scholarly journals Discovery of a Novel Simian Pegivirus in Common Marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) with Lymphocytic Enterocolitis

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. 1509
Author(s):  
Anna S. Heffron ◽  
Michael Lauck ◽  
Elizabeth D. Somsen ◽  
Elizabeth C. Townsend ◽  
Adam L. Bailey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New England ◽  
Common Marmoset ◽  
Callithrix Jacchus ◽  
Research Center ◽  
Primate Research ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Common Marmosets ◽  
Clinically Normal ◽  
Novel Virus ◽  
Normal Controls

From 2010 to 2015, 73 common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) housed at the Wisconsin National Primate Research Center (WNPRC) were diagnosed postmortem with lymphocytic enterocolitis. We used unbiased deep-sequencing to screen the blood of deceased enterocolitis-positive marmosets for viruses. In five out of eight common marmosets with lymphocytic enterocolitis, we discovered a novel pegivirus not present in ten matched, clinically normal controls. The novel virus, which we named Southwest bike trail virus (SOBV), is most closely related (68% nucleotide identity) to a strain of simian pegivirus A isolated from a three-striped night monkey (Aotus trivirgatus). We screened 146 living WNPRC common marmosets for SOBV, finding an overall prevalence of 34% (50/146). Over four years, 85 of these 146 animals died or were euthanized. Histological examination revealed 27 SOBV-positive marmosets from this cohort had lymphocytic enterocolitis, compared to 42 SOBV-negative marmosets, indicating no association between SOBV and disease in this cohort (p = 0.0798). We also detected SOBV in two of 33 (6%) clinically normal marmosets screened during transfer from the New England Primate Research Center, suggesting SOBV could be exerting confounding influences on comparisons of common marmoset studies from multiple colonies.

scholarly journals Discovery of a novel simian pegivirus in common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) with lymphocytic enterocolitis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna S. Heffron ◽  
Michael Lauck ◽  
Elizabeth D. Somsen ◽  
Elizabeth C. Townsend ◽  
Adam L. Bailey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New England ◽  
Callithrix Jacchus ◽  
Research Center ◽  
Primate Research ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Histologic Diagnosis ◽  
Common Marmosets ◽  
Clinically Normal ◽  
Novel Virus ◽  
National Primate Research

AbstractFrom 2010 to 2015, 73 common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) housed at the Wisconsin National Primate Research Center (WNPRC) were diagnosed postmortem with lymphocytic enterocolitis. We used unbiased deep-sequencing to screen the blood of deceased enterocolitis-positive marmosets for the presence of RNA viruses. In five out of eight marmosets with lymphocytic enterocolitis, we discovered a novel pegivirus that was not present in ten subsequently deep-sequenced matched, clinically-normal common marmosets with no evidence of lymphocytic enterocolitis. The novel virus, which we have named Southwest bike trail virus (SOBV), is most closely related (68% nucleotide identity) to a strain of simian pegivirus A that was previously isolated from a three-striped night monkey (Aotus trivirgatus). To determine the prevalence of this novel virus within the WNPRC marmoset colony, we screened 146 living animals and found an overall prevalence of 34% (50/146). Over the next four years, 85 of the 146 screened marmosets died or were euthanized and were examined histologically for lymphocytic enterocolitis. Out of these 85 animals, 27 SOBV-positive common marmosets had developed lymphocytic enterocolitis, compared to 42 SOBV-negative common marmosets, indicating no evidence of an association between this virus and development of enterocolitis in this cohort (p=0.0798). The novel pegivirus was also found in two of 32 (6%) clinically-normal common marmosets screened while in quarantine during the transfer from the New England Primate Research Center to the WNPRC, suggesting SOBV has different prevalence at different centers and could exert confounding influences on the comparison of marmoset studies from multiple centers.ImportanceCommon marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) are a valuable model species. We discovered two variants of a novel simian pegivirus, which we named the Southwest bike trail virus (SOBV), in common marmosets which had postmortem histologic diagnosis of lymphocytic enterocolitis. The virus was not present in ten matched, clinically-normal controls. We screened 146 live healthy common marmosets in the Wisconsin National Primate Research Center colony and found 34% (50/146) of the animals were SOBV-positive. SOBV was also present in two of 32 (6%) clinically-normal common marmosets from the New England Primate Research Center. These findings could have confounding effects in animal studies, especially those in which infection-free animals are desired, and they demonstrate the need for further investigations into SOBV transmission, the length of time of SOBV persistence, and SOBV prevalence at other primate centers, in order to increase understanding of the effects of SOBV and of this viral genus.

