scholarly journals A Review of Arguments for the Existence of Latent Infections of Bacillus anthracis, and Research Needed to Understand Their Role in the Outbreaks of Anthrax

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 800
Author(s):  
Robert S. Gainer ◽  
Gilles Vergnaud ◽  
Martin E. Hugh-Jones
Keyword(s):  
French Literature ◽  
Homo Sapiens ◽  
Old French ◽  
Time Span ◽  
World Health ◽  
Latent Infections ◽  
Short Time Span ◽  
Literature Reviews ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Short Time

Hugh-Jones and Blackburn and Turnbull’s collective World Health Organization (WHO) report did literature reviews of the theories and the bases for causes of anthrax outbreaks. Both comment on an often-mentioned suspicion that, even though unproven, latent infections are likely involved. Hugh-Jones suggested Gainer do an updated review of our present-day knowledge of latent infections, which was the basis for Gainer’s talk at the Biology of Anthrax Conference in Bari, Italy 2019. At the Conference Gainer met Vergnaud who presented anthrax genome studies that implied that the disease might have spread throughout Asia and from Europe to North America in a short time span of three or four centuries. Vergnaud wondered if latent infections might have played a role in the process. Several other presenters at the Conference also mentioned results that might suggest the existence of latent infections. Vergnaud subsequently looked into some of the old French literature about related observations, results, and discussions of early Pasteur vaccine usage (late 1800′s) and found mentions of suspected latent infections. The first part of the paper is a focused summary and interpretation of Hugh-Jones and Blackburn’s and Turnbull’s reviews specifically looking for suggestions of latent infections, a few additional studies with slightly different approaches, and several mentions made of presentations and posters at the Conference in Italy. In general, many different investigators in different areas and aspects of the anthrax study at the Conference found reasons to suspect the existence of latent infections. The authors conclude that the affected species most studied, including Homo sapiens, provide circumstantial evidence of latent infections and modified host resistance. The last part of the review explores the research needed to prove or disprove the existence of latent infections.

scholarly journals ‘Scrupulous and Timid Conformism’: Ireland and the Reception of the Liturgical Changes of Vatican II

Religions ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 545
Author(s):  
Gary Carville
Keyword(s):  
Vatican Ii ◽  
Time Span ◽  
Second Vatican Council ◽  
The People ◽  
Vatican Council ◽  
Short Time Span ◽  
Irish Catholics ◽  
Catholic Tradition ◽  
Short Time ◽  
The Church

The Second Vatican Council and, in particular, its Constitution on the Sacred Liturgy, changed much in the daily life of the Church. In Ireland, a country steeped in the Catholic tradition but largely peripheral to the theological debates that shaped Vatican II, the changes to liturgy and devotional practice were implemented dutifully over a relatively short time span and without significant upset. But did the hierarchical manner of their reception, like that of the Council itself, mean that Irish Catholics did not receive the changes in a way that deepened their spirituality? And was the popular religious memory of the people lost through a neglect of liturgical piety and its place in the interior life, alongside what the Council sought to achieve? In this essay, Dr Gary Carville will examine the background to the liturgical changes at Vatican II, the contribution to their formulation and implementation by leaders of the Church in Ireland, the experiences of Irish Catholic communities in the reception process, and the ongoing need for a liturgical formation that brings theology, memory, and practice into greater dialogue.

scholarly journals Chitinozoans and the age of the Soom Shale, an Ordovician black shale Lagerstätte, South Africa

2009 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thijs R. A. Vandenbroucke ◽  
Sarah E. Gabbott ◽  
Florentin Paris ◽  
Richard J. Aldridge ◽  
Johannes N. Theron
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
New Species ◽  
Black Shale ◽  
Time Span ◽  
Northern Africa ◽  
Short Time Span ◽  
Short Time ◽  
A New Species

Abstract. Isolated chitinozoans from the Soom Shale Member of the Cedarberg Formation, SW South Africa are described and provide a date of the latest Hirnantian–earliest Rhuddanian. The recovered chitinozoans are typical of the latest Ordovician Spinachitina oulebsiri Biozone, although an earliest Silurian age is possible. They indicate a very short time span (less than 1 Ma) across the Ordovician–Silurian boundary. This is currently the highest biostratigraphical resolution attainable for the Soom Shale Lagerstätte. Correlation of the Soom Shale chitinozoans with identical assemblages in post-glacial, transgressive deposits of Northern Africa is possible; both faunas occur in shales that overlie glacial diamictites of the Hirnantian glaciation. A new species, Spinachitina verniersi n. sp. is described.

