications are among the important risk factors. Mental disorders and depression, albeit not as pronounced, still pose higher risks in comparison to the group of people without these complications. We further use machine learning techniques to assess the practical usefulness of such risk factors for predicting foot ulcers and amputation. Finally, we outline the limitations of working with registry data sources and explain potentials for combining additional public and private data sources in future applications of artificial intelligence (AI) to improve the prediction of diabetic foot ulcers and amputation.

scholarly journals Impact of diabetic (diabetes mellitus) patients immune factors on the skin cell viability in vitro

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 263-274
Author(s):  
M. A. Mashkova ◽  
T. V. Mokhort ◽  
V. A. Goranov
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Diabetic Foot ◽  
Culture System ◽  
Foot Ulcers ◽  
Diabetic Foot Ulcers ◽  
Skin Culture ◽  
Patients With Diabetes ◽  
Immune Factors ◽  
3D Skin

At the moment, a lot of scientific research focused on the role of immune mechanisms in diabetic foot ulcers development and impaired healing. A 3D skin culture system as a relevant skin model may prove valuable in investigating these mechanisms and may be a useful tool to study interactions between different cell types such as keratinocytes, fibroblasts, and immune cells. The aim of our research was to study keratinocytes and fibroblasts viability in co-culture with immune factors of patients with diabetes mellitus type 2 (DM2) and patients with diabetes and chronic foot ulcers in a 3D skin culture system. In this study, the multilayer 3D immunocompetent model of human skin comprising keratinocytes, fibroblasts, and mononuclears in an agarose-fibronectin gel was used. The human immortalized keratinocyte cell line, HaCaT, and primary fibroblast cell culture isolated from skin samples of healthy man in abdominal surgery were used for the 3D system. For the experiment 20 % serum of 9 patients with chronic diabetic foot ulcers (without active inflammation signs), 9 diabetic type 2 patients and 9 healthy people, and mononuclears of the same groups of patients were used. 9 experimental series with 3 repeats were carried out. Mononuclears of patients with DM2 and DM2 and diabetic foot syndrome (DFS) had a greater inhibitory effect on fibroblasts, significantly inhibiting their proliferation to a level of 83.78 [79.03; 89.53] % vs 70.18 [66.38; 72.10] % vs 95.40 [91.75; 99.05] %, H = 21.259, p <0.001 – DM2, DFS, and the control group, respectively. There was no significant difference in the cytoinhibitory effect of mononuclears on keratinocytes between different groups: 96.40 [92.82; 100.50] % vs 93.61 [86.80; 97.10] % vs 92.87 [85.15; 95.25] %, H = 4.459, p = 0.108 – control, DM2 and DFS group, respectively. Adding serum to the culture system influenced significantly the viability of neither keratynocytes – 99.40 [95.35; 102.05]  % vs 98.60 [90.55; 100.40] % vs 94.79 [91.65; 98.16] %, H = 3.030, p = 0.220 nor of fibroblasts – 95.61 [92.39; 100.19] % vs 95.80 [88.99; 102.15] % vs 96.20 [99.69; 88.70] %, H = 0.353, p = 0.838, control, DM2 and DFS group, respectively. It was determined that the fibroblasts vialability significantly decreases after introducing mononuclears of patients with DM and patients with DM and chronic diabetic foot ulcers to the co-culture system. Adding serum of these patient groups to the culture system doesn’t influence significantly the viability of skin cells.

scholarly journals Some influential factors on severity of diabetic foot ulcers and Predisposing of limb amputation: A 7-year study on diabetic patients

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-81
Author(s):  
Mostafa Madmoli ◽  
Yaghoob Madmoli ◽  
Hosein Taqvaeinasab ◽  
Mahboobeh Khodadadi ◽  
Pouriya Darabiyan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetic Foot ◽  
Statistical Tests ◽  
Laboratory Data ◽  
Influential Factors ◽  
Limb Amputation ◽  
Foot Ulcers ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Diabetic Foot Ulcers ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Relationship

Introduction: Diabetes is the most common metabolic disease and a major global challenge that is the leading cause of death in the industrialized and developing world. Therefore, this study was performed on some influential factors on severity of diabetic foot ulcers and predisposing of limb amputation. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional descriptive-analytic study, 4436 cases of diabetic patients admitted to Khatam-ol-Anbia hospital of Shoushtar from 2010 to 2016 were studied. The data in this study included three sections: demographic information, ulcer severity based on Wagner’s criterion, and clinical and laboratory data. Then data were analyzed using descriptive and analytical statistical tests. Results: This study included 4436 patients with diabetes with a mean age of 54.36 ± 42.68 years. 421 patients (9.4 percent) had a history of diabetic foot ulcers. Also, 385 patients (8.6%) had a history of limb amputation. In this study, 596 patients (13.4%) had a history of smoking and the relationship between smoking and drug use with the severity of ulcer was significant (p = 0.006). In this study, in the majority of patients with diabetic foot ulcers (60.3%) had severity of ulcer based on Wagner’s criterion was second grade. In terms of bacteriology, 57.7% of the patients during the admission period had cultures of the ulcer site discharge, that the most commonly of mass in 26.7% of cases was Staphylococcus aureus. In this study, the relationship between type of bacteria and severity of ulcer and limb amputation was significant (P <0.05), This means that the ulcers that had negative coagulase-staphylococcus bacteria, were higher the severe ulcer and amputations.  Conclusion: In this study, the relationship between type of bacteria and severity of ulcer and limb amputation was significant, this means that the ulcers that had negative coagulase-staphylococcus bacteria, were higher the severe ulcer and amputations.  

Bacterial Prevalence and Antibiotic Resistance in Clinical Isolates of Diabetic Foot Ulcers in the Northeast of Tamaulipas, Mexico

2017 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 129-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mario Sánchez-Sánchez ◽  
Wendy Lizeth Cruz-Pulido ◽  
Eduardo Bladinieres-Cámara ◽  
Rodrigo Alcalá-Durán ◽  
Gildardo Rivera-Sánchez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetic Foot ◽  
Foot Ulcers ◽  
Diabetic Foot Ulcers ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Phenotypic Resistance ◽  
Gram Positive Bacteria ◽  
Patients With Diabetes ◽  
Muscle Biopsies ◽  
Extremity Amputation ◽  
Gram Positive Cocci

Diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) are a serious and common problem in patients with diabetes mellitus and constitute one of the major causes of lower extremity amputation. The microbiological profile of DFUs depends on the acute or chronic character of the wound. Aerobic gram-positive cocci are the predominant organisms isolated from DFUs. Diabetic foot biopsies from patients admitted to the Angiology and Vascular Surgery Hospital of the Northeast, in Reynosa, Tamaulipas from December 2011 to April 2016 were analyzed. The samples were processed using standard microbiology techniques. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was carried out according to the protocol established by the Clinical & Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). We obtained 246 bacterial isolates, based on the results of phenotypic resistance. The least effective antibiotics for gram-positive bacteria were penicillin and dicloxacillin; for gram-negative bacteria, cefalotin and penicillin were the least effective. Levofloxacin, cefalotin, and amikacin were the most effective antibiotics for gram-positive and negative bacteria, respectively. Enterobacter genus was significantly associated with muscle biopsies ( P = .011) and samples without growth were significantly associated with specimens of pyogenic origin ( P = .000). In 215 DFU samples, we found that Staphylococcus aureus was the most commonly isolated pathogen followed by Enterobacter sp. This is consistent with previous reports. Enterobacter species may play an important role in the colonization/infection of certain tissues; however, further studies are needed in this regard.

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