scholarly journals Distribution of Phototrophic Purple Nonsulfur Bacteria in Massive Blooms in Coastal and Wastewater Ditch Environments

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 150
Author(s):  
Akira Hiraishi ◽  
Nobuyoshi Nagao ◽  
Chinatsu Yonekawa ◽  
So Umekage ◽  
Yo Kikuchi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Microbial Mats ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Limited Range ◽  
Purple Sulfur Bacteria ◽  
Natural Ecosystem ◽  
Purple Nonsulfur Bacteria ◽  
Massive Growth ◽  
Pufm Gene

The biodiversity of phototrophic purple nonsulfur bacteria (PNSB) in comparison with purple sulfur bacteria (PSB) in colored blooms and microbial mats that developed in coastal mudflats and pools and wastewater ditches was investigated. For this, a combination of photopigment and quinone profiling, pufM gene-targeted quantitative PCR, and pufM gene clone library analysis was used in addition to conventional microscopic and cultivation methods. Red and pink blooms in the coastal environments contained PSB as the major populations, and smaller but significant densities of PNSB, with members of Rhodovulum predominating. On the other hand, red-pink blooms and mats in the wastewater ditches exclusively yielded PNSB, with Rhodobacter, Rhodopseudomonas, and/or Pararhodospirillum as the major constituents. The important environmental factors affecting PNSB populations were organic matter and sulfide concentrations and oxidation–reduction potential (ORP). Namely, light-exposed, sulfide-deficient water bodies with high-strength organic matter and in a limited range of ORP provide favorable conditions for the massive growth of PNSB over co-existing PSB. We also report high-quality genome sequences of Rhodovulum sp. strain MB263, previously isolated from a pink mudflat, and Rhodovulum sulfidophilum DSM 1374T, which would enhance our understanding of how PNSB respond to various environmental factors in the natural ecosystem.

Poultry Manure as a Fertilizer

EDIS ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael A. Davis ◽  
Doug R. Sloan ◽  
Gerald Kidder ◽  
R. D. Jacobs
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Nitrogen Content ◽  
Soil Amendment ◽  
Poultry Manure ◽  
Nutrient Retention ◽  
High Nitrogen Content ◽  
High Nitrogen ◽  
Animal Science ◽  
Fact Sheet

Animal manures have been used as natural crop fertilizers for centuries. Because of poultry manure’s high nitrogen content, it has long been recognized as one of the most desirable manures. Besides fertilizing crops, manures also supply other essential plant nutrients and serve as a soil amendment by adding organic matter, which helps improve the soil’s moisture and nutrient retention. Organic matter persistence will vary with temperature, drainage, rainfall, and other environmental factors. This 2-page fact sheet was written by Michael A. Davis, D.R. Sloan, Gerald Kidder, and R.D. Jacobs, and published by the UF Department of Animal Science, November 2013. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/aa205

Influence of Environmental Factors on Pesticide Adsorption by Black Carbon: pH and Model Dissolved Organic Matter

2009 ◽  
Vol 43 (13) ◽  
pp. 4973-4978 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuping Qiu ◽  
Xiaoyu Xiao ◽  
Haiyan Cheng ◽  
Zunlong Zhou ◽  
G. Daniel Sheng
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Dissolved Organic Matter ◽  
Black Carbon ◽  
Pesticide Adsorption

Accumulation of Mercury by Plankton and Benthic Invertebrates in Riverine Lakes of Northern Manitoba (Canada): Importance of Regionally and Seasonally Varying Environmental Factors

1988 ◽  
Vol 45 (10) ◽  
pp. 1744-1757 ◽  
Author(s):  
Togwell A. Jackson
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Benthic Invertebrates ◽  
Spring Flood ◽  
Chironomid Larvae ◽  
Decomposition Of Organic Matter ◽  
Preferential Uptake ◽  
Predominant Effect ◽  
Benthic Animals ◽  
Hg Accumulation

Mercury (Hg) concentrations in plankton and benthic invertebrates from riverine lakes of northern Manitoba were generally found to be unrelated, or inversely related, to inorganic and methyl mercury levels and Hg methylation rates in their habitats but were strongly dependent on environmental factors. The relationships suggest that the uptake of Hg by these organisms was controlled largely by suspended and sedimentary Hg-binding substances such as FeOOH, MnOOH, organic matter, sulfides, and clay. The sole exception was midsummer phytoplankton, whose Hg content was a function of Hg levels in local sediments, probably because interference by suspended detritus was minimal; during the spring flood, such interference had a predominant effect. Aeration of lake water by fluvial currents probably enhances the availability of Hg to plankton by promoting decomposition of organic matter and sulfides but decreases the availability of Hg to some benthic animals by causing MnOOH precipitation. FeOOH apparently limits Hg uptake by chironomid larvae but MnOOH limits Hg uptake by oligochaetes, nematodes, and pelecypods, suggesting preferential uptake of certain forms of Hg by particular biological and mineral species. Decreases in temperature may also retard Hg uptake by benthos. Biodilution has no significant effect on Hg accumulation by benthos or plankton.

scholarly journals Does natural selection organize ecosystems for the maintenance of high productivity and diversity?

