scholarly journals Assessment of the Presence of Hepatitis E Virus in Surface Water and Drinking Water in Portugal

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 761 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Salvador ◽  
Célia Neto ◽  
Maria João Benoliel ◽  
Maria Filomena Caeiro
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Hepatitis E Virus ◽  
Rna Virus ◽  
Hepatitis E ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Contaminated Water ◽  
Cytopathic Effects ◽  
Reverse Transcription Quantitative Pcr ◽  
Drinking Water Samples

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a non-enveloped single-stranded positive-sense RNA virus, belonging to the Hepeviridae family, resistant to environmental conditions, and transmitted by the consumption of contaminated water. This virus is responsible for both sporadic and epidemic outbreaks, leading to thousands of infections per year in several countries, and is thus considered an emerging disease in Europe and Asia. This study refers to a survey in Portugal during 2019, targeting the detection and eventual quantification of enteric viruses in samples from surface and drinking water. Samples positive for HEV RNA were recurrently found by reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR), in both types of matrix. The infectivity of these samples was evaluated in cultured Vero E6 cells and RNA from putative viruses produced in cultures evidencing cytopathic effects and was subjected to RT-qPCR targeting HEV genomic RNA. Our results evidenced the existence of samples positive either for HEV RNA (77.8% in surface water and 66.7% in drinking water) or for infectious HEV (23.0% in surface water and 27.7% in drinking water). These results highlight the need for effective virological control of water for human consumption and activities.

Duplex RT-PCR for simultaneous detection of hepatitis A and hepatitis E virus isolated from drinking water samples

2000 ◽  
Vol 2 (6) ◽  
pp. 587-590 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Jothikumar ◽  
R. Paulmurugan ◽  
P. Padmanabhan ◽  
R. Balathiripura Sundari ◽  
S. Kamatchiammal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Hepatitis E Virus ◽  
Hepatitis A ◽  
Simultaneous Detection ◽  
Hepatitis E ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Drinking Water Samples

Hepatitis E Virus in Surface Water, Sediments, and Pork Products Marketed in Southern Brazil

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 200-205 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. H. Heldt ◽  
R. Staggmeier ◽  
J. S. Gularte ◽  
M. Demoliner ◽  
A. Henzel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Hepatitis E Virus ◽  
Hepatitis E ◽  
Southern Brazil ◽  
Pork Products

SEROPREVALENCE OF HEPATITIS E VIRUS (HEV) INFECTION AMONG PREGNANT WOMEN IN SOUTH INDIA

2021 ◽  
pp. 28-31
Author(s):  
Nivedhitha E ◽  
Selvi R ◽  
Kayalvili KK ◽  
Arul selvan S ◽  
Duraivel M
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Hepatitis E Virus ◽  
South India ◽  
Educational Status ◽  
Hepatitis E ◽  
Elisa Test ◽  
Public Health Issue ◽  
Water Type ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity

Background: Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection poses a major public health issue in countries with poor drinking water supply, inadequate rd sanitation and improper disposal of human excretes. It causes fulminant hepatitis in pregnant women during 3 trimester with a high mortality rate of 20-30%. Aim:The aim of the study was to estimate the seroprevalence of HEVinfection among pregnant women in South India. Materials and methods: Atotal of 200 asymptomatic, pregnant women were included in the study was evaluated using a questionnaire form. 5ml of blood samples were collected from them and serum was separated to detect for the presence of HEV-antibodies and HEV-RNA by ELISA test and RT-PCR test respectively. Results: The prevalence of HEV-antibodies was found to be 11.5%. HEV-RNA was not present in any participants. A very high statistical signicance was seen associated with the risk factors such as educational status, source of drinking water, type of toilet system used, and the habit of hand washing after using toilets (P<0.01). Conclusion: Even though the prevalence of HEV among the pregnant women is low, periodic assessment and screening of the pregnant women should be done. Encouraging the public sector to strictly adhere to the personal hygienic measures will denitely have an impact in the maternal as well as perinatal mortality and morbidity

Waterborne epidemics in Finland in 1998-1999

2001 ◽  
Vol 43 (12) ◽  
pp. 67-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. T. Miettinen ◽  
O. Zacheus ◽  
C-H. von Bonsdorff ◽  
T. Vartiainen
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Water Systems ◽  
Contaminated Water ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Water Plant ◽  
Public Water Systems

