scholarly journals Effect of Supplemental Protease on Growth Performance and Excreta Microbiome of Broiler Chicks

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 475
Author(s):  
Jeferson M. Lourenco ◽  
S. Claire Nunn ◽  
Eliza. J. Lee ◽  
C. Robert Dove ◽  
Todd R. Callaway ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
16S Rrna Gene Sequencing ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Protein Diet ◽  
Low Protein Diet ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Broiler Chicks ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Rrna Gene Sequencing

One-day-old chicks were assigned one of four dietary treatments in a 2 × 2 factorial design in which the main effects were diet (adequate vs. low protein) and the addition of protease (0 vs. 200 g/1000 kg of feed). Chick performance (days 0–14) was recorded and their excreta were analyzed for short chain fatty acids, ammonia, and composition of the microbiota using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Birds fed the low protein diet had lower body weight gain and poorer overall feed conversion ratio (FCR) (p ≤ 0.04); however, these parameters were not affected by the inclusion of protease (p ≥ 0.27). Protease inclusion did not affect any particular bacterial genus in the excreta, but it increased the total number of observed OTUs (p = 0.04) and Faith’s phylogenetic diversity (p = 0.05). Abundance of Proteus and Acinetobacter were lower in the excreta of chicks fed the low protein diet (p = 0.01). Abundance of Bacteroides was associated with poorer FCR, while Proteus was associated with improved FCR (p ≤ 0.009). Although diet had a stronger impact than protease on chick performance, both diet and protease yielded some changes in the intestinal microbiotas of the birds.

scholarly journals The influences of low protein diet on the intestinal microbiota of mice

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroaki Masuoka ◽  
Wataru Suda ◽  
Eriko Tomitsuka ◽  
Chie Shindo ◽  
Lena Takayasu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Diet Group ◽  
Protein Deficiency ◽  
Protein Diet ◽  
Low Protein Diet ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Deficiency Symptoms ◽  
Low Protein

Abstract Recent research suggests that protein deficiency symptoms are influenced by the intestinal microbiota. We investigated the influence of low protein diet on composition of the intestinal microbiota through animal experiments. Specific pathogen-free (SPF) mice were fed one of four diets (3, 6, 9, or 12% protein) for 4 weeks (n = 5 per diet). Mice fed the 3% protein diet showed protein deficiency symptoms such as weight loss and low level of blood urea nitrogen concentration in their serum. The intestinal microbiota of mice in the 3% and 12% protein diet groups at day 0, 7, 14, 21 and 28 were investigated by 16S rRNA gene sequencing, which revealed differences in the microbiota. In the 3% protein diet group, a greater abundance of urease producing bacterial species was detected across the duration of the study. In the 12% diet protein group, increases of abundance of Streptococcaceae and Clostridiales families was detected. These results suggest that protein deficiency may be associated with shifts in intestinal microbiota.

scholarly journals Starch-Rich Diet Induced Rumen Acidosis and Hindgut Dysbiosis in Dairy Cows of Different Lactations

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 1727
Author(s):  
Viktoria Neubauer ◽  
Renee M. Petri ◽  
Elke Humer ◽  
Iris Kröger ◽  
Nicole Reisinger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
16S Rrna Gene Sequencing ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Ruminal Ph ◽  
Rumen Acidosis ◽  
Rrna Gene Sequencing ◽  
Fecal Ph

Starch-rich diets can cause subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) in dairy cows with potentially different susceptibility according to lactation number. We wanted to evaluate the bacterial community and the fermentation end products in feces to study susceptibility to hindgut acidosis and dysbiosis. Sixteen dairy cows received a medium-concentrate diet (MC, 40% concentrate, 18.8% starch) for one week and a high-concentrate diet (HC, 60% concentrate, 27.7% starch, DM) for four weeks. Milk yield, dry-matter intake, chewing activity, ruminal pH, milk constituents, and fecal samples for short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), pH, and 16S rRNA-gene sequencing were investigated. The HC feeding caused a reduction in fecal pH, bacterial diversity and richness, an increase in total SCFA, and a separate phylogenetic clustering of MC and HC samples. Ruminal and fecal pH had fair correlation (r = 0.5). Cows in the second lactation (2ndL) had lower dry matter intake (DMI) than cows of third or fourth or more lactations (3rdL; ≥4 L), whereas DMI/kg body weight was lower for ≥4 L than for 2ndL and 3rdL cows. The mean ruminal pH was highest in ≥4 L, whereas the time spent below the SARA threshold was highest for 3rdL cows. The latter also had higher total SCFA in the feces. Our results suggest that hindgut dysbiosis is caused by increased substrate flow to the hindgut, but further investigations are needed to define hindgut acidosis. The 3rdL cows were most susceptible to rumen acidosis and hindgut dysbiosis due to high DMI level, but missing counter regulations, as suggested happening in 2ndL and ≥4 L cows.

scholarly journals The Nutritional Supplement L-Alpha Glycerylphosphorylcholine Promotes Atherosclerosis