2002 ◽  
Vol 357 (1421) ◽  
pp. 709-718 ◽  
Author(s):  
Egbert Giles Leigh ◽  
Geerat Jacobus Vermeij
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Natural Selection ◽  
Natural Ecosystem ◽  
Natural Ecosystems ◽  
Human Disturbances ◽  
Natural Soils ◽  
High Productivity ◽  
Biotic Crisis ◽  
High Production ◽  
Ways Of Life

Three types of evidence suggest that natural ecosystems are organized for high productivity and diversity: (i) changes not previously experienced by a natural ecosystem, such as novel human disturbances, tend to diminish its productivity and/or diversity, just as ‘random’ changes in a machine designed for a function usually impair its execution of that function; (ii) humans strive to recreate properties of natural ecosystems to enhance productivity of artificial ones, as farmers try to recreate properties of natural soils in their fields; and (iii) productivity and diversity have increased during the Earth's history as a whole, and after every major biotic crisis. Natural selection results in ecosystems organized to maintain high productivity of organic matter and diversity of species, just as competition among individuals in Adam Smith's ideal economy favours high production of wealth and diversity of occupations. In nature, poorly exploited energy attracts more efficient users. This circumstance favours the opening of new ways of life and more efficient recycling of resources, and eliminates most productivity–reducing ‘ecological monopolies’. Ecological dominants tend to be replaced by successors with higher metabolism, which respond to more stimuli and engage in more varied interactions. Finally, increasingly efficient predators and herbivores favour faster turnover of resources.

scholarly journals VARIABILIDADE ESPACIAL DO FLUXO DE CO2 DO SOLO EM POVOAMENTO DE EUCALIPTO

FLORESTA ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandre Fonseca D’Andréa ◽  
Marx Leandro Naves Silva ◽  
Diego Antonio França de Freitas ◽  
Nilton Curi ◽  
Carlos Alberto Silva
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Spatial Variability ◽  
Linear Correlation ◽  
Microbial Biomass Carbon ◽  
Co2 Flux ◽  
Water Evaporation ◽  
Soil Co2 ◽  
Soil Co2 Flux

A matéria orgânica do solo armazena a maior parte do carbono contido nos sistemas terrestres do planeta, sendo a maioria encontrada nos solos com floresta. O objetivo deste trabalho foi quantificar o fluxo de CO2 do solo e a sua variabilidade espacial em povoamento de Eucalyptus sp. Foram avaliados o fluxo de CO2 do solo, fatores ambientais (evaporação de água, temperatura e umidade do solo), atributos relacionados à fertilidade (pH, soma de bases e alumínio trocável), estrutura (densidade do solo e porosidade total) e matéria orgânica do solo (carbono orgânico total e carbono da biomassa microbiana). Análises de correlação linear simples indicaram que parte da variabilidade espacial do fluxo de CO2 do solo pode ser explicada pelo efeito conjunto do teor de carbono orgânico do solo, da biomassa da serapilheira e da presença de árvores no terreno, indicativas da participação de fatores bióticos no processo. No entanto, o fluxo de CO2 do solo é um fenômeno de natureza complexa, não sendo possível identificar um único atributo do solo ou do ambiente que, isoladamente, explique sua variação no espaço.Palavras-chave: Matéria orgânica; fatores ambientais; fertilidade; carbono; respiração do solo.AbstractSoil CO2 flux spatial variability on eucalyptus manmade forest.  The organic matter on soil retains most of carbon contained in the planet terrestrial systems, specially in forest soils. The aim of this work was to quantify soil CO2 flux and its spatial variability on Eucalyptus sp. manmade forest. In order to that, soil CO2 flux, environmental factors (water evaporation, soil temperature and moisture), fertility attributes (pH, bases sum and exchangeable aluminum), structure (bulk density and total porosity), and soil organic matter (total organic carbon and microbial biomass carbon) were evaluated. Simple linear correlation analyses indicated that part of the spatial variability of soil CO2 flux can be explained by the associated effect of soil organic carbon amount, litter biomass and presence of trees, indicatives of participation of biotic factors in the process. However, the soil CO2 flux is a complex phenomenon, been impossible to identify a single soil or environmental attribute, which, individually, could explain its spatial variability. Keywords: Organic matter; environmental factors; fertility; carbon; linear correlation. 

