scholarly journals Host-Microbiota Interactions in Ileum and Caecum of Pigs Divergent in Feed Efficiency Contribute to Nutrient Utilization

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 563 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henry Reyer ◽  
Michael Oster ◽  
Ursula M. McCormack ◽  
Eduard Muráni ◽  
Gillian E. Gardiner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Nutrient Utilization ◽  
Gut Health ◽  
Differential Abundance ◽  
Microbial Profile ◽  
Microbial Ecosystems ◽  
Dietary Components ◽  
Hind Gut ◽  
Effective Use

The composition of the intestinal microbiota plays an important role in the digestion and utilization of nutrients and for gut health. Low-fiber diets stimulate digestion and absorption processes, predominantly in the upper region of the gastrointestinal tract, thereby increasing the conversion of feed into body weight. As a consequence, the chemical composition of digesta after duodenal and jejunal absorption processes and passage has a limited complexity affecting colonization and molecular profiles of enterocytes in the hind gut. To decipher ileal and caecal microbial ecosystems and host transcriptional profiles that are beneficial for effective use of the remaining nutrients, pigs differing in feeding efficiency were studied. Biological functions that were consistently enriched at both the gene and microbiota levels comprise immunity-related processes, which ensure the integrity of the gastrointestinal tract. In addition, the differential abundance of certain genera, including Rothia, Subdoligranulu, Leeia and Cellulosilyticum, reflects the establishment of a microbial profile that supports the digestion of endogenously indigestible dietary components in highly feed-efficient pigs. Overall, the results indicate the potential to promote these beneficial functions and further improve feed efficiency through manipulation of dietary and probiotic strategies.

scholarly journals CaptureSeq: Hybridization-Based Enrichment of cpn60 Gene Fragments Reveals the Community Structures of Synthetic and Natural Microbial Ecosystems

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 816
Author(s):  
Matthew G. Links ◽  
Tim J. Dumonceaux ◽  
E. Luke McCarthy ◽  
Sean M. Hemmingsen ◽  
Edward Topp ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Community ◽  
Microbial Communities ◽  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Pcr Amplification ◽  
Shotgun Sequencing ◽  
Natural Ecosystems ◽  
Gene Markers ◽  
Microbial Profile ◽  
Microbial Ecosystems ◽  
Pcr Targeting

Background. The molecular profiling of complex microbial communities has become the basis for examining the relationship between the microbiome composition, structure and metabolic functions of those communities. Microbial community structure can be partially assessed with “universal” PCR targeting taxonomic or functional gene markers. Increasingly, shotgun metagenomic DNA sequencing is providing more quantitative insight into microbiomes. However, both amplicon-based and shotgun sequencing approaches have shortcomings that limit the ability to study microbiome dynamics. Methods. We present a novel, amplicon-free, hybridization-based method (CaptureSeq) for profiling complex microbial communities using probes based on the chaperonin-60 gene. Molecular profiles of a commercially available synthetic microbial community standard were compared using CaptureSeq, whole metagenome sequencing, and 16S universal target amplification. Profiles were also generated for natural ecosystems including antibiotic-amended soils, manure storage tanks, and an agricultural reservoir. Results. The CaptureSeq method generated a microbial profile that encompassed all of the bacteria and eukaryotes in the panel with greater reproducibility and more accurate representation of high G/C content microorganisms compared to 16S amplification. In the natural ecosystems, CaptureSeq provided a much greater depth of coverage and sensitivity of detection compared to shotgun sequencing without prior selection. The resulting community profiles provided quantitatively reliable information about all three domains of life (Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya) in the different ecosystems. The applications of CaptureSeq will facilitate accurate studies of host-microbiome interactions for environmental, crop, animal and human health. Conclusions: cpn60-based hybridization enriched for taxonomically informative DNA sequences from complex mixtures. In synthetic and natural microbial ecosystems, CaptureSeq provided sequences from prokaryotes and eukaryotes simultaneously, with quantitatively reliable read abundances. CaptureSeq provides an alternative to PCR amplification of taxonomic markers with deep community coverage while minimizing amplification biases.

scholarly journals A Crosstalk between Diet, Microbiome and microRNA in Epigenetic Regulation of Colorectal Cancer

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 2428
Author(s):  
Małgorzata Guz ◽  
Witold Jeleniewicz ◽  
Anna Malm ◽  
Izabela Korona-Glowniak
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Disease States ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Dietary Components ◽  
Non Coding Rnas

