scholarly journals Evidence for Common Horizontal Transmission of Wolbachia among Ants and Ant Crickets: Kleptoparasitism Added to the List

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 805 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shu-Ping Tseng ◽  
Po-Wei Hsu ◽  
Chih-Chi Lee ◽  
James K. Wetterer ◽  
Sylvain Hugel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Host Specificity ◽  
Horizontal Transmission ◽  
Model System ◽  
Bacterial Symbiont ◽  
Potential Mechanism ◽  
Ecological Association

While Wolbachia, an intracellular bacterial symbiont, is primarily transmitted maternally in arthropods, horizontal transmission between species has been commonly documented. We examined kleptoparasitism as a potential mechanism for Wolbachia horizontal transmission, using ant crickets and their host ants as the model system. We compared prevalence and diversity of Wolbachia across multiple ant cricket species with different degrees of host specificity/integration level. Our analyses revealed at least three cases of inter-ordinal Wolbachia transfer among ant and ant crickets, and also showed that ant cricket species with high host-integration and host-specificity tend to harbor a higher Wolbachia prevalence and diversity than other types of ant crickets. This study provides empirical evidence that distribution of Wolbachia across ant crickets is largely attributable to horizontal transmission, but also elucidates the role of intimate ecological association in successful Wolbachia horizontal transmission.

scholarly journals Evaluating the role of coevolution in a horizontally transmitted mutualism

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kayla Stoy ◽  
Joselyne Chavez ◽  
Valeria De Las Casas ◽  
Venkat Talla ◽  
Aileen Berasategui ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Local Adaptation ◽  
Host Species ◽  
Horizontal Transmission ◽  
Geographic Range ◽  
Bacterial Symbiont ◽  
Anasa Tristis ◽  
Squash Bug ◽  
Diffuse Coevolution

AbstractMutualism depends on the alignment of host and symbiont fitness. Horizontal transmission can readily decouple fitness interests, yet horizontally transmitted mutualisms are common in nature. We hypothesized that pairwise coevolution and specialization in host-symbiont interactions underlies the maintenance of cooperation in a horizontally transmitted mutualism. Alternatively, we predicted selection by multiple host species may select for cooperative traits in a generalist symbiont through diffuse coevolution. We tested for signatures of pairwise coevolutionary change between the squash bug Anasa tristis and its horizontally acquired bacterial symbiont Caballeronia spp. by measuring local adaptation. We found no evidence for local adaptation between sympatric combinations of A. tristis squash bugs and Caballeronia spp. across their native geographic range. To test for diffuse coevolution, we performed reciprocal inoculations to test for specialization between three Anasa host species and Caballeronia spp. symbionts isolated from conspecific hosts. We observed no evidence of specialization across host species. Our results demonstrate generalist dynamics underlie the interaction between Anasa insect hosts and their Caballeronia spp. symbionts. Specifically, diffuse coevolution between multiple host species with a shared generalist symbiont may maintain cooperative traits despite horizontal transmission.

scholarly journals Variation in Specificity of Soil-Borne Pathogens from a Plant's Native Range versus Its Nonnative Range

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kurt O. Reinhart ◽  
Wim H. Van der Putten ◽  
Tom Tytgat ◽  
Keith Clay
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Host Specificity ◽  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Prunus Serotina ◽  
Nonnative Species ◽  
Native Range ◽  
Host Genotype ◽  
Soil Borne Pathogens ◽  
Nonnative Range

Existing theory for invasive nonnative species emphasizes the role of escaping specialist enemies. A useful approach is to reciprocally transplant enemies in a controlled and common experiment to quantify the interaction specificity of enemies from plant's native and nonnative ranges. Quantitative measures of interaction specificity, from two experiments with three host genotypes (Belgium, Louisiana, and Pennsylvania) and 37Pythiumisolates (10 Europe and 27 USA), revealed thatPythiumpathogens from populations ofPrunus serotinain its native range were not host genotype specific whilePythiumpathogens from its nonnative range vary with host genotype. This study provides empirical evidence suggesting thatPythiumfrom the nonnative range are either preadapted to or are actively adapting to this host. Although only for a single pathosystem, this study illustrates the importance of understanding enemy impact and host-specificity to assess whether an invader has escaped its natural enemies.