scholarly journals Tracking Organomineralization Processes from Living Microbial Mats to Fossil Microbialites

Minerals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 605 ◽  
Author(s):  
Inès Eymard ◽  
María Alvarez ◽  
Andrés Bilmes ◽  
Crisogono Vasconcelos ◽  
Daniel Ariztegui
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
South America ◽  
Fossil Record ◽  
Microbial Mats ◽  
High Density ◽  
Rich Phase ◽  
Physicochemical Processes ◽  
Carbonate Matrix ◽  
Photosynthetic Microorganisms ◽  
Mixed Carbonate

Geneses of microbialites and, more precisely, lithification of microbial mats have been studied in different settings to improve the recognition of biogenicity in the fossil record. Living microbial mats and fossil microbialites associated with older paleoshorelines have been studied in the continental Maquinchao Basin in southernmost South America. Here, we investigate carbonate crusts from a former pond where active mineralizing microbial mats have been previously studied. Petrographic observations revealed the presence of abundant erect and nonerect microfilaments and molds with diameters varying from 6 to 8 micrometers. Additionally, smaller pores and organic matter (OM) remains have been identified in areas containing less filaments and being dominated by carbonate. A Mg, Al and Si-rich phase has also been identified in the carbonate matrix associated with the dominant micritic calcite. Moreover, mineralized sheaths contain mixed carbonate (calcite) with Mg, Al and Si, where the latter elements are associated with authigenic clays. The presence of mineralized sheaths further attests to biologically induced processes during the uptake of CO2 by photosynthetic microorganisms. Additionally, the high density of the micritic phase supports the subsequent mineralization by nonphotosynthetic microorganisms and/or physicochemical processes, such as evaporation. Since the micritic filament microstructure of these recent crusts is very similar to that observed in fossil microbialites, they can be used to bridge the gap between living mats and fossil buildups.

Treatment of Potato Processing Wastewater with Engineered Natural Systems

1999 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 211-215 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter S. Burgoon ◽  
Robert H. Kadlec ◽  
Mike Henderson
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Water Surface ◽  
Free Water ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Ammonia Removal ◽  
Natural System ◽  
Vertical Flow ◽  
Potato Processing ◽  
Natural Systems ◽  
Free Water Surface

A full-scale integrated natural system has been used to treat high strength potato processing water for 2 years. The integrated natural system consists of free water surface and vertical flow wetlands, and a facultative storage lagoon. Influent wastewater averages 2800 mg/L COD, 150 mg/L TN and 350 mg/L TSS. Approximately 5300 m3/d of wastewater flows through the treatment system annually. The treatment objective is a 53% reduction in total nitrogen. The wastewater application permit requires an annual nitrogen load of 500 kg/ha yr on 213 hectares of land used to grow alfalfa and other fodder crops. Free water surface wetlands are used for sedimentation, mineralization of organic matter, and denitrification. Vertical flow wetlands oxidize organic matter and nitrogen. A lagoon provides storage during the winter when irrigation is not possible and functions as a facultative lagoon. Free water surface wetlands were planted with Typha latifolia and Scirpus validus in fall 1995. Wastewater application began in July of 1996. In the summer months COD removal has been greater than 95% through the free water surface wetlands and vertical flow wetlands. The removal rate decreased to about 75% in the winter. Average summer water temperatures are 18°C; average winter water temperatures are 3°C. Ammonia removal through the vertical flow wetlands averages 85% during the summer and 30-50% removal during the winter. Addition of exogenous carbon to the free water surface wetlands resulted in 95% removal of NO3-N. Use of natural systems have proved to be a cost effective treatment alternative for high strength industrial wastewater.

scholarly journals Laser-induced fluorescence of organic matter from a Brazilian Oxisol under sewage-sludge applications

2006 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 269-275 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martha González Pérez ◽  
Débora Marcondes Bastos Pereira Milori ◽  
Ladislau Martin-Neto ◽  
Luiz Alberto Colnago ◽  
Otávio Antonio de Camargo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Sewage Sludge ◽  
Agricultural Soils ◽  
Size Fraction ◽  
Laser Induced Fluorescence ◽  
Natural Ecosystem ◽  
Mineral Matrix ◽  
High Fluorescence ◽  
Lif Spectroscopy ◽  
Pi System