A still growing interest between human nutrition in relation to health and disease states can be observed. Dietary components shape the composition of microbiota colonizing our gastrointestinal tract which play a vital role in maintaining human health. There is a strong evidence that diet, gut microbiota and their metabolites significantly influence our epigenome, particularly through the modulation of microRNAs. These group of small non-coding RNAs maintain cellular homeostasis, however any changes leading to impaired expression of miRNAs contribute to the development of different pathologies, including neoplastic diseases. Imbalance of intestinal microbiota due to diet is primary associated with the development of colorectal cancer as well as other types of cancers. In the present work we summarize current knowledge with particular emphasis on diet-microbiota-miRNAs axis and its relation to the development of colorectal cancer.

scholarly journals Changes and Effects of Dietary Oxidized Lipids in the Gastrointestinal Tract

2008 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. LPI.S904 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Márquez-Ruiz ◽  
M.C. García-Martínez ◽  
F. Holgado
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Enzymatic Hydrolysis ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Cholesterol Absorption ◽  
Oxidized Lipids ◽  
Antioxidative Effects ◽  
Dietary Components ◽  
Enzymatic Lipolysis ◽  
Epoxy Groups

This paper is focused on the present state-of-the art of modifications and effects of dietary oxidized lipids during their transit along the gastrointestinal tract. A survey of the literature reporting changes and effects of oxidized lipids before absorption, first in the stomach and then during enzymatic lipolysis in the small intestine, are addressed. Also, the fate of non-absorbed compounds and their potential implications at the colorectal level are discussed. Among the results found, it is shown that acidic gastric conditions and the influence of other dietary components may lead to either further oxidation or antioxidative effects in the stomach. Also, changes in oxidized functions, especially of hydroperoxy and epoxy groups, seem likely to occur. Enzymatic hydrolysis by pancreatic lipase is not effective for triacylglycerol polymers, and hence they can be found as non-absorbed oxidized lipids in the large intestine. Interactions of oxidized lipids with cholesterol absorption in the small intestine and with microflora metabolism have been also observed.

scholarly journals The impact of feed efficiency selection on the ruminal, cecal, and fecal microbiomes of Angus steers from a commercial feedlot

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Christina B Welch ◽  
Jeferson M Lourenco ◽  
Dylan B Davis ◽  
Taylor R Krause ◽  
Mia N Carmichael ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Bacterial Population ◽  
Diversity Index ◽  
16S Rrna Gene Sequencing ◽  
Nutrient Utilization ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Feedlot Steers ◽  
Taxonomic Profile ◽  
Bacterial Richness ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Feed is the greatest cost of animal production, so reducing it is critical to increase producer profits. In ruminants, the microbial population within the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) is critical to nutrient digestion and absorption in both the rumen and the hindgut. The objective of this study was to determine the bacterial taxonomic profile of the rumen, cecum, and feces of feedlot steers at slaughter in order to link feed efficiency and the GIT bacterial populations from these three locations. Twenty commercial Angus steers were selected and divided into two groups according to their residual feed intake (RFI) classification determined during the feedlot-finishing period: high-RFI (n = 10) and low-RFI (n = 10). After the ruminal, cecal, and fecal samples were collected at slaughter, DNA extraction and 16S rRNA gene sequencing were performed on them to determine their bacterial composition. One-way ANOVA was performed on the animal performance data, alpha diversities, and bacterial abundances using RFI classification as the fixed effect. Overall, the ruminal bacterial population was the most different in terms of taxonomic profile compared with the cecal and fecal populations as revealed by beta diversity analysis (P < 0.001). Moreover, bacterial richness (Chao1) was greatest (P = 0.01) in the rumen of the high-RFI group compared with the low-RFI group. In contrast, bacterial richness and diversity in the intestinal environment showed that Chao1 was greater (P = 0.01) in the cecum, and the Shannon diversity index was greater in both the cecum and feces of low-RFI compared with high-RFI steers (P = 0.01 and P < 0.001, respectively). Ruminococcaceae was more abundant in the low-RFI group in the cecum and feces (P = 0.01); fecal Bifidobacteriaceae was more abundant in high-RFI steers (P = 0.03). No correlations (P ≥ 0.13) between any ruminal bacterial family and RFI were detected; however, Ruminococcaceae, Mogibacteriaceae, Christensenellaceae, and BS11 were negatively correlated with RFI (P < 0.05) in the cecum and feces. Succinivibrionaceae in the cecum was positively correlated with RFI (P = 0.05), and fecal Bifidobacteriaceae was positively correlated with RFI (P = 0.03). Results collectively indicate that in addition to the ruminal bacteria, the lower gut bacterial population has a significant impact on feed efficiency and nutrient utilization in feedlot steers; therefore, the intestinal bacteria should also be considered when examining the basis of ruminant feed efficiency.

scholarly journals Growth performance and gut health of Escherichia coli-challenged weaned pigs fed diets supplemented with a Bacillus subtilis direct-fed microbial