Membangun Fondasi Keilmuan Ekonomi Islam: Telaah Metodologi Muhammad Akram Khan

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 152-170
Author(s):  
Ahmad Ubaidillah
Keyword(s):  
General Theory ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Inductive Method ◽  
Ethical Values ◽  
Institutional Conditions ◽  
Faith Based ◽  
Behavioral Parameters ◽  
Science Methodology ◽  
Islamic Society

Throughout my experience in tracking down and reading books on faith-based economics, in this case Islam, there are no books that specifically list the title of "Islamic economics". If there is, it is only initiated or introduced. Most books coming down to us still use the titles starting with the word, for example, system, concept, principle, or the doctrine of Islamic economics. Why do the authors of the book Islamic economics seem not dared to give his book title with label "science"? I presume that Islamic economics has not been considered as a science. In building a science, methodology is required. Islamic Economics also requires a well-established methodology to build the foundation of science. The study answers questions; how is methodology which is offered by Muhammad Akram Khan to build Islamic economics. The method used in this research is the study of literature with qualitative approach.The result of study concludes that Khan offers methodology of Islamic economics, if summarized, written as follows: First, Islamic economics uses a framework derived from the texts of divinity (revelation). Second, Islamic economics uses the inductive method, which gives witness to the truth or falsity assumptions and predictions about the two criteria of rationality and empirical evidence. Third, Islamic economy is built on ethical values ​​such as justice, virtue, moderation, sacrifice, caring for others, in the analysis, as behavioral parameters. Fourth, Islamic economics is a normative discipline. Islamic Economics investigates ways and means to change the existing economy with Islamic economy. Fifth, Islamic economics ask different questions with conventional economics. Its attention is on welfare (falah) human and creating social and institutional conditions that maximize falah in society. Clearly, Islamic economics strongly supports research programs that help maximize falah. Furthermore, Khan elaborates several issues related to the methodology that often appears in the forum of Islamic economists. There are some problems that Khan proposes, they are the interaction with modern economics, the role of revelation, assuming ideal Islamic society, and the general theory of Islamic economics.

Hostility to Hospitality: Authors’ Response

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 149-152
Author(s):  
Michael J. Balboni
Keyword(s):  
Pastoral Care ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Spiritual Care ◽  
Religious Communities ◽  
Holistic Care ◽  
Social Forces ◽  
Medical Institutions ◽  
Body And Soul ◽  
Constructive Criticism

AbstractThis article offers a brief response to constructive criticism of the book featured in this edition of Spiritual Care. Hostility to Hospitality argues that the role of spirituality within the care of sick patients, despite clear empirical evidence demonstrating its importance, remains deeply contested because of bias against religious communities. Deeply flawed conceptualizations of the nature of religion and the secular camouflage how a society's commitment to immanence functions like a spirituality. A secular framework weakens how spiritual communities can positively influence medical institutions or socialize professional guilds in caring for the whole patient. The diminishment of communities that champion compassion as a chief end, pave a way for hostile economic, technological, and bureaucratic forces to suppress our ability to fully care for patients in body and soul. Rather than being neutral as purported, the secular structures of medicine manipulate and use pastoral care for its own immanent ends. Hostility to Hospitality argues that unless pluralism is embraced, allowing for a diversity of religious communities to influence the structures of medicine, compassionate and holistic care will increasingly become unlikely as impersonal social forces increase.

scholarly journals Serine and Threonine Phosphorylation of the Paxillin LIM Domains Regulates Paxillin Focal Adhesion Localization and Cell Adhesion to Fibronectin

1998 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 1803-1816 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael C. Brown ◽  
Joseph A. Perrotta ◽  
Christopher E. Turner
Keyword(s):  
Cell Adhesion ◽  
Focal Adhesion ◽  
Binding Sites ◽  
Protein Localization ◽  
Model System ◽  
Lim Domain ◽  
Amino Terminal ◽  
Lim Domains ◽  
Inside Out

We have previously shown that the LIM domains of paxillin operate as the focal adhesion (FA)-targeting motif of this protein. In the current study, we have identified the capacity of paxillin LIM2 and LIM3 to serve as binding sites for, and substrates of serine/threonine kinases. The activities of the LIM2- and LIM3-associated kinases were stimulated after adhesion of CHO.K1 cells to fibronectin; consequently, a role for LIM domain phosphorylation in regulating the subcellular localization of paxillin after adhesion to fibronectin was investigated. An avian paxillin-CHO.K1 model system was used to explore the role of paxillin phosphorylation in paxillin localization to FAs. We found that mutations of paxillin that mimicked LIM domain phosphorylation accelerated fibronectin-induced localization of paxillin to focal contacts. Further, blocking phosphorylation of the LIM domains reduced cell adhesion to fibronectin, whereas constitutive LIM domain phosphorylation significantly increased the capacity of cells to adhere to fibronectin. The potentiation of FA targeting and cell adhesion to fibronectin was specific to LIM domain phosphorylation as mutation of the amino-terminal tyrosine and serine residues of paxillin that are phosphorylated in response to fibronectin adhesion had no effect on the rate of FA localization or cell adhesion. This represents the first demonstration of the regulation of protein localization through LIM domain phosphorylation and suggests a novel mechanism of regulating LIM domain function. Additionally, these results provide the first evidence that paxillin contributes to “inside-out” integrin-mediated signal transduction.

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