scholarly journals Retrospective Analysis of the Effectiveness and Reversibility of Long-Acting Contraception Etonogestrel (Implanon®) in Common Marmosets (Callithrix jacchus)

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 963
Author(s):  
Sandra Roubos ◽  
Annet L. Louwerse ◽  
Jan A. M. Langermans ◽  
Jaco Bakker
Keyword(s):  
Control Method ◽  
Population Control ◽  
Callithrix Jacchus ◽  
Research Centre ◽  
Primate Research ◽  
Common Marmosets ◽  
Neonatal Deaths ◽  
Unintended Pregnancies ◽  
Colony Management ◽  
Long Acting

Contraception is an important population control method for the colony management of primates housed in captivity. Etonogestrel (ENG) implants (i.e., Implanon®) are a widely used progestin-based contraceptive in common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) with the theoretical advantages of being reversible and long-acting. However, no dose and efficacy data are available yet. Therefore, data from 52 adult female marmosets contracepted with ENG (one-fourth or one-third of an implant) housed at the Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC, Rijswijk, The Netherlands) over the past 18 years were analyzed. Using an electronic database, a retrospective longitudinal cohort study was conducted to calculate the reproductive data before, during and after ENG use. The data show an effectiveness in preventing pregnancy of 99%. The implant was effective within one week after insertion. Unintended pregnancies did occur, but in 60% of these cases, the animals were already pregnant at the time of implant insertion. In these cases, healthy offspring were born despite the use of the implant. No stillbirths, neonatal deaths or maternal deaths could be linked to ENG use. After implant removal, 83% of the animals delivered healthy offspring. No difference in contraception efficacy was observed between the use of one-fourth or one-third of an implant. ENG achieved a contraceptive protection exceeding 99% and was shown to be reversible concerning fertility. To our knowledge, this is the first detailed analysis on the use of ENG in marmosets.

scholarly journals Airway hyper-responsiveness in lipopolysaccharide-challenged common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus)

2013 ◽  
Vol 126 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christoph Curths ◽  
Judy Wichmann ◽  
Sarah Dunker ◽  
Horst Windt ◽  
Heinz-Gerd Hoymann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lung Function ◽  
Lung Inflammation ◽  
Dynamic Compliance ◽  
Common Marmoset ◽  
Callithrix Jacchus ◽  
Acute Lung Inflammation ◽  
Primate Model ◽  
Common Marmosets ◽  
Safety Testing ◽  
Custom Made

Animal models with a high predictive value for human trials are needed to develop novel human-specific therapeutics for respiratory diseases. The aim of the present study was to examine lung-function parameters in marmoset monkeys (Callithrix jacchus) that can be used to detect pharmacologically or provocation-induced AHR (airway hyper-responsiveness). Therefore a custom-made lung-function device that allows application of defined aerosol doses during measurement was developed. It was hypothesized that LPS (lipopolysaccharide)-challenged marmosets show AHR compared with non-challenged healthy subjects. Invasive plethysmography was performed in 12 anaesthetized orotracheally intubated and spontaneously breathing marmosets. Pulmonary data of RL (lung resistance), Cdyn (dynamic compliance), EF50 (mid-expiratory flow), Poes (oesophageal pressure), MV (minute volume), respiratory frequency (f) and VT (tidal volume) were collected. Measurements were conducted under baseline conditions and under MCh (methacholine)-induced bronchoconstriction. The measurement was repeated with the same group of animals after induction of an acute lung inflammation by intratracheal application of LPS. PDs (provocative doses) of MCh to achieve a certain increase in RL were significantly lower after LPS administration. AHR was demonstrated in the LPS treated compared with the naïve animals. The recorded lung-function data provide ground for pre-clinical efficacy and safety testing of anti-inflammatory substances in the common marmoset, a new translational NHP (non-human primate) model for LPS-induced lung inflammation.

scholarly journals Characterization of an Epstein–Barr virus-related gammaherpesvirus from common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus)

