scholarly journals Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis–Immune Hyperresponse–Inflammation Triad in Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): Impact of Pharmacological and Nutraceutical Approaches

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. 1514 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolina Ferreira ◽  
Sofia D. Viana ◽  
Flávio Reis
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Intestinal Microflora ◽  
Neurological Complications ◽  
Immune Functions ◽  
Viral Origin ◽  
Individual Resilience ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis

Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a pandemic infection caused by a novel coronavirus named severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Patients present a complex clinical picture that, in severe cases, evolves to respiratory, hepatic, gastrointestinal, and neurological complications, and eventually death. The underlying pathophysiological mechanisms are complex and multifactorial and have been summarized as a hyperresponse of the immune system that originates an inflammatory/cytokine storm. In elderly patients, particularly in those with pre-existing cardiovascular, metabolic, renal, and pulmonary disorders, the disease is particularly severe, causing prolonged hospitalization at intensive care units (ICU) and an increased mortality rate. Curiously, the same populations have been described as more prone to a gut microbiota (GM) dysbiosis profile. Intestinal microflora plays a major role in many metabolic and immune functions of the host, including to educate and strengthen the immune system to fight infections, namely of viral origin. Notably, recent studies suggest the existence of GM dysbiosis in COVID-19 patients. This review article highlights the interplay between the triad GM dysbiosis–immune hyperresponse–inflammation in the individual resilience/fragility to SARS-CoV-2 infection and presents the putative impact of pharmacological and nutraceutical approaches on the triumvirate, with focus on GM.

scholarly journals Nutritional Components in Western Diet Versus Mediterranean Diet at the Gut Microbiota–Immune System Interplay. Implications for Health and Disease

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 699
Author(s):  
Cielo García-Montero ◽  
Oscar Fraile-Martínez ◽  
Ana M. Gómez-Lahoz ◽  
Leonel Pekarek ◽  
Alejandro J. Castellanos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Mediterranean Diet ◽  
Inflammatory Disorder ◽  
Immune Functions ◽  
Treatment And Prevention ◽  
Nutritional Components ◽  
Westernized Diet ◽  
Prevention And Health Promotion ◽  
Health And Disease

The most prevalent diseases of our time, non-communicable diseases (NCDs) (including obesity, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases and some types of cancer) are rising worldwide. All of them share the condition of an “inflammatory disorder”, with impaired immune functions frequently caused or accompanied by alterations in gut microbiota. These multifactorial maladies also have in common malnutrition related to physiopathology. In this context, diet is the greatest modulator of immune system–microbiota crosstalk, and much interest, and new challenges, are arising in the area of precision nutrition as a way towards treatment and prevention. It is a fact that the westernized diet (WD) is partly responsible for the increased prevalence of NCDs, negatively affecting both gut microbiota and the immune system. Conversely, other nutritional approaches, such as Mediterranean diet (MD), positively influence immune system and gut microbiota, and is proposed not only as a potential tool in the clinical management of different disease conditions, but also for prevention and health promotion globally. Thus, the purpose of this review is to determine the regulatory role of nutritional components of WD and MD in the gut microbiota and immune system interplay, in order to understand, and create awareness of, the influence of diet over both key components.

Regulation of Metabolism: A Cross Talk Between Gut Microbiota and Its Human Host

Physiology ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 27 (5) ◽  
pp. 300-307 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rémy Burcelin
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Gene Products ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Obesity And Diabetes ◽  
Regulation Of Metabolism ◽  
Molecular Origin ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Low Grade Inflammation

The recent epidemic of obesity and diabetes and the diversity at the individual level could be explained by the intestinal microbiota-to-host relationship. More than four million gene products from the microbiome could interact with the immune system to induce a tissue metabolic infection, which is the molecular origin of the low-grade inflammation that characterizes the onset of obesity and diabetes.

scholarly journals Immune Homeostasis: New Role of Micro- and Macroelements, Healthy Microbiota

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (10) ◽  
pp. 206-233
Author(s):  
S. Bulgakova ◽  
N. Romanchuk
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Immunological Tolerance ◽  
Immune Homeostasis ◽  
Individual Response ◽  
Protective Mechanisms ◽  
Medical Program ◽  
Genetic And Environmental Factors ◽  
The Individual

