scholarly journals Protection of Citrus Fruits from Postharvest Infection with Penicillium digitatum and Degradation of Patulin by Biocontrol Yeast Clavispora lusitaniae 146

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. 1477 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariana Andrea Díaz ◽  
Martina María Pereyra ◽  
Fabricio Fabián Soliz Santander ◽  
María Florencia Perez ◽  
Josefina María Córdoba ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Penicillium Digitatum ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Citrus Fruits ◽  
Postharvest Diseases ◽  
Penicillium Species ◽  
Green Mold ◽  
Fruit Processing ◽  
Efficient Protection ◽  
Yeast Concentration ◽  
Clavispora Lusitaniae

Fungal rots are one of the main causes of large economic losses and deterioration in the quality and nutrient composition of fruits during the postharvest stage. The yeast Clavispora lusitaniae 146 has previously been shown to efficiently protect lemons from green mold caused by Penicillium digitatum. In this work, the effect of yeast concentration and exposure time on biocontrol efficiency was assessed; the protection of various citrus fruits against P. digitatum by C. lusitaniae 146 was evaluated; the ability of strain 146 to degrade mycotoxin patulin was tested; and the effect of the treatment on the sensory properties of fruits was determined. An efficient protection of lemons was achieved after minimum exposure to a relatively low yeast cell concentration. Apart from lemons, the yeast prevented green mold in grapefruits, mandarins, oranges, and tangerines, implying that it can be used as a broad-range biocontrol agent in citrus. The ability to degrade patulin indicated that strain 146 may be suitable for the control of further Penicillium species. Yeast treatment did not alter the sensory perception of the aroma of fruits. These results corroborate the potential of C. lusitaniae 146 for the control of postharvest diseases of citrus fruits and indicate its suitability for industrial-scale fruit processing.

Decay Detection in Citrus Fruits Using Hyperspectral Computer Vision

2012 ◽  
pp. 104-123
Author(s):  
Juan Gómez-Sanchis ◽  
Emilio Soria-Olivas ◽  
Delia Lorente-Garrido ◽  
José M. Martínez-Martínez ◽  
Pablo Escandell-Montero ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Computer Vision ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Vision System ◽  
Penicillium Digitatum ◽  
Machine Learning Techniques ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Citrus Fruits ◽  
Penicillium Italicum ◽  
Citrus Industry ◽  
Learning Techniques

The citrus industry is nowadays an important part of the Spanish agricultural sector. One of the main problems present in the citrus industry is decay caused by Penicillium digitatum and Penicillium italicum fungi. Early detection of decay produced by fungi in citrus is especially important for the citrus industry of distribution. This chapter presents a hyperspectral computer vision system and a set of machine learning techniques in order to detect decay caused by Penicillium digitatum and Penicillium italicum fungi that produce more economic losses to the sector. More specifically, the authors employ a hyperspectral system and artificial neural networks. Nowadays, inspection and removal of damaged citrus is done manually by workers using dangerous ultraviolet light. The proposed system constitutes a feasible and implementable solution for the citrus industry; this has been proven by the fact that several machinery enterprises have shown their interest in the implementation and patent of the system.

scholarly journals Combined transcriptome and metabolome analyses reveal the potential mechanism for the inhibition of Penicillium digitatum by X33 antimicrobial oligopeptide

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuhua Lin ◽  
Yuanxiu Wang ◽  
Qunlin Lu ◽  
Bin Zhang ◽  
Xiaoyu Wu
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Penicillium Digitatum ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Potential Candidate ◽  
Cell Integrity ◽  
Streptomyces Lavendulae ◽  
Green Mold ◽  
Antimicrobial Oligopeptide ◽  
Metabolome Profiling ◽  
Sterilization Effect