2002 ◽  
Vol 83 (7) ◽  
pp. 1621-1633 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hal B. Jenson ◽  
Yasmin Ench ◽  
Yanjin Zhang ◽  
Shou-Jiang Gao ◽  
John R. Arrand ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Epstein Barr Virus ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Human Herpesvirus ◽  
Common Marmoset ◽  
Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes ◽  
Callithrix Jacchus ◽  
Cross Reactivity ◽  
Common Marmosets ◽  
Barr Virus ◽  
Epstein Barr

A gammaherpesvirus related to Epstein–Barr virus (EBV; Human herpesvirus 4) infects otherwise healthy common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus). Long-term culture of common marmoset peripheral blood lymphocytes resulted in outgrowth of spontaneously immortalized lymphoblastoid cell lines, primarily of B cell lineage. Electron microscopy of cells and supernatants showed herpesvirus particles. There were high rates of serological cross-reactivity to other herpesviruses (68–86%), but with very low geometric mean antibody titres [1:12 to human herpesvirus 6 and 1:14 to Herpesvirus papio (Cercopithecine herpesvirus 12)]. Sequence analysis of the conserved herpesvirus DNA polymerase gene showed that the virus is a member of the lymphocryptovirus subgroup and is most closely related to a lymphocryptovirus from rhesus macaques and is closely related to EBV and Herpesvirus papio. High seroprevalence (79%, with geometric mean antibody titre of 1:110) among 28 common marmosets from two geographically distinct colonies indicated that the virus is likely present in many common marmosets in captivity. A New World primate harbouring a lymphocryptovirus suggests that this subgroup arose much earlier than previously thought.

scholarly journals Common Marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) as a Nonhuman Primate Model To Assess the Virulence of Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus Strains

2008 ◽  
Vol 82 (18) ◽  
pp. 9035-9042 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Paige Adams ◽  
Judith F. Aronson ◽  
Suzette D. Tardif ◽  
Jean L. Patterson ◽  
Kathleen M. Brasky ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Common Marmoset ◽  
Callithrix Jacchus ◽  
Encephalitis Virus ◽  
Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus ◽  
Primate Model ◽  
Common Marmosets ◽  
Eastern Equine Encephalitis ◽  
Equine Encephalitis Virus ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Arboviral Disease

ABSTRACT Eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV) produces the most severe human arboviral disease in North America (NA) and is a potential biological weapon. However, genetically and antigenically distinct strains from South America (SA) have seldom been associated with human disease or mortality despite serological evidence of infection. Because mice and other small rodents do not respond differently to the NA versus SA viruses like humans, we tested common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) by using intranasal infection and monitoring for weight loss, fever, anorexia, depression, and neurologic signs. The NA EEEV-infected animals either died or were euthanized on day 4 or 5 after infection due to anorexia and neurologic signs, but the SA EEEV-infected animals remained healthy and survived. The SA EEEV-infected animals developed peak viremia titers of 2.8 to 3.1 log10 PFU/ml on day 2 or 4 after infection, but there was no detectable viremia in the NA EEEV-infected animals. In contrast, virus was detected in the brain, liver, and muscle of the NA EEEV-infected animals at the time of euthanasia or death. Similar to the brain lesions described for human EEE, the NA EEEV-infected animals developed meningoencephalitis in the cerebral cortex with some perivascular hemorrhages. The findings of this study identify the common marmoset as a useful model of human EEE for testing antiviral drugs and vaccine candidates and highlight their potential for corroborating epidemiological evidence that some, if not all, SA EEEV strains are attenuated for humans.

scholarly journals A Novel Marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) Model of Human Inhalational Q Fever

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michelle Nelson ◽  
Francisco J. Salguero ◽  
Laura Hunter ◽  
Timothy P. Atkins
Keyword(s):  
Q Fever ◽  
Common Marmoset ◽  
Callithrix Jacchus ◽  
Suitable Model ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Cellular Activation ◽  
Common Marmosets ◽  
Counter Measures ◽  
The Common ◽  
Dose Dependent