Sludge applications have been used to maintain fertility of agricultural soils without damaging the natural ecosystem. The aim of this study was evaluating the influence of sewage-sludge addition on the quality of organic matter (OM) of a Brazilian Oxisol by Laser Induced Fluorescence (LIF). LIF was used to analyze OM of whole soil and different soil fractions separated by chemical and physical methods. The high fluorescence contribution of humin fraction to the fluorescence of whole soils was shown, stressing the importance of studying OM associated to mineral matrix of soil. Spectra with different shapes were obtained for every particle size fraction, indicating differences in organic compounds bounded to them. The fraction with the higher carbon content was the 2-20 µm, that contains ~5% C and represents only 10% in soil, but stores 34-39 % of total C and shows the highest fluorescence intensity. The spectrum of this fraction shows its heterogeneity and a higher concentration of compounds which fluorescence is centered at 510 nm. This indicates a higher concentration of unsaturated bond systems capable of high degree of resonance, increased conjugation of the electron pi system, and higher aromaticity comparing with other fractions. No differences were detected for treatments of sewage-sludge applications. LIF spectroscopy is a promising technique for OM studies in whole soils, allowing to study spatial distribution of OM within the soil's mineral matrix, including Oxisols.

scholarly journals Fungi and viruses as important players in microbial mats

2020 ◽  
Vol 96 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cátia Carreira ◽  
Christian Lønborg ◽  
Michael Kühl ◽  
Ana I Lillebø ◽  
Ruth-Anne Sandaa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Aquatic Ecosystems ◽  
Microbial Mats ◽  
Freshwater Ecosystems ◽  
Food Web Structure ◽  
Element Cycling ◽  
Functional Roles ◽  
Web Structure ◽  
Experimental Approaches ◽  
And Function

ABSTRACT Microbial mats are compacted, surface-associated microbial ecosystems reminiscent of the first living communities on early Earth. While often considered predominantly prokaryotic, recent findings show that both fungi and viruses are ubiquitous in microbial mats, albeit their functional roles remain unknown. Fungal research has mostly focused on terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems where fungi are known as important recyclers of organic matter, whereas viruses are exceptionally abundant and important in aquatic ecosystems. Here, viruses have shown to affect organic matter cycling and the diversity of microbial communities by facilitating horizontal gene transfer and cell lysis. We hypothesise fungi and viruses to have similar roles in microbial mats. Based on the analysis of previous research in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, we outline novel hypotheses proposing strong impacts of fungi and viruses on element cycling, food web structure and function in microbial mats, and outline experimental approaches for studies needed to understand these interactions.

scholarly journals A review of the impact of environmental factors on the fate and transport of coronaviruses in aqueous environments

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Diplina Paul ◽  
Praveen Kolar ◽  
Steven G. Hall
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Water Cycle ◽  
Fate And Transport ◽  
Effective Strategies ◽  
Aqueous Environments ◽  
Effective Option ◽  
Increasing Temperature ◽  
The Impact

AbstractThe ongoing severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) has triggered the coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19) that has claimed hundreds of thousands of lives worldwide. This virus spreads predominantly by human-to-human transmission via respiratory droplets. However, the presence of this virus in the fecal and anal swabs of infected patients has triggered the need for research into its waterborne transmission. The various environmental factors that impact the persistence of coronavirus in different water matrices include temperature, UV exposure, organic matter, disinfectants as well as adversarial microorganisms. This review summarizes the most recent research data on the effect of various factors on coronavirus in aqueous environments. The available data suggest that: (i) increasing temperature decreases the overall persistence of the virus; (ii) the presence of organic matter can increase the survivability of coronavirus; (iii) chlorine is the most effective and economic disinfectant; (iv) membrane bioreactors in wastewater treatment plants are hosts of competitive microorganisms that can inactivate coronaviruses; (v) ultraviolet irradiation is another effective option for virus inactivation. However, the inactivation disinfection kinetics of coronaviruses are yet to be fully understood. Thus, further research is needed to understand its fate and transport with respect to the water cycle so that effective strategies can be adopted to curb its effects. These strategies may vary based on geographic, climatic, technical, and social conditions around the globe. This paper explores possible approaches and especially the conditions that local communities and authorities should consider to find optimal solutions that can limit the spread of this virus.

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