AbstractPenicillium digitatum is the primary spoilage fungus that causes green mold during postharvest in citrus. To reduce economic losses, developing more efficient and less toxic natural antimicrobial agents is urgently required. We previously found that the X33 antimicrobial oligopeptide (X33 AMOP), produced by Streptomyces lavendulae X33, exhibited a sterilization effect on P. digitatum. In this study, the effects, and physiological mechanisms of X33 AMOP as an inhibitor of P. digitatum were investigated. The transcriptional and metabolome profiling of P. digitatum exposed to X33 AMOP revealed 3648 genes and 190 metabolites that were prominently changed. The omics analyses suggested that X33 AMOP mainly inhibited P. digitatum growth by affecting cell integrity, genetic information delivery, oxidative stress tolerance, and energy metabolism. These findings provide helpful information regarding the antimicrobial mechanism of X33 AMOP against P. digitatum at the molecular level and indicate that X33 AMOP is a potential candidate to control P. digitatum. Graphical Abstract

scholarly journals Biological Control of Citrus Postharvest Phytopathogens

Toxins ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 460 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaqueline Moraes Bazioli ◽  
João Raul Belinato ◽  
Jonas Henrique Costa ◽  
Daniel Yuri Akiyama ◽  
João Guilherme de Moraes Pontes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Postharvest Diseases ◽  
Green Mold ◽  
Low Toxicity ◽  
Shelf Stable ◽  
Microbial Agents ◽  
Harmful Effects ◽  
Post Harvest Disease

Citrus are vulnerable to the postharvest decay caused by Penicillium digitatum, Penicillium italicum, and Geotrichum citri-aurantii, which are responsible for the green mold, blue mold, and sour rot post-harvest disease, respectively. The widespread economic losses in citriculture caused by these phytopathogens are minimized with the use of synthetic fungicides such as imazalil, thiabendazole, pyrimethanil, and fludioxonil, which are mainly employed as control agents and may have harmful effects on human health and environment. To date, numerous non-chemical postharvest treatments have been investigated for the control of these pathogens. Several studies demonstrated that biological control using microbial antagonists and natural products can be effective in controlling postharvest diseases in citrus, as well as the most used commercial fungicides. Therefore, microbial agents represent a considerably safer and low toxicity alternative to synthetic fungicides. In the present review, these biological control strategies as alternative to the chemical fungicides are summarized here and new challenges regarding the development of shelf-stable formulated biocontrol products are also discussed.

scholarly journals Phytotoxic Tryptoquialanines Produced In Vivo by Penicillium digitatum Are Exported in Extracellular Vesicles

mBio ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonas Henrique Costa ◽  
Jaqueline Moraes Bazioli ◽  
Luidy Darllan Barbosa ◽  
Pedro Luis Theodoro dos Santos Júnior ◽  
Flavia C. G. Reis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Metabolic Response ◽  
Penicillium Digitatum ◽  
Citrus Fruits ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Green Mold ◽  
Host Pathogen ◽  
Citrus Seeds

ABSTRACT Penicillium digitatum is the most aggressive pathogen of citrus fruits. Tryptoquialanines are major indole alkaloids produced by P. digitatum. It is unknown if tryptoquialanines are involved in the damage of citrus fruits caused by P. digitatum. To investigate the pathogenic roles of tryptoquialanines, we initially asked if tryptoquialanines could affect the germination of Citrus sinensis seeds. Exposure of the citrus seeds to tryptoquialanine A resulted in a complete inhibition of germination and an altered metabolic response. Since this phytotoxic effect requires the extracellular export of tryptoquialanine A, we investigated the mechanisms of extracellular delivery of this alkaloid in P. digitatum. We detected extracellular vesicles (EVs) released by P. digitatum both in culture and during infection of citrus fruits. Compositional analysis of EVs produced during infection revealed the presence of a complex cargo, which included tryptoquialanines and the mycotoxin fungisporin. The EVs also presented phytotoxicity activity in vitro and caused damage to the tissues of citrus seeds. Through molecular networking, it was observed that the metabolites present in the P. digitatum EVs are produced in all of its possible hosts. Our results reveal a novel phytopathogenic role of P. digitatum EVs and tryptoquialanine A, implying that this alkaloid is exported in EVs during plant infection. IMPORTANCE During the postharvest period, citrus fruits can be affected by phytopathogens such as Penicillium digitatum, which causes green mold disease and is responsible for up to 90% of total citrus losses. Chemical fungicides are widely used to prevent green mold disease, leading to concerns about environmental and health risks. To develop safer alternatives to control phytopathogens, it is necessary to understand the molecular basis of infection during the host-pathogen interaction. In the P. digitatum model, the virulence strategies are poorly known. Here, we describe the production of phytotoxic extracellular vesicles (EVs) by P. digitatum during the infection of citrus fruits. We also characterized the secondary metabolites in the cargo of EVs and found in this set of molecules an inhibitor of seed germination. Since EVs and secondary metabolites have been related to virulence mechanisms in other host-pathogen interactions, our data are important for the comprehension of how P. digitatum causes damage to its primary hosts.

