scholarly journals A Proof of Principle for the Detection of Viable Brucella spp. in Raw Milk by qPCR Targeting Bacteriophages

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 1326
Author(s):  
Michaela Projahn ◽  
Jens A. Hammerl ◽  
Ralf Dieckmann ◽  
Sascha Al Dahouk
Keyword(s):  
Limit Of Detection ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Qpcr Assay ◽  
Animal Origin ◽  
Indicator Organisms ◽  
Food Of Animal Origin ◽  
Global Health Issue ◽  
Contaminated Food ◽  
Viable Bacteria ◽  
And Performance

Brucellosis is still a global health issue, and surveillance and control of this zoonotic disease in livestock remains a challenge. Human outbreaks are mainly linked to the consumption of unpasteurized dairy products. The detection of human pathogenic Brucella species in food of animal origin is time-consuming and laborious. Bacteriophages are broadly applied to the typing of Brucella isolates from pure culture. Since phages intracellularly replicate to very high numbers, they can also be used as specific indicator organisms of their host bacteria. We developed a novel real-time PCR (qPCR) assay targeting the highly conserved helicase sequence harbored in all currently known Brucella-specific lytic phages. Quality and performance tests determined a limit of detection of <1 genomic copy/µL. In raw milk artificially contaminated with Brucella microti, Izv phages were reliably detected after 39 h of incubation, indicating the presence of viable bacteria. The qPCR assay showed high stability in the milk matrix and significantly shortened the time to diagnosis when compared to traditional culture-based techniques. Hence, our molecular assay is a reliable and sensitive method to analyze phage titers, may help to reduce the hands-on time needed for the screening of potentially contaminated food, and reveals infection risks without bacterial isolation.

Characterization of Borderline Oxacillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Food of Animal Origin

2010 ◽  
Vol 73 (7) ◽  
pp. 1325-1327 ◽  
Author(s):  
JAROSŁAW BYSTROŃ ◽  
MAGDALENA PODKOWIK ◽  
KAMILA KORZEKWA ◽  
ELŻBIETA LIS ◽  
JERZY MOLENDA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Protein A ◽  
Meca Gene ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Animal Origin ◽  
Molecular Characteristics ◽  
Type I ◽  
Staphylococcal Protein A ◽  
Food Of Animal Origin ◽  
Resistant Strains

In this study, the molecular characteristics of food-derived oxacillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus were determined. Eight borderline oxacillin-resistant strains with MICs of 2 to 4 μg/ml were identified from 132 S. aureus isolates of food origin. One of the two isolates with a MIC of 4 μg/ml was methicillin-resistant determinant (mecA) gene positive, and the other six with MICs of 2 μg/ml were mecA negative. The mecA-positive isolate was classified as sequence type (ST)228, staphylococcal protein A (spa) type t041, and carried the staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec type I element. Two borderline oxacillin-resistant strains were classified as spa t008 and ST8, and the remaining five as spa t164 and ST20. The mecA-positive strain and four borderline oxacillin-resistant strains were found enterotoxigenic. The enterotoxin genes detected in these strains included selp, egc1, and sed-sej-selr. The borderline-resistant S. aureus isolates from a manually handled product, i.e., minced pork, were shown genetically related to strains associated with human infections. This suggests that humans can be considered as a source of contamination of this food with oxacillin-resistant S. aureus strains. The genotypes of the investigated milk borderline-resistant isolates were shown to occur not only in cows, but also in humans. Since manual handling is reduced in raw milk production, a human origin of S. aureus seems unlikely. Because knowledge of the genotypes of animal staphylococci is limited, more research is needed to address the question of the origin of antibiotic-resistant S. aureus strains in food.

scholarly journals Concentrations of toxic elements in tissues of slaughtered animals and cow’s milk - a five year study

2013 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 529-533 ◽  
Author(s):  
Józef Szkoda ◽  
Jan Żmudzki ◽  
Agnieszka Nawrocka ◽  
Mirosława Kmiecik
Keyword(s):  
Toxic Elements ◽  
Absorption Spectrometry ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Animal Origin ◽  
Cadmium Content ◽  
Lead And Cadmium ◽  
Legal Limits ◽  
Food Of Animal Origin ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Arsenic Determination