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (24) ◽  
pp. 13477
Author(s):  
Zeneng Wang ◽  
Jennie Hazen ◽  
Xun Jia ◽  
Elin Org ◽  
Yongzhong Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
16S Rrna Gene Sequencing ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Nutritional Supplement ◽  
Mapk Signaling ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Human Coronary Artery ◽  
Atherosclerosis Progression ◽  
Rrna Gene Sequencing ◽  
Gut Microbial Community ◽  
Mapk Signaling Pathways

L-alpha glycerylphosphorylcholine (GPC), a nutritional supplement, has been demonstrated to improve neurological function. However, a new study suggests that GPC supplementation increases incident stroke risk thus its potential adverse effects warrant further investigation. Here we show that GPC promotes atherosclerosis in hyperlipidemic Apoe−/− mice. GPC can be metabolized to trimethylamine N-oxide, a pro-atherogenic agent, suggesting a potential molecular mechanism underlying the observed atherosclerosis progression. GPC supplementation shifted the gut microbial community structure, characterized by increased abundance of Parabacteroides, Ruminococcus, and Bacteroides and decreased abundance of Akkermansia, Lactobacillus, and Roseburia, as determined by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. These data are consistent with a reduction in fecal and cecal short chain fatty acids in GPC-fed mice. Additionally, we found that GPC supplementation led to an increased relative abundance of choline trimethylamine lyase (cutC)-encoding bacteria via qPCR. Interrogation of host inflammatory signaling showed that GPC supplementation increased expression of the proinflammatory effectors CXCL13 and TIMP-1 and activated NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways in human coronary artery endothelial cells. Finally, targeted and untargeted metabolomic analysis of murine plasma revealed additional metabolites associated with GPC supplementation and atherosclerosis. In summary, our results show GPC promotes atherosclerosis through multiple mechanisms and that caution should be applied when using GPC as a nutritional supplement.

scholarly journals Isolation and characterization of Bacillus spp. strains as potential probiotics for poultry

2019 ◽  
Vol 65 (10) ◽  
pp. 762-774 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alejandro Penaloza-Vazquez ◽  
Li Maria Ma ◽  
Patricia Rayas-Duarte
Keyword(s):  
16S Rrna Gene Sequencing ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
Bacillus Species ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Broiler Chicks ◽  
Long Term Stability ◽  
Isolation And Characterization ◽  
Sporulation Efficiency ◽  
Bacillus Spp ◽  
Rrna Gene Sequencing

Probiotics have become one of the potential solutions to global restriction on antibiotic use in food animal production. Bacillus species have been attractive probiotics partially due to their long-term stability during storage. In this study, 200 endospore-forming bacteria isolates were recovered from sourdough and the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of young broiler chicks. Based on the production of a series of exoenzymes and survivability under stress conditions similar to those in the poultry GIT, 42 isolates were selected and identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Seven strains with a profile of high enzymatic activities were further evaluated for sporulation efficiency, biofilm formation, compatibility among themselves (Bacillus spp.), and antagonistic effects against three bacteria pathogenic to poultry and humans: Enterococcus cecorum, Salmonella enterica, and Shiga-toxin-producing Escherichia coli. The strains from sourdough were identified as Bacillus amyloliquefaciens whereas the ones from the chicks’ GIT were Bacillus subtilis. These strains demonstrated remarkable potential as probiotics for poultry.

scholarly journals Microbial Community and Short-Chain Fatty Acid Mapping in the Intestinal Tract of Quail

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 1006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xizhong Du ◽  
Yun Xiang ◽  
Fangfang Lou ◽  
Pingguang Tu ◽  
Xiaojun Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intestinal Tract ◽  
16S Rrna Gene Sequencing ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Short Chain ◽  
Meat Production ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Population Sizes ◽  
Rrna Gene Sequencing ◽  
Almost All

Quail is raised throughout China for egg and meat production. To deeply understand the gastrointestinal microbial composition and metabolites of quail, the present study characterized the microbiota inhabiting five intestinal locations of eight-week-old quail using 16S rRNA gene sequencing and qPCR, and evaluated the concentrations of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in each individual location using gas chromatography. The results showed that Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Deferribacteres were the five most abundant phyla in the intestinal tract of quail. Firmicutes was largely dominant (>95%) in the small intestine, whereas Bacteroidetes increased significantly in the cecum (19.19%) and colorectum (8.09%). At the genus level, Lactobacillus was predominant in almost all sections (>50%) except in the cecum (7.26%), where Megamonas, Faecalibacterium, and Bacteroides were dominant. qPCR data indicated that the population sizes of both the total bacteria and proportions of the Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Bacteroides group increased going from the proximal toward the distal end of the intestine in quail. The SCFA-producing bacterial genera Bacteroides, Faecalibacterium, Alistipes, Blautia, Parabacteroides, and Clostridium were of higher richness in the cecum and colorectum, where, accordingly, more SCFAs were produced. These findings will be helpful for the future study of quail microbiology, as well as its relationship with productive performance and health.