The availability of innovative technologies, such as next-generation sequencing and correlated bioinformatics tools, allows deeper investigation of the cross-network relationships between the microbiota and human immune responses. Immune homeostasis is the balance between immunological tolerance and inflammatory immune responses — a key feature in the outcome of health or disease. A healthy microbiota is the qualitative and quantitative ratio of diverse microbes of individual organs and systems, maintaining the biochemical, metabolic and immune equilibrium of the macroorganism necessary to preserve human health. The studies of P. I. Romanchuk found that the microbiota is a key element potentially capable of influencing antigen functions to induce a protective immune response and the ability of the immune system to adequately respond to antigenic stimulation (vaccine efficacy) by acting as an immunological modulator as well as a natural vaccine adjuvant. The mechanisms underlying the crosstalk between the gut microbiota and the immune system play a crucial role, especially at an early age (early gut microbiota forms immunological functions). New interactions, along with other genetic and environmental factors, lead to a certain composition and richness of the microbiota, which can diversify the individual response to vaccinations. Variations in microbial communities may explain the geographical effectiveness of vaccination. Modern technologies for quantifying the specific and functional characteristics of the microbiota of the gastrointestinal tract, along with fundamental and new concepts in the field of immunology, have revealed numerous ways in which the interaction of the host and microbiota proceeds favorably, neutrally or unfavorably. The gut microbiota has a strong influence on the shape and quality of the immune system, respectively, the immune system determines the composition and localization of the microbiota. Thus, a healthy microbiota directly modulates intestinal and systemic immune homeostasis. The new managed healthy biomicrobiota and personalized functional and balanced nutrition of the “brain and microbiota” is a patient's long-term medical program that allows the combined use of nutritional epigenetics and pharmacepigenetics, and most importantly, an increase in the protective mechanisms of immunity.

scholarly journals Hidden Role of Gut Microbiome Dysbiosis in Schizophrenia: Antipsychotics or Psychobiotics as Therapeutics?

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (14) ◽  
pp. 7671
Author(s):  
Nayla Munawar ◽  
Khansa Ahsan ◽  
Khalid Muhammad ◽  
Aftab Ahmad ◽  
Munir A. Anwar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Antipsychotic Drugs ◽  
Environmental Influence ◽  
Neurodevelopmental Disorder ◽  
Current Treatment ◽  
Single Root ◽  
The Individual

Schizophrenia is a chronic, heterogeneous neurodevelopmental disorder that has complex symptoms and uncertain etiology. Mounting evidence indicates the involvement of genetics and epigenetic disturbances, alteration in gut microbiome, immune system abnormalities, and environmental influence in the disease, but a single root cause and mechanism involved has yet to be conclusively determined. Consequently, the identification of diagnostic markers and the development of psychotic drugs for the treatment of schizophrenia faces a high failure rate. This article surveys the etiology of schizophrenia with a particular focus on gut microbiota regulation and the microbial signaling system that correlates with the brain through the vagus nerve, enteric nervous system, immune system, and production of postbiotics. Gut microbially produced molecules may lay the groundwork for further investigations into the role of gut microbiota dysbiosis and the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Current treatment of schizophrenia is limited to psychotherapy and antipsychotic drugs that have significant side effects. Therefore, alternative therapeutic options merit exploration. The use of psychobiotics alone or in combination with antipsychotics may promote the development of novel therapeutic strategies. In view of the individual gut microbiome structure and personalized response to antipsychotic drugs, a tailored and targeted manipulation of gut microbial diversity naturally by novel prebiotics (non-digestible fiber) may be a successful alternative therapeutic for the treatment of schizophrenia patients.

Boosting innate immunity during SARS-CoV-2 clearance

Coronaviruses ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 01 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abhishesh Kumar Mehata ◽  
Deepa Dehari ◽  
Anuj Kumar Mehta ◽  
Alim Miya
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Cell Immune Response ◽  
Current Scenario ◽  
Pathogenic Viruses ◽  
Immune Check Points ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
The Individual

: Currently, humanity is suffering from a highly contagious and infectious novel coronavirus disease. Due to the unavailability of any specifically approved therapy to eradicate this pathogenic virus, day by day, it is claiming more and more life of the humans. By observing the current scenario, human civilization seems to be in dangerous situations, and the development of a potential vaccine against this invisible enemy may take some more time. It was observed that the individual immune system plays an important role in the fighting against the novel coronavirus. Additionally, the innate immune system of the host acts as the first line of defense against invading pathogenic viruses. The host innate immune cells can to detect and detoxify the evading viruses. Thus, boosting the innate immune response via targeting activator or inhibitory immune check points pathways for enhancing T-cell immune response that may potentially help the patients to fight against this deadly virus. The aim of this editorial is to discuss in brief about pathogenesis of COVID-19, role of innate immunity and autophagy during viral clearance.