Some Pleistocene Faunas of the Mediterranean Coastal Areas

1961 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 144-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. S. Higgs
Keyword(s):  
Mediterranean Coast ◽  
Time Span ◽  
Geological Time ◽  
Geological Time Scale ◽  
Carbon 14 ◽  
Cave Deposits ◽  
Cave Sediments ◽  
Short Time Span ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
Short Time

The object of this paper is to compare the fauna from sites on the Mediterranean coast having a similar physiography at the present day and which may have responded to climatic change in a similar way during the Pleistocene.Carbon 14 dating has shown a relatively short time span for the Late Pleistocene, and it is no longer possible to think of the correlation of cave deposits on a geological time scale. A thousand years or less is of some importance. It is possible and indeed probable that faunas and cave sediments may have been at the same point of time quite different in caves on the shore of the Mediterranean from, say, inland caves at 1,000 or 2,000 feet above sea level, such as those of the Judean Desert.

Tracking of Pedometer-Determined Physical Activity: A 16-Year Follow-Up Study

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anders Raustorp ◽  
Andreas Fröberg
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Time Span ◽  
Early Adolescent ◽  
Anthropometric Data ◽  
Follow Up Study ◽  
Short Time Span ◽  
Steps Per Day ◽  
Short Time

Background: The aims of this study were to explore the effect of time and long-termed tracking on pedometer-determined physical activity (PA) from early adolescent to the 30s. Methods: PA was measured with pedometers [Yamax™ (SW-200)] during 2000 (time 1), 2003 (time 2), 2005 (time 3), 2010 (time 4), and 2016 (time 5). Anthropometric data were collected during time 1. Data from 59 participants (n = 32 males) were analyzed from early adolescent (time 1) to the 30s (time 5). Results: There was an effect of time for males (P = .005, η2 = .76) and females (P = .002, η2 = .50) where steps per day decreased. Males steps per day tracked between time 1 and time 2 (r = .41, P = .021), time 1 and time 3 (r = .38, P = .03), time 3 and time 4 (r = .42, P = .015), and time 4 and time 5 (r = .50, P = .003). Females steps per day tracked between time 4 and time 5 (r = .39, P = .04). Males took more steps per day than females during time 1 (P = .018), whereas females took more steps per day during time 2 (P = .043) and time 3 (P = .03). Conclusion: There was a significant effect of time, where steps per day decreased between the 5 times of measurement. Steps per day tracked low to moderate in the short time span, yet tracked nonsignificantly from early adolescent to the 30s.

Comment on Quimby's “Cultural and Natural Areas before Kroeber”

1955 ◽  
Vol 20 (4Part1) ◽  
pp. 377-378
Author(s):  
Homer Aschmann
Keyword(s):  
Physical Environment ◽  
Radiocarbon Dating ◽  
New World ◽  
Time Span ◽  
Archaeological Record ◽  
American Antiquity ◽  
World Archaeological ◽  
Short Time Span ◽  
Established Fact ◽  
Short Time

One is forced to admire Quimby's enterprise (1954, American Antiquity, Vol. 19, No. 4, pp. 317-31) in attempting not only a characterization but a mapping of the paleogeography of North America at 7 stages between 8500 B.C. and 500 B.C. Among other things it shows a healthful awareness that the physical environment cannot be considered a constant even in the relatively short time span generally accepted for the New World archaeological record. Fruitful investigations can be pursued through coordinating the geological, climatological, paleoecological, and archaeological evidence over extensive regions, and this tentative essay may provide a needed impetus.On the other hand, certain of the hypotheses presented in this paper seem to me to demand immediate examination before they become established dogma to burden subsequent investigations. I shall not question the eclectic use of 2 main chronological frameworks, those provided by Antevs and by radiocarbon dating, though the former, at least, is hardly established fact (Burma 1950).

scholarly journals The Elements Contributing to Tax Evasion in Saudi Arabia

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (32) ◽  
pp. 52-78
Author(s):  
Daniah Raqaban ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Tax Evasion ◽  
Time Span ◽  
Short Time Span ◽  
Medium Level ◽  
Short Time ◽  
The Relationship

The Saudi Arabian’s vision had uplifted the Saudi economy within a short time span by adopting different strategic legislation. One of the main adaptations by the Saudi government that assess this uplift was through adopting taxation. As a new legislation it was faced a lot of resistance by the citizen, which led to tax evasion. The study had conducted through mean of survey that focused on testing two main hypotheses to see the relationship between two main groups (morality and understanding) to tax evasion. As it showed the hypothesis was supported by the data collected that both the level of morality do plays a massive role in the perception of tax evasion; moreover, that the level of awareness the individuals have is low to medium level when it comes to understanding the tax rules and regulations.

scholarly journals Short-Term Forecasting of Daily Confirmed COVID-19 Cases in Malaysia Using RF-SSA Model

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shazlyn Milleana Shaharudin ◽  
Shuhaida Ismail ◽  
Noor Artika Hassan ◽  
Mou Leong Tan ◽  
Nurul Ainina Filza Sulaiman
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Singular Spectrum Analysis ◽  
Daily Basis ◽  
World Health ◽  
Forecasting Model ◽  
Model Assessment ◽  
Short Term Forecasting ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Short Time