scholarly journals Somatomedin-C and zinc status in rats as affected by Zn, protein and food intake

1986 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 163-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zafrallah T. Cossack
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Optimal Level ◽  
Protein Diet ◽  
Low Protein Diet ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Somatomedin C ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Adequate Food

1. The objective of the present experiment was to study the level of plasma somatomedin-C (SM-C) and the status of zinc in rats as affected by three levels of Zn given in combinations with two levels of protein.2. Six groups of rats were fed, for 21 d, on six different diets based on combinations of two levels of dietary protein (low protein, 75 g/kg; high protein, 200 g/kg) and three levels of zinc (low Zn, 0.9 pglkg; moderate Zn, 55 pg/kg; high Zn, 110 pglkg). All groups were pair-fed with the group receiving the low-Zn-low-protein diet. An additional group of six rats served as an ad lib.-fed control group and was fed on a diet that contained 55 pg Zn/kg and 200 g protein/kg ad lib.3. Body-weight gain and food intake were recorded daily. Rats were killed at the end of the experimental period (21 d). Zn was assayed in plasma, tibia and liver by atomic absorption technique. Plasma SM-C was assayed by radioimmunoassay.4. In rats given the low-Zn-low-protein diet, the level of plasma SM-C increased in response to the increase in the amount of Zn or Zn and protein in the diet. However, no change was observed when the level of protein alone was increased.5. Among all groups tested, adlib.-fed rats showed the highest level of plasma SM-C. Thus it may be concluded that a balanced diet combined with adequate food intake is necessary to maintain an optimal level of plasma SM-C.

scholarly journals Bacillus asahii sp. nov., a novel bacterium isolated from soil with the ability to deodorize the bad smell generated from short-chain fatty acids

2004 ◽  
Vol 54 (6) ◽  
pp. 1997-2001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isao Yumoto ◽  
Kikue Hirota ◽  
Shingo Yamaga ◽  
Yoshinobu Nodasaka ◽  
Tsuneshirou Kawasaki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
16S Rrna ◽  
16S Rrna Gene ◽  
Gene Sequencing ◽  
16S Rrna Gene Sequencing ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Fatty Acids Profile ◽  
Rrna Gene Sequencing ◽  
Chain Fatty Acids

In a screening campaign to isolate strains with the ability to remove the bad smell associated with animal faeces, strain MA001T was isolated from a soil sample obtained from Shizuoka prefecture, Japan. The isolate grew at pH 6–9 but not at pH 10. Cells were Gram-positive, straight rods with peritrichous flagella and produced ellipsoidal spores. The isolate was positive for catalase and oxidase tests but negative for indole production, deamination of phenylalanine and H2S production. The isolate did not produce acid from any carbohydrates tested and could not grow in more than 2 % NaCl. The DNA G+C content was 39·4 mol%. The cellular fatty acids profile consisted of significant amount of C15 branched-chain fatty acids, iso-C15 : 0 and anteiso-C15 : 0. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing indicated that strain MA001T was closely related to Bacillus simplex and Bacillus psychrosaccharolyticus. DNA–DNA hybridization revealed a low relatedness of the isolate to several phylogenetically close neighbours (less than 9 %). On the basis of the phenotypic characteristics observed, phylogenetic data based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing and DNA–DNA relatedness data, it is concluded that the isolate should be classified as representing a novel species, for which the name Bacillus asahii is proposed. The type strain is MA001T (=JCM 12112T=NCIMB 13969T).

scholarly journals Identification of a Candidate Starch Utilizing Strain of Prevotella albensis from Bovine Rumen

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 2005
Author(s):  
Venkata Vinay Kumar Bandarupalli ◽  
Benoit St-Pierre
Keyword(s):  
De Novo ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
16S Rrna Gene Sequencing ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Metagenomic Data ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Bovine Rumen ◽  
Ruminal Acidosis ◽  
Rrna Gene Sequencing

The inclusion of starch-rich feedstuffs, a common practice in intensive ruminant livestock production systems, can result in ruminal acidosis, a condition that can severely impact animal performance and health. One of the main causes of acidosis is the rapid accumulation of ruminal short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) resulting from the microbial digestion of starch. A greater understanding of ruminal bacterial amylolytic activities is therefore critical to improving mitigation of acidosis. To this end, our manuscript reports the identification of a candidate starch utilizer (OTU SD_Bt-00010) using batch culturing of bovine rumen fluid supplemented with starch. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing and metagenomics analysis, SD_Bt-00010 is predicted to be a currently uncharacterized strain of Prevotella albensis. Annotation of de novo assembled contigs from metagenomic data not only identified sequences encoding for α-amylase enzymes, but also revealed the potential to metabolize xylan as an alternative substrate. Metagenomics also predicted that SCFA end products for SD_Bt-00010 would be acetate and formate, and further suggested that this candidate strain may be a lactate utilizer. Together, these results indicate that SD_Bt-00010 is an amylolytic symbiont with beneficial attributes for its ruminant host.

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