scholarly journals Is Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis a Predictor of Increased Susceptibility to Poor Outcome of COVID-19 Patients? An Update

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 53
Author(s):  
Carolina Ferreira ◽  
Sofia D. Viana ◽  
Flávio Reis
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Intestinal Microflora ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Gastrointestinal Symptoms ◽  
System Response ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 ◽  
Immune System Response ◽  
Poor Outcomes ◽  
Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis ◽  
Increased Susceptibility

The scientific knowledge already attained regarding the way severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infects human cells and the clinical manifestations and consequences for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients, especially the most severe cases, brought gut microbiota into the discussion. It has been suggested that intestinal microflora composition plays a role in this disease because of the following: (i) its relevance to an efficient immune system response; (ii) the fact that 5–10% of the patients present gastrointestinal symptoms; and (iii) because it is modulated by intestinal angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) (which is the virus receptor). In addition, it is known that the most severely affected patients (those who stay longer in hospital, who require intensive care, and who eventually die) are older people with pre-existing cardiovascular, metabolic, renal, and pulmonary diseases, the same people in which the prevalence of gut microflora dysbiosis is higher. The COVID-19 patients presenting poor outcomes are also those in which the immune system’s hyperresponsiveness and a severe inflammatory condition (collectively referred as “cytokine storm”) are particularly evident, and have been associated with impaired microbiota phenotype. In this article, we present the evidence existing thus far that may suggest an association between intestinal microbiota composition and the susceptibility of some patients to progress to severe stages of the disease.

scholarly journals The gut microbiota is associated with the small intestinal paracellular permeability and the development of the immune system in healthy children during the first two years of life

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariusz Kaczmarczyk ◽  
Ulrike Löber ◽  
Karolina Adamek ◽  
Dagmara Węgrzyn ◽  
Karolina Skonieczna-Żydecka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Alpha Diversity ◽  
Paracellular Permeability ◽  
Shannon Index ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Immune Functions ◽  
Faecal Calprotectin ◽  
Immune System Development ◽  
Small Intestinal

Abstract Background The intestinal barrier plays an important role in the defense against infections, and nutritional, endocrine, and immune functions. The gut microbiota playing an important role in development of the gastrointestinal tract can impact intestinal permeability and immunity during early life, but data concerning this problem are scarce. Methods We analyzed the microbiota in fecal samples (101 samples in total) collected longitudinally over 24 months from 21 newborns to investigate whether the markers of small intestinal paracellular permeability (zonulin) and immune system development (calprotectin) are linked to the gut microbiota. The results were validated using data from an independent cohort that included the calprotectin and gut microbiota in children during the first year of life. Results Zonulin levels tended to increase for up to 6 months after childbirth and stabilize thereafter remaining at a high level while calprotectin concentration was high after childbirth and began to decline from 6 months of life. The gut microbiota composition and the related metabolic potentials changed during the first 2 years of life and were correlated with zonulin and calprotectin levels. Faecal calprotectin correlated inversely with alpha diversity (Shannon index, r = − 0.30, FDR P (Q) = 0.039). It also correlated with seven taxa; i.a. negatively with Ruminococcaceae (r = − 0.34, Q = 0.046), and Clostridiales (r = − 0.34, Q = 0.048) and positively with Staphylococcus (r = 0.38, Q = 0.023) and Staphylococcaceae (r = 0.35, Q = 0.04), whereas zonulin correlated with 19 taxa; i.a. with Bacillales (r = − 0.52, Q = 0.0004), Clostridiales (r = 0.48, Q = 0.001) and the Ruminococcus (torques group) (r = 0.40, Q = 0.026). When time intervals were considered only changes in abundance of the Ruminococcus (torques group) were associated with changes in calprotectin (β = 2.94, SE = 0.8, Q = 0.015). The dynamics of stool calprotectin was negatively associated with changes in two MetaCyc pathways: pyruvate fermentation to butanoate (β = − 4.54, SE = 1.08, Q = 0.028) and Clostridium acetobutylicum fermentation (β = − 4.48, SE = 1.16, Q = 0.026). Conclusions The small intestinal paracellular permeability, immune system-related markers and gut microbiota change dynamically during the first 2 years of life. The Ruminococcus (torques group) seems to be especially involved in controlling paracellular permeability. Staphylococcus, Staphylococcaceae, Ruminococcaceae, and Clostridiales, may be potential biomarkers of the immune system. Despite observed correlations their clear causation and health consequences were not proven. Mechanistic studies are required. Graphic abstract

scholarly journals Proper Immune Response Depends on Early Exposure to Gut Microbiota in Broiler Chicks