Fourteen waterborne epidemics occurred in Finland during 1998-1999. About 7,300 illness cases were registered in these outbreaks. All except one of the waterborne epidemics were associated with undisinfected groundwaters. An equal number of waterborne epidemics occurred in public and private water systems, but most cases of illness occurred in public water systems. The three largest epidemics comprised 6,700 illness cases. Insufficient purification treatment unable to remove Norwalk-like viruses caused the only waterborne epidemic in a surface water plant. The main reasons for groundwater outbreaks were floods and surface runoffs which contaminated water. Norwalk-like viruses caused eight and Campylobacter three of the outbreaks. In two cases the epidemic ceased by the exhaustion of susceptible persons in the exposed community but in most cases it was terminated by changing the water source, boiling the drinking water, and starting chlorination.

scholarly journals Hallmarks of liver lesions in pigs naturally infected by hepatitis E virus genotype 3

2018 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-70
Author(s):  
Alex J.S. de Souza ◽  
Andreza P. Malheiros ◽  
Manoel do C.P. Soares ◽  
Michele S. Gomes-Gouvêa ◽  
João R.R. Pinho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis E Virus ◽  
Hepatitis E ◽  
Molecular Techniques ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Liver Lesions ◽  
Genotype 3 ◽  
Virus Genotype ◽  
Liver Histopathology ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Group 2

ABSTRACT: Histopathological evaluation of liver from 33 pigs slaughtered for human consumption in Amazon region, previously tested by serology and molecular techniques for hepatitis E virus infection (HEV), was analysed in three groups: Group 1, negative for both HEV-RNA and anti-HEV IgG (n=10); Group 2, positive for HEV-RNA (n=13); Group 3, positive for anti-HEV IgG (n=10). Group 2 showed a significant difference among the groups for liver lesions such as lobular activity (P=0.007), periportal interface hepatitis (P=0.004), portal inflammation (P=0.028) hepatitis with lobular, portal and periportal interface activity (P=0.001). HEV detection by immunohistochemistry was performed and 3 of 6 samples of group 2 were positive. Pigs naturally infected by HEV genotype 3 present microscopic necroinflammatory liver lesions similar to HEV in humans. Liver histopathology showed be important in the diagnosis of active asymptomatic HEV infection in pigs slaughtered for human consumption because hepatic liver lesions may present distinct profiles according to molecular and serological diagnosis and in this sense, histopathology and immunohistochemistry may be an important complementary diagnostic tool.

Hepatitis E virus

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
X. J. Meng
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis E Virus ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Rna Virus ◽  
Hepatitis E ◽  
Open Reading Frames ◽  
Industrialized Countries ◽  
Efficient Cell Culture System ◽  
The Family ◽  
Avian Hev ◽  
Animal Strains

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a small, non-enveloped, single-strand, positive-sense RNA virus of approximately 7.2 kb in size. HEV is classified in the family Hepeviridae consisting of four recognized major genotypes that infect humans and other animals. Genotypes 1 and 2 HEV are restricted to humans and often associated with large outbreaks and epidemics in developing countries with poor sanitation conditions, whereas genotypes 3 and 4 HEV infect humans, pigs and other animal species and are responsible for sporadic cases of hepatitis E in both developing and industrialized countries. The avian HEV associated with Hepatitis-Splenomegaly syndrome in chickens is genetically and antigenically related to mammalian HEV, and likely represents a new genus in the family. There exist three open reading frames in HEV genome: ORF1 encodes non-structural proteins, ORF2 encodes the capsid protein, and the ORF3 encodes a small phosphoprotein. ORF2 and ORF3 are translated from a single bicistronic mRNA, and overlap each other but neither overlaps ORF1. Due to the lack of an efficient cell culture system and a practical animal model for HEV, the mechanisms of HEV replication and pathogenesis are poorly understood. The recent identification and characterization of animal strains of HEV from pigs and chickens and the demonstrated ability of cross-species infection by these animal strains raise potential public health concerns for zoonotic HEV transmission. It has been shown that the genotypes 3 and 4 HEV strains from pigs can infect humans, and vice versa. Accumulating evidence indicated that hepatitis E is a zoonotic disease, and swine and perhaps other animal species are reservoirs for HEV. A vaccine against HEV is not yet available.