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sangwoo Park ◽  
Jung Wook Lee ◽  
Kevin Jerez Bogota ◽  
David Francis ◽  
Jolie Caroline González-Vega ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Bacillus Subtilis ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Feed Additives ◽  
Growth Promoter ◽  
Gut Health ◽  
Weaned Pigs ◽  
E Coli

Abstract This study was conducted to investigate the effects of a direct-fed microbial (DFM) product (Bacillus subtilis strain DSM 32540) in weaned pigs challenged with K88 strain of Escherichia coli on growth performance and indicators of gut health. A total of 21 weaned pigs [initial body weight (BW) = 8.19 kg] were housed individually in pens and fed three diets (seven replicates per diet) for 21 d in a completely randomized design. The three diets were a corn-soybean meal-based basal diet without feed additives, a basal diet with 0.25% antibiotics (neo-Oxy 10-10; neomycin + oxytetracycline), or a basal diet with 0.05% DFM. All pigs were orally challenged with a subclinical dose (6.7 × 108 CFU/mL) of K88 strain of E. coli on day 3 of the study (3 d after weaning). Feed intake and BW data were collected on days 0, 3, 7, 14, and 21. Fecal scores were recorded daily. On day 21, pigs were sacrificed to determine various indicators of gut health. Supplementation of the basal diet with antibiotics or DFM did not affect the overall (days 0–21) growth performance of pigs. However, antibiotics or DFM supplementation increased (P = 0.010) gain:feed (G:F) of pigs during the post-E. coli challenge period (days 3–21) by 23% and 24%, respectively. The G:F for the DFM-supplemented diet did not differ from that for the antibiotics-supplemented diet. The frequency of diarrhea for pigs fed a diet with antibiotics or DFM tended to be lower (P = 0.071) than that of pigs fed the basal diet. The jejunal villous height (VH) and the VH to crypt depth ratio (VH:CD) were increased (P < 0.001) by 33% and 35%, respectively, due to the inclusion of antibiotics in the basal diet and by 43% and 41%, respectively due to the inclusion of DFM in the basal diet. The VH and VH:CD for the DFM-supplemented diet were greater (P < 0.05) than those for the antibiotics-supplemented diet. Ileal VH was increased (P < 0.05) by 46% due to the inclusion of DFM in the basal diet. The empty weight of small intestine, cecum, or colon relative to live BW was unaffected by dietary antibiotics or DFM supplementation. In conclusion, the addition of DFM to the basal diet improved the feed efficiency of E. coli-challenged weaned pigs to a value similar to that of the antibiotics-supplemented diet and increased jejunal VH and VH:CD ratio to values greater than those for the antibiotics-supplemented diet. Thus, under E. coli challenge, the test DFM product may replace the use of antibiotics as a growth promoter in diets for weaned pigs to improve feed efficiency and gut integrity.

scholarly journals Using probiotics to improve swine gut health and nutrient utilization

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 331-343 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shengfa F. Liao ◽  
Martin Nyachoti
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Utilization ◽  
Gut Health

Review: Anti-nutritional effects of phytic acid in diets for pigs and poultry – current knowledge and directions for future research

2013 ◽  
Vol 93 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. A. Woyengo ◽  
C. M. Nyachoti
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Phytic Acid ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Nutrient Utilization ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Nutrient Losses ◽  
Dietary Nutrients ◽  
Nutritional Effects ◽  
Insight Into

Woyengo, T. A. and Nyachoti, C. M. 2013. Review: Anti-nutritional effects of phytic acid in diets for pigs and poultry – current knowledge and directions for future research. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 93: 9–21. Plant feedstuffs contain phytic acid (PA), which is a storage form of phosphorus. Phytic acid is, however, poorly hydrolyzed by pigs and poultry, and it has a capacity to complex dietary nutrients, thereby reducing nutrient digestibility. Reduced nutrient digestibility by PA implies reduced efficiency of utilization of the nutrients and increased discharge of the unabsorbed nutrients to the environment. Phytic acid has also recently been shown to increase the endogenous nutrient losses (ENL) in pigs and poultry. Because the increased ENL in the gastrointestinal tract are associated with increased maintenance requirement for the lost nutrients and of energy spent on their secretion, an increase in ENL due to PA implies that there are other adverse effects of PA on nutrient utilization in addition to reducing nutrient digestibility. In this review, the effects of PA on performance of pigs and poultry, and on the digestibility and ENL in these animals are discussed in detail. Also, the mechanisms by which PA reduces nutrient digestibility and increases gastrointestinal ENL in pigs and poultry are discussed, and areas that need further research to gain more insight into these mechanisms are suggested.

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