scholarly journals Gut Microbiome Modulation Based on Probiotic Application for Anti-