Novel coronavirus (COVID-19) was discovered in Wuhan, China in December 2019, and has affected millions of lives worldwide. On 29th April 2020, Malaysia reported more than 5,000 COVID-19 cases; the second highest in the Southeast Asian region after Singapore. Recently, a forecasting model was developed to measure and predict COVID-19 cases in Malaysia on daily basis for the next 10 days using previously-confirmed cases. A Recurrent Forecasting-Singular Spectrum Analysis (RF-SSA) is proposed by establishing L and ET parameters via several tests. The advantage of using this forecasting model is it would discriminate noise in a time series trend and produce significant forecasting results. The RF-SSA model assessment was based on the official COVID-19 data released by the World Health Organization (WHO) to predict daily confirmed cases between 30th April and 31st May, 2020. These results revealed that parameter L = 5 (T/20) for the RF-SSA model was indeed suitable for short-time series outbreak data, while the appropriate number of eigentriples was integral as it influenced the forecasting results. Evidently, the RF-SSA had over-forecasted the cases by 0.36%. This signifies the competence of RF-SSA in predicting the impending number of COVID-19 cases. Nonetheless, an enhanced RF-SSA algorithm should be developed for higher effectivity of capturing any extreme data changes.

scholarly journals Gestación y nacimiento de panendemia

2021 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alvaro Javier Idrovo
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Public Health Emergency ◽  
World Health ◽  
Intermediate Step ◽  
International Response ◽  
The World ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Short Time ◽  
Very High

Words are born, compete with each other, and some die, showing the language dynamics and the influence of historical contexts1. During 2020, the meaning of the word pandemic has been discussed and a new meaning has emerged2,3. Traditionally in epidemiology, “pandemic” was used when in a relatively short time, there was a widespread geographical distribution of a disease, including some countries and continents4, which contrasts with the moment when the World Health Organization decided to decree it for the COVID-19 pandemic. In this case, the criteria indicated by the classic epidemiological definition were met several days before the pandemic was declared. Even an intermediate step was to declare Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) understood as: “an extraordinary event which ‘constitute[s] a public health risk to other States through international spread of disease and…potentially require[s] a coordinated international response”5. In this way, potential panic was controlled, and the word pandemic was left for circumstances that require the maximum attention of all States, for a joint response, given its very high potential for disease and death.

scholarly journals Covid-19 Sonrası Normalleşme Sürecinde Rekreasyonel Aktivite Kullanımlarının Değişimi ve Kentsel Yeşil Alan Özlemi

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (sp1) ◽  
pp. 8-12
Author(s):  
Sertaç Güngör ◽  
Burcu Öner
Keyword(s):  
World Health ◽  
Recreational Activities ◽  
Psychological Conditions ◽  
First Case ◽  
Epidemic Period ◽  
The World ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Short Time ◽  
Normalization Process

In this study, we examined how the new type of coronavirus (COVID-19), which originated in Vuhan, China, affected the whole world in a short time, affected individuals ‘ recreational activities and how much these activities changed after the normalization process. After the first case was announced in our country on March 10, 2020, many measures were taken, and within the scope of these measures, bans and partial bans occurred. The coronavirus, which has been declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization and has become a deadly virus all over the world, has also directly affected the recreational activities of people. The study, the longing of individuals to green areas during this epidemic period was evaluated by comparing the conditions before and after the normalization process of recreational activities. In addition, the findings obtained in accordance with the survey conducted in the study indicate that the new coronavirus affects both the recreational activities and psychological conditions of people.

scholarly journals Medical And Legal Reasons Of Compulsory PCRTest Implementation in Covid-19 With Ethical Assessment

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Çağatay Üstün ◽  
Gülsün Ayhan Aygörmez ◽  
Seçil Özçiftçi ◽  
Mehmet Korkmaz
Keyword(s):  
World Health ◽  
Polymerase Chain Reaction Test ◽  
Ethical Assessment ◽  
The World ◽  
Reaction Test ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Chain Reaction Test ◽  
Short Time ◽  
Pcr Test

COVID-19 disease, which emerged in December 2019, affected the world in a short time. A pandemic was declared by the World Health Organization (WHO) due to the increasing number of cases approximately 3 months after the first cases appeared. As every country has different strategic applications in the fight against disease, the disease has been dealt with thanks to the necessary interventions and measures since the fact that the facts have been observed in our country. The basis of the measures taken is to reduce the risk of transmission, rapid detection of the infected person and isolation measures. For this reason, PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) test is performed in early diagnosis and definitive diagnosis. However, whether the PCR test is applied to each individual, does not want to have the test performed, demanding another diagnostic method, etc. Situations such as are encountered. In this direction, it was aimed to evaluate the medical and legal justifications of PCR test in terms of ethics.

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