Abstract The aim of the study was to evaluate the contamination of animal muscle, liver, and milk with lead, cadmium, mercury, and arsenic. Determination of the elements was carried out using several techniques of atomic absorption spectrometry. Between 2008 and 2012, samples of muscles and liver from 1305 cattle, 2345 pigs, 758 horses (only muscles), 1721 poultry (chickens, turkeys, geese, ducks), and 736 samples of raw milk were collected. Only 48 (0.7%) samples exceeded the maximum acceptable levels of the elements, especially lead and cadmium. In the case of lead, the highest number of samples exceeding the legal limits was found in muscles of pigs (6), where the maximum value reached 0.376 mg/kg. For cadmium, the highest number of samples (22) with values exceeding legal limits was found in muscles of horses. The cadmium content in muscles of horses, at both the mean (0.052 mg/kg) and median (0.023 mg/kg), was in order of magnitude higher than that observed in cattle and pigs. Small percentage of samples with values exceeding the maximum levels of toxic elements in food of animal origin indicates a low risk for the consumers’ health.

scholarly journals Escherichia coli O15 : H7 from Food of Animal Origin in Arsi: Occurrence at Catering Establishments and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profile

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Geresu Minda Asfaw ◽  
Regassa Shimelis
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Multidrug Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Animal Origin ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Food Of Animal Origin ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profile

Escherichia coli O157 : H7 (E. coli O157 : H7) has been found to be the major cause of food-borne diseases and a serious public health problem in the world, with an increasing concern for the emergence and spread of antimicrobial-resistant strains. Hitherto, little is known about the carriage of E. coli O157 : H7 and its antimicrobial susceptibility profile in the food of animal origin in Ethiopia. This study aimed to determine the occurrence and multidrug resistance profile of E. coli O157 : H7 from food of animal origin at different catering establishments in the selected study settings of Arsi Zone. One hundred ninety-two animal origin food items, namely, raw/minced meat (locally known as “Kitfo,” “Kurt,” and “Dulet”), raw milk, egg sandwich, and cream cake samples were collected and processed for microbiological detection of E. coli O157 : H7. Out of 192 samples, 2.1% (4/192) were positive for E. coli O157 : H7. Two E. coli O157 : H7 isolates were obtained from “Dulet” (6.3%) followed by “Kurt” (3.1%, 1/32) and raw milk (3.1%, 1/32), whereas no isolate was obtained from “Kitfo,” egg sandwich, and cream cake samples. Of the 4 E. coli O157 : H7 isolates subjected to 10 panels of antimicrobial discs, 3 (75%) were highly resistant to kanamycin, streptomycin, and nitrofurantoin. Besides, all the isolates displayed multidrug resistance phenotypes, 3 to 5 antimicrobial resistance, amid kanamycin, streptomycin, nitrofurantoin, tetracycline, and chloramphenicol. The occurrence of multidrug-resistant E. coli O157 : H7 isolates from foods of animal origin sampled from different catering establishments reveals that the general sanitary condition of the catering establishments, utensils used, and personnel hygienic practices did not comply with the recommended standards. Thus, this finding calls for urgent attention toward appropriate controls and good hygienic practices in different catering establishments dealing with consuming raw/undercooked foods of animal origin.

scholarly journals Exposure Assessment of SARS-CoV-2 in Canadian Food Sources

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Megan Rose-Martel ◽  
Elizabeth Tompkins ◽  
Rebecca Rutley ◽  
Pablo Romero-Barrios ◽  
Enrico Buenaventura
Keyword(s):  
Exposure Assessment ◽  
Food Packaging ◽  
Food Contamination ◽  
Food Sources ◽  
Animal Origin ◽  
Food Of Animal Origin ◽  
Contaminated Food ◽  
Human Digestive Tract ◽  
Exposure Routes ◽  
Foodborne Infection

A new coronavirus strain known as SARS-CoV-2 has spread throughout the world. This virus is the causative agent for the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) and spreads primarily through human-to-human transmission via infected droplets and aerosols generated by infected persons. While COVID-19 is a respiratory virus, the potential for transmission of SARS-CoV-2 via food is considered theoretically possible and remains a concern for Canadian consumers. We have conducted a rapid exposure assessment of the likelihood of exposure of SARS-CoV-2 in Canadian food sources at the time of consumption. This article describes the exposure routes considered most relevant in the context of food contamination with SARS-CoV-2 in Canada, including contaminated food of animal origin, contaminated fresh foods, fomites and SARS-CoV-2 contaminated feces. The likelihood of foodborne infection of SARS-CoV-2 via the human digestive tract is also considered. Our analysis indicates that there is no indication of foodborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in Canadian food sources and we consider the concern of contracting COVID-19 via food and food packaging in Canada as low to remote. Adherence to safe food practices and disinfection procedures, including the thorough cooking of food, would in any case prevent a potential foodborne infection with SARS-CoV-2.