scholarly journals Natural Biostimulants Elicit Plant Immune System in an Integrated Management Strategy of the Postharvest Green Mold of Orange Fruits Incited by Penicillium digitatum

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Federico La Spada ◽  
Francesco Aloi ◽  
Maurizio Coniglione ◽  
Antonella Pane ◽  
Santa Olga Cacciola
Keyword(s):  
Integrated Management ◽  
Penicillium Digitatum ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Citrus Fruits ◽  
Fruit Peel ◽  
Residual Concentration ◽  
Citrus Peel ◽  
Reduced Dose ◽  
Green Mold ◽  
Potassium Phosphite

This study was aimed at testing the integrated use of a natural biostimulant based on seaweed (Ascophyllum nodosum) and plant (alfalfa and sugarcane) extracts and reduced dosages of the conventional synthetic fungicide Imazalil (IMZ) to manage postharvest rots of orange fruits. The following aspects were investigated: (i) the effectiveness of postharvest treatment with natural biostimulant alone or in mixture with IMZ at a reduced dose against green mold caused by Penicillium digitatum; (ii) the differential expression of defense genes in orange fruits treated with the natural biostimulant both alone and in combination with a reduced dose of IMZ; (iii) the persistence of the inhibitory activity of both biostimulant and the mixture biostimulant/IMZ against green mold; and (iv) the residue level of fungicide in citrus peel when applied alone or in combination with the biostimulant. Treatments with the chemical plant resistance-inducer potassium phosphite, alone or with a reduced dose of IMZ, were included for comparison. The mixture of natural biostimulant and IMZ at a low dose consistently reduced the incidence and severity of fruit green mold and induced a significant increase of the expression level of β-1,3-glucanase-, peroxidase (PEROX)-, and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL)-encoding genes in fruit peel, suggesting that the natural biostimulant elicits a long-lasting resistance of citrus fruits to infections by P. digitatum. Interestingly, the residual concentration of IMZ in fruits treated with the biostimulant/fungicide mixture was significantly lower than that of IMZ in fruits treated only with the fungicide at the same dose and by far below the threshold values set by the European Union. This study laid the foundations for (i) conceiving a practical and more eco-friendly alternative to the conventional postharvest management of green mold of citrus fruits, based almost exclusively on the use of synthetic fungicide IMZ, alone or mixed with potassium phosphite and (ii) providing a better insight into the mechanisms of disease resistance induction by biostimulants.

scholarly journals Synthesis and Antifungal Activities of Cinnamaldehyde Derivatives against Penicillium digitatum Causing Citrus Green Mold

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Zengyu Gan ◽  
Jianping Huang ◽  
Jinyin Chen ◽  
Muhammad Farrukh Nisar ◽  
Wenwen Qi
Keyword(s):  
Reducing Sugars ◽  
Citrus Fruit ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Penicillium Digitatum ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Fungal Cell ◽  
Green Mold ◽  
Antifungal Potential ◽  
Germination And Growth ◽  
Derivatives Of