Distribution of Human Polyoma- viruses, Adenoviruses, and Hepatitis E Virus in the Environment and in a Drinking-Water Treatment Plant†

2006 ◽  
Vol 40 (23) ◽  
pp. 7416-7422 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nestor Albinana-Gimenez ◽  
Pilar Clemente-Casares ◽  
Silvia Bofill-Mas ◽  
Ayalkibet Hundesa ◽  
Ferran Ribas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Hepatitis E Virus ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Drinking Water Treatment ◽  
Water Treatment Plant ◽  
Hepatitis E ◽  
Drinking Water Treatment Plant

scholarly journals Cytoplasmic Localization of the ORF2 Protein of Hepatitis E Virus Is Dependent on Its Ability To Undergo Retrotranslocation from the Endoplasmic Reticulum

2007 ◽  
Vol 81 (7) ◽  
pp. 3339-3345 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milan Surjit ◽  
Shahid Jameel ◽  
Sunil K. Lal
Keyword(s):  
Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Hepatitis E Virus ◽  
Major Capsid Protein ◽  
Rna Virus ◽  
Hepatitis E ◽  
26S Proteasome ◽  
Orf2 Protein ◽  
Surface Localization ◽  
Positive Strand Rna Virus ◽  
Positive Strand Rna

ABSTRACT Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a positive-strand RNA virus that is prevalent in much of the developing world. ORF2 is the major capsid protein of HEV. Although ORF2 is an N-linked glycoprotein, it is abundantly located in the cytoplasm in addition to having membrane and surface localization. The mechanism by which ORF2 protein obtains access to the cytoplasm is unknown. In this report, we prove that initially all ORF2 protein is present in the endoplasmic reticulum and a fraction of it becomes retrotranslocated to the cytoplasm. The ability of ORF2 to be retrotranslocated is dependent on its glycosylation status and follows the canonical dislocation pathway. However, in contrast to general substrates of the dislocation pathway, retrotranslocated ORF2 protein is not a substrate of the 26S proteasome complex and is readily detectable in the cytoplasm in the absence of any protease inhibitor, suggesting that the retrotranslocated protein is stable in the cytoplasm. This study thus defines the pathway by which ORF2 obtains access to the cytoplasm.

scholarly journals Activation of CXCL-8 Transcription by Hepatitis E Virus ORF-1 via AP-1

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhubing Li ◽  
Lu Chen ◽  
Qiang Liu
Keyword(s):  
Transcriptional Activation ◽  
Promoter Activity ◽  
Hepatitis E Virus ◽  
Rna Virus ◽  
Ectopic Expression ◽  
Hepatitis E ◽  
Genomic Rna ◽  
Host Interactions ◽  
Positive Sense ◽  
Binding Sequence

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a small nonenveloped single-stranded positive-sense RNA virus and is one of the major causes for acute hepatitis worldwide. CXCL-8 is a small multifunctional proinflammatory chemokine. It was reported recently that HEV infection significantly upregulates CXCL-8 gene expression. In this study, we investigated the mechanism of HEV-induced CXCL-8 transcriptional activation. Using CXCL-8 promoter reporters of different lengths ranging from −1400 to −173, we showed that −173 promoter has the highest promoter activity in the presence of HEV genomic RNA, indicating that the −173 promoter contains sequences responsible for CXCL-8 activation by HEV. Ectopic expression of the ORF-1 protein can upregulate the −173 CXCL-8 promoter activity. In contrast, expression of the ORF-2 protein suppresses the CXCL-8 promoter activity and expression of the ORF-3 protein has no effect on the CXCL-8 promoter activity. We further showed that AP-1 is required for CXCL-8 activation because neither HEV genomic RNA nor the ORF-1 protein can upregulate the −173 CXCL-8 promoter in the absence of the AP-1 binding sequence. Taken together, our results showed that HEV and HEV ORF-1 protein activate the CXCL-8 promoter via AP-1. This novel function of HEV ORF-1 protein should contribute to our understanding of HEV-host interactions and HEV-associated pathogenesis.

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