scholarly journals DIRECT SALES OF PRODUCTS OF ANIMAL ORIGIN IN POLAND

2019 ◽  
Vol XXI (4) ◽  
pp. 413-420
Author(s):  
Anna Sieczko
Keyword(s):  
Meat Products ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Retail Trade ◽  
Animal Origin ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Direct Sales ◽  
Food Supply Chains ◽  
Product Categories ◽  
Food Of Animal Origin ◽  
Short Food Supply Chains

The purpose of this paper was to determine the scale and product categories involved in direct sales of food of animal origin and small scale agricultural retail trade as well as an analysis of direct sales covering the period from October 2016 to August 2019. The European Commission promotes short food supply chains, recommending that Member States simplify rules regulating direct selling. In 2017, Poland simplified the law on the sale of processed and unprocessed food of animal and non-animal origin by farmers. The study focused on farms run by farmers involved in the direct sales of products of animal origin and small scale agricultural retail trade. Such activity must be reported to the General Veterinary Inspectorate (GIW). The analysis showed that the direct sales of food products are developing and involve an increasing number of producers offering produce. Compared to 2016, the number of entities involved in registered direct sales increased by 28.5%. The categories of products most often sold through direct sales involve – unprocessed bee products, table eggs and fishery, while small scale agricultural retail trade mostly focused on table eggs, unprocessed bee products, dairy products, raw milk and meat products.

scholarly journals Resistance to antibiotics and genotype characteristics of Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Mbandaka isolated from poultry

2008 ◽  
Vol 62 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 351-358
Author(s):  
Dejan Vidanovic ◽  
Z. Sabo ◽  
Natasa Kilibarda ◽  
Mira Zivadinovic ◽  
Aleksandar Zarkovic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salmonella Enterica ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Animal Origin ◽  
Antibiotics Resistance ◽  
Resistance To Antibiotics ◽  
Food Of Animal Origin ◽  
Geographical Regions ◽  
Contaminated Food ◽  
Degree Of Certainty ◽  
Multiresistant Strains

Salmonellas are one of the main zoonotic pathogens whose reservoirs are poultry, cattle and pigs. By means of the food chain salmonellas can be transferred to humans through contaminated food of animal origin. Multiresistant strains Salmonella are particularly dangerous since they can transfer genes of resistance to antibiotics to other microorganisms. Control of salmonellas primarily depends on a good surveillance system and knowledge of the strain types present in the epizootiologic area. In some geographical regions only a few Salmonella serotypes are usually of epidemiological importance. Due to the predomination of some serotypes and fagotypes, when an additional discrimination within serotypes and fagotypes is needed, DNA genotyping is used. In cases when it is necessary to compare the strains which caused the poisoning of patients, with strains isolated from food or animals, a highly discriminatory method is used - pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Due to a high degree of discrimination the results of PFGE testing enable decision making with a higher degree of certainty in epizootiologic and epidemiologic research work. The aim of this testing was to determine the antibiotics resistance and genotype characteristics of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Mbandaka isolated from poultry from some areas of the territory of Serbia.

scholarly journals Impact of hygienic slaughter practices on Salmonella contamination of broiler carcasses in Biskra, Algeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 51 (4) ◽  
pp. 463-470
Author(s):  
Nadjah Guergueb ◽  
Laila Aoun ◽  
Omar Bennoun ◽  
Ammar Ayachi ◽  
Ilhem Chachoua ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Poultry Meat ◽  
World Health ◽  
Animal Origin ◽  
Broiler Meat ◽  
Food Of Animal Origin ◽  
Contaminated Food ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Live Bird