Penicillium digitatum (green mold) is pathogenic fungi and causes citrus fruit postharvest rotting that leads to huge economic losses across the world. The current study was aimed to develop a new derivative of cinnamaldehyde (4-methoxycinnamaldehyde) through the cross-hydroxyaldehyde condensation method with benzaldehyde substituted by a benzene ring under the catalysis of alkaline reagent and, moreover, to test their antifungal potential against P. digitatum, the major citrus fruit rotting fungi. Multiple derivatives of cinnamaldehyde viz. 4-nitro CA, 4-chloro CA, 4-bromo CA, 4-methyl CA, 4-methoxy CA, and 2,4-dimethoxy CA were synthesized in the current study whereas the 4-methoxy CA showed highest antifungal actions for citrus fruit postharvest rotting fungi P. digitatum. Moreover, 4-methoxy CA was found to reduce the spore germination and growth by damaging the fungal cell membrane, as well as declined the levels of reducing sugars.

scholarly journals Citrus postharvest diseases and injuries related to impact on packing lines

2009 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 210-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivan Herman Fischer ◽  
Marcos David Ferreira ◽  
Marcel Bellato Spósito ◽  
Lilian Amorim
Keyword(s):  
Critical Points ◽  
Colletotrichum Gloeosporioides ◽  
Penicillium Digitatum ◽  
Postharvest Diseases ◽  
Foreign Markets ◽  
Lasiodiplodia Theobromae ◽  
Production Ratio ◽  
Valencia Orange ◽  
Fruit Processing ◽  
Processing Line

Brazilian exports of fresh citrus represent less than 1% of the overall Brazilian production. Phytosanitary barriers and poor appearance stand out among the several reasons contributing to such low exporting/production ratio. The purpose of this work was to characterize postharvest injuries in 'Valencia' sweet oranges and 'Murcott' tangors produced for foreign markets after different processing stages in a packinghouse, as well as to identify critical points and impact extent on packing lines. Sampling was performed both after pre-washing and degreening the fruits, and also at the arrival on the packing table and in the pallet. They were stored for 21 days at 25ºC and 85% RH. The incidence of injuries was visually assessed every three days. An instrumented sphere with acceleration register was used to evaluate the extent of impacts (G, m/s²) at the 19 transference points of the citrus processing line. There was low rot incidence (under 3.5%) at the different stages of fruit processing, with slight increase after degreening in 'Valencia' orange and a decrease after fungicides treatment in 'Murcott' tangor. The main pathogens found in the oranges were Lasiodiplodia theobromae and Penicillium digitatum, which were surpassed by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides in the tangors. Impacts in the processing line were caused mainly by drops on hard surfaces, with 94.7% of them varying from 30 to 95 G. The greatest impacts were observed when fruits were transferred from the processing line to bins destined to degreening. Mechanical injuries related to oleocellosis increased until the arrival of fruits at the packing table.

scholarly journals Phytotoxic tryptoquialanines produced in vivo by Penicillium digitatum are exported in extracellular vesicles

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonas Henrique Costa ◽  
Jaqueline Moraes Bazioli ◽  
Luidy Darllan Barbosa ◽  
Pedro Luis Theodoro dos Santos Júnior ◽  
Flavia C. G. Reis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Metabolic Response ◽  
Penicillium Digitatum ◽  
Citrus Fruits ◽  
Green Mold ◽  
Host Pathogen ◽  
Citrus Seeds

ABSTRACTPenicillium digitatum is the most aggressive pathogen of citrus fruits. Tryptoquialanines are major indole alkaloids produced by P. digitatum. It is unknown if tryptoquialanines are involved in the damage of citrus fruits caused by P. digitatum. To investigate the pathogenic roles of tryptoquialanines, we initially asked if tryptoquialanines could affect the germination of Citrus sinensis seeds. Exposure of the citrus seeds to tryptoquialanine A resulted in a complete inhibition of germination and an altered metabolic response. Since this phytotoxic effect requires the extracellular export of tryptoquialanine A, we investigated the mechanisms of extracellular delivery of this alkaloid in P. digitatum. We detected extracellular vesicles (EVs) released by P. digitatum both in culture and during infection of citrus fruits. Compositional analysis of EVs produced during infection revealed the presence of a complex cargo, which included tryptoquialanines and the mycotoxin fungisporin. The EVs also presented phytotoxicity activity in vitro, and caused damage to the tissues of citrus seeds. Through molecular networking, it was observed that the metabolites present in the P. digitatum EVs are produced in all of its possible hosts. Our results reveal a novel phytopathogenic role of P. digitatum EVs and tryptoquialanine A, implying that this alkaloid is exported in EVs during plant infection.IMPORTANCEDuring the post-harvest period, citrus fruits can be affected by phytopathogens such as Penicillium digitatum, which causes the green mold disease and is responsible for up to 90 % of the total citrus losses. Chemical fungicides are widely used to prevent the green mold disease, leading to concerns about environmental and health risks. To develop safer alternatives to control phytopathogens, it is necessary to understand the molecular basis of infection during the host-pathogen interaction. In the P. digitatum model, the virulence strategies are poorly known. Here, we describe the production of phytotoxic extracellular vesicles (EVs) by P. digitatum during the infection of citrus fruits. We also characterized the secondary metabolites in the cargo of EVs and found in this set of molecules an inhibitor of seed germination. Since EVs and secondary metabolites have been related to virulence mechanisms in other host-pathogen interactions, our data are important for the comprehension of how P. digitatum causes damage to its primary hosts.