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Denise R. Rodrigues ◽  
Kim M. Wilson ◽  
Lisa R. Bielke
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Broiler Chicks ◽  
Immune Functions ◽  
In Ovo ◽  
Immune Development ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Immunological Mechanisms ◽  
Associated Proteins ◽  
The Impact

The successional changes in the early intestinal microbiota occur concomitantly with the development, expansion, and education of the mucosal immune system. Although great attention of researchers has been focused on understanding the linkage between microbiota and immune functions, many essential details of the symbiotic relationship between the intestinal pioneer microbiota and the avian immune system remain to be discovered. This study was conducted to understand the impact of different early life intestinal colonizers on innate and adaptive immune processes in chicks and further identify immune-associated proteins expressed in the intestinal tissue. To accomplish it, we performed an in ovo application of two apathogenic Enterobacteriaceae isolates and lactic acid bacteria (L) to determine their influences on the intestinal proteome profile of broilers at the day of hatch (DOH) and at 10 days old. The results indicated that there were predicted biological functions of L-treated chicks associated with the activation and balanced function of the innate and adaptive immune systems. At the same time, the Enterobacteriaceae-exposed birds presented dysregulated immunological mechanisms or downregulated processes related to immune development. Those findings suggested that a proper immune function was dependent on specific gut microbiota exposure, in which the prenatal probiotic application may have favored the fitting programming of immune functions in chicks.

scholarly journals Dietary sulfate-driven and gut dysbiosis-triggered breast cancer-related gene upregulation

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
CHEN YanPingf ◽  
LIAO Tao ◽  
TAN LiLi ◽  
CHEN DongMei ◽  
XU Qin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Individual Difference ◽  
Suppressor Gene ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Ki 67 ◽  
Cancer Related Gene ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Low Grade Inflammation ◽  
Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis

AbstractBy gut microbiota metagenomic analysis, we found that the abundance of sulfatase-secreting bacteria (SSB) in the gut of mice fed chondroitin sulfate (CS) increases with significant individual difference. The fluctuation of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and pro-inflammatory indicators with significant individual and tissue variations was also observed. After mice were fed mixed with CS or injected separately with LPS, the breast cancer-related transcriptional factor genes, BCL11A and RUNX1, were upregulated, whereas the tumor suppressor gene, TP53BP1, were downregulated. Further, the mammary myopithelium marker CK5/6, the mammary hyperplasia marker Ki-67, and other tumor markers were also upregulated. While the exogenous estradiol does not induce the expression of BCL11A, RUNX1, and TP53BP1, the estrogen receptor (ER) agonist Fulvestrant that mimics estradiol action not only elevates estradiol concentrations, but also upregulates tumor marker expression levels, revealing that ER inflammatory inactivation and hyperestrogenemia induction might be the etiological cues of breast cancer origin. This study has preliminarily established a possible correlation of gut microbiota dysbiosis and chronic low-grade inflammation with the early-phase onset of breast cancer in mice. The statistical insignificance of test data was attributed to the individual difference of gut microbiota compositions, which determining the individual and tissue variations of systemic inflammation.

scholarly journals Metabolic Influences of Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis on Inflammatory Bowel Disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Salma Sultan ◽  
Mohammed El-Mowafy ◽  
Abdelaziz Elgaml ◽  
Tamer A. E. Ahmed ◽  
Hebatoallah Hassan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Disease Progression ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Host Immune System ◽  
Microbial Dysbiosis ◽  
Medical Disorders ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis

Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are chronic medical disorders characterized by recurrent gastrointestinal inflammation. While the etiology of IBD is still unknown, the pathogenesis of the disease results from perturbations in both gut microbiota and the host immune system. Gut microbiota dysbiosis in IBD is characterized by depleted diversity, reduced abundance of short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) producers and enriched proinflammatory microbes such as adherent/invasive E. coli and H2S producers. This dysbiosis may contribute to the inflammation through affecting either the immune system or a metabolic pathway. The immune responses to gut microbiota in IBD are extensively discussed. In this review, we highlight the main metabolic pathways that regulate the host-microbiota interaction. We also discuss the reported findings indicating that the microbial dysbiosis during IBD has a potential metabolic impact on colonocytes and this may underlie the disease progression. Moreover, we present the host metabolic defectiveness that adds to the impact of symbiont dysbiosis on the disease progression. This will raise the possibility that gut microbiota dysbiosis associated with IBD results in functional perturbations of host-microbiota interactions, and consequently modulates the disease development. Finally, we shed light on the possible therapeutic approaches of IBD through targeting gut microbiome.

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