Poultry meat is the primary meat consumed in Algeria, surpassing sheep and beef in the 1980s. However, this product is often at risk of being contaminated by Salmonella. Salmonellosis is a foodborne disease with tens of millions of human cases estimated to occur worldwide, and resulting in more than a hundred thousand deaths per year. According to the World Health Organization, salmonellosis in humans is generally contracted through the consumption of contaminated food of animal origin, including poultry. The main objective of this study was to investigate the risk factors associated with Salmonella contamination of broiler carcasses at the slaughterhouse. Sixty fresh chicken carcasses from six slaughterhouses were subjected to bacteriological analysis in accordance with AFNOR (French Standardization Association) standards. Statistical analyses showed an impact of the hygienic quality of the slaughter process on the likelihood of Salmonella contamination of poultry meat. A correlation (r=0.84) was found between hygienic slaughter practices and Salmonella contamination of chicken carcasses. The average level of TAMB (total aerobic mesophilic bacteria) was high in carcasses positive for Salmonella (t-test = 0.019). Not washing live bird transport crates was associated with an increasing risk of Salmonella contamination carcasses (odds ratio/OR = 28). The mean level of TAMB was higher in the presence of the following risk factors: old and small slaughterhouse, not washing live bird transport crates, manual bleeding, scalding type (soaking), non-renewal of scalding water, no disinfectant in water, no ventilation drying, no sanitary facilities. The identification of risk factors responsible for bacterial contamination of broiler meat is essential to determine the most effective methods of prevention.

scholarly journals A SIX PLATE MICROBIOLOGICAL ASSAY FOR SCREENING OF ANTIMICROBIAL RESIDUES IN FOOD OF ANIMAL ORIGIN

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 22-28
Author(s):  
Madhavi H. Hathurusinghe ◽  
Ruwan C. Gunasena ◽  
Preeni Abeynayake
Keyword(s):  
Screening Test ◽  
Micrococcus Luteus ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Animal Origin ◽  
Indicator Organisms ◽  
Consumer Safety ◽  
Food Of Animal Origin ◽  
Antimicrobial Residues ◽  
Food Commodities

Occurrence of antimicrobial residues in livestock and aquatic products is a current public health concern. The monitoring of food commodities for antimicrobial residues will ensure the consumer safety and promote trade. Therefore, the objective of this study was to establish a screening test to detect antimicrobial residues in food of animal origin. A bioassay consists of six plates was established, which enables screening of six groups of antimicrobials, namely; penicillins, sulphonamides, streptomycin, erythromycin, tetracyclines and fluroquinolones. The Six Plate Test (SPT) is a bioassay technique, which is carried out using Bacillus subtilis BGA (Merck), Bacillus cereus (ATCC 11778), Micrococcus luteus (ATCC 9341) and Escherichia coli (ATCC 11303) as indicator organisms. The Mueller Hinton Agar (MHA) was used as the test medium at optimum pH for all indicator organisms except B.cereus, for which the Media No.8 was used. The Minimum Detectable Concentrations (MDC) of SPT were determined using serial dilutions of antibiotics. All the MDC values obtained on SPT for the validated antimicrobials were below the recommended MRL of each antimicrobial. SPT can be developed to a quick, easy to perform, robust and low cost screening test to detect antimicrobial residues in food of animal origin.

scholarly journals Staphylococcus aureus Bacteria Resistant to Methicillin in Raw Milk

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Farnush Kazemi ◽  
Shila Safaeian ◽  
Roxana Moogouei
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Human Infection ◽  
Animal Origin ◽  
Resistance Pattern ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Clinical Complications ◽  
Food Of Animal Origin ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Resistant Strains

The presence of antibiotic-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus (particularly methicillin-resistant strains) in food of animal origin is considered as a severe threat to human health due to numerous clinical complications. This study tended to determine the prevalence of methicillin-resistant S. aureus in samples of raw milk distributed in Tehran using antibiotic susceptibility testing methods. In the present study, 100 raw milk samples were taken from the centres of production and purchase of milk and its products in Tehran; the samples were evaluated by culture in terms of infection with coagulase-positive S. aureus. Finally, antibiotic resistance pattern of isolates was studied using disk diffusion agar. The average colony count was estimated. Raw milk cultures were estimated at 2×105-4×105 cfu/ml. Based on the results of culture, 36 samples of raw milk tested were icnfected with positive-coagulase S. aureus. The highest susceptibility was observed for ciprofloxacin and gentamicin (100%) and the highest resistance was observed to penicillin, tobramycin, oxacillin and ceftazidime. The results showed the prevalence of infection of raw milk with S. aureus. Moreover, prevalence of S. aureus resistant to a wide range of antibiotics, more importantly, methicillin resistant, was significant in the tested samples. Therefore, adherence to and control of sanitation in different stages of production, supply and consumption of milk can prevent human infection.

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