Common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) were shown to be susceptible to inhalational infection with Coxiella burnetii, in a dose-dependent manner, producing a disease similar to human Q fever, characterized by a resolving febrile response. Illness was also associated with weight loss, liver enzyme dysfunction, characteristic cellular activation, circulating INF-γ and bacteraemia. Viable C. burnetii was recovered from various tissues during disease and from 75% of the animal’s lungs on 28 days post challenge, when there were no overt clinical features of disease but there was histological evidence of macrophage and lymphocyte infiltration into the lung resulting in granulomatous alveolitis. Taken together, these features of disease progression, physiology and bacterial spread appear to be consistent with human disease and therefore the common marmoset can be considered as a suitable model for studies on the pathogenesis or the development of medical counter measures of inhalational Q fever.

scholarly journals Detection of Chilomastix mesnili in Common Marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) and Treatment with Metronidazole

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eui-Suk JEONG ◽  
Jong-Hyung PARK ◽  
Seung-Hyun RYU ◽  
Soo-Young CHOI ◽  
Kyoung-Sun LEE ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Laboratory Animal ◽  
Common Marmoset ◽  
Callithrix Jacchus ◽  
Medical Innovation ◽  
Common Marmosets ◽  
Fecal Samples ◽  
First Case ◽  
Parasite Infections ◽  
Pcr Method

Background: Recently, the use of common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) has increased in biomedical research as an animal model. This study aimed to test fecal samples to monitor bacterial and parasite infections in common marmoset at the Laboratory Animal Center of Osong Medical Innovation Foundation in Korea. Methods: To monitor bacteria and parasites in common marmoset, we tested 43 fecal samples of 43 common marmosets by culture and parasitological test in 2014. Infection by Chilomastix mesnili was determined by PCR method. Results: We identified nonpathogenic bacteria such as Proteus mirabilis and Escherichia coli in feces of normal common marmosets. Interestingly, C. mesnili was isolated from a healthy common marmoset by fecal centrifugation concentration and PCR. The monkey infected with C. mesnili was treated with metronidazole. After the treatment, C. mesnili were not found in feces using fecal centrifugation concentration and PCR. Conclusion: This is the first case report of C. mesnili infection in common marmoset. Treatment with metronidazole is found to be highly effective in eradicating C. mesnili infection in common marmoset.

scholarly journals The effects of cage size and complexity on the behaviour of captive common marmosets, Callithrix jacchus jacchus

1996 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 317-326 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ann M. Kitchen ◽  
Angus A. Martin
Keyword(s):  
Common Marmoset ◽  
Callithrix Jacchus ◽  
General Level ◽  
Housing Conditions ◽  
Common Marmosets ◽  
Level Of Activity ◽  
Cage Size ◽  
The Common ◽  
Stereotyped Behaviours ◽  
Callithrix Jacchus Jacchus

Conditions of captivity of primates used in biomedical research may have deleterious effects on the welfare of the animals and consequently on the reliability of the research. We investigated the effects of cage size and cage complexity, two fundamental characteristics of captive conditions, on the behaviour of the common marmoset ( Callithrix jacchus jacchus). We found an increase in the general level of activity and significant variation in the frequencies of specific behaviours with an increase in cage size and also with cage complexity. Stereotyped behaviours, which occurred in the small cages, were never exhibited in the large cages. The effect of the novelty of the changed conditions was also assessed and found to be significant for some behaviours. We also measured the time taken to capture an animal, a task frequently performed by the animal technician, under the various cage conditions. Capture time increased significantly in the larger cages, but the overall effect of the changes to the marmosets' housing conditions on the animal technician's work was not regarded as substantial. We conclude that the welfare of captive marmosets is enhanced by the provision of larger and more complex cages, and that such cages do not significantly affect the efficiency of the research laboratory.

The common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) consultation

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (6) ◽  
pp. 329-337
Author(s):  
Sarah Pellett ◽  
Livia Benato
Keyword(s):  
General Practice ◽  
Common Marmoset ◽  
Psychological Needs ◽  
Callithrix Jacchus ◽  
Common Marmosets ◽  
Social Species ◽  
Basic Care ◽  
The Common

Common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) can sometimes be seen in general practice and it is essential to be aware of their nutritional, environmental and medical requirements. The keeping of common marmosets as pets is not recommended; they can be aggressive and unpredictable, and many are subjected to suboptimal husbandry. They are social species with psychological needs and good welfare is often difficult to achieve. This article summarises the basic care of common marmosets, discusses the approach to veterinary care, and highlights some important diseases that the clinician may see.

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