scholarly journals Potential of the Mycoparasite, Verticillium lecanii, to Protect Citrus Fruit Against Penicillium digitatum, the Causal Agent of Green Mold: A Comparison with the Effect of Chitosan

2004 ◽  
Vol 94 (7) ◽  
pp. 693-705 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicole Benhamou
Keyword(s):  
Cell Surface ◽  
Transcriptional Activation ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Causal Agent ◽  
Penicillium Digitatum ◽  
Gold Complex ◽  
Verticillium Lecanii ◽  
Citrus Fruits ◽  
Green Mold ◽  
Pathogen Colonization

The potential of the mycoparasite, Verticillium lecanii, at protecting citrus fruits against green mold was explored at the cellular level. Treatmentthe fruit with V. lecanii or chitosan prior to inoculation with the causal agent of green mold, Penicillium digitatum, markedly reduced disease development compared with that of nontreated control citrus fruits in which symptoms were visible by 3 days after inoculation with the pathogen. Scanning electron microscope investigations of citrus samples, collected 5 days after inoculation with the pathogen, revealed striking differences in the extent of cell surface colonization between treated and nontreated fruits. Pathogen hyphae, which sporulated abundantly at the surface of control fruits, were collapsed and severely damaged in V. lecanii and chitosan-treated fruits. Histological observations of citrus samples confirmed that restriction of pathogen colonization at the cell surface correlated with a pronounced disorganization of the pathogen hyphae. In addition, host cell changes, mainly characterized by the deposition of a new material in the exocarp cells and the thickening of cell walls, were observed. Ultrastructural investigations of citrus samples revealed that the pathogen multiplied abundantly through much of the mesocarp and exocarp tissues in V. lecanii-free citrus fruits, whereas in V. lecanii-treated citrus, pathogen growth was restricted. Penicillium hyphae that penetrated the mesocarp tissue were markedly altered. Labeling with the wheat germ agglutinin/ovomucoid-gold complex for the localization of chitin resulted in an irregular labeling of Penicillium cell walls, even at a time when in an irregular labeling of Penicillium cell walls, even at a time when these were markedly altered. Cytochemical investigations revealed that callose and lignin-like compounds accumulated at sites of pathogen colonization in the exocarp tissue. Evidence is provided in this study that V. lecanii as well as chitosan are equally capable of inducing a striking response in P. digitatum-infected citrus fruits. The marked differences observed in the rate and extent of colonization as well as in pathogen cell viability between control and treated citrus fruits demonstrate that both treatments have the ability to induce the transcriptional activation of defense genes leading to the accumulation of structural and biochemical compounds at strategic sites.

Chlorine Dioxide Controls Green Mold Caused by Penicillium digitatum in Citrus Fruits and the Mechanism Involved

2020 ◽  
Vol 68 (47) ◽  
pp. 13897-13905
Author(s):  
Xin Liu ◽  
Wenxiao Jiao ◽  
Yamin Du ◽  
Qingmin Chen ◽  
Zhengbo Su ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chlorine Dioxide ◽  
Penicillium Digitatum ◽  
Citrus Fruits ◽  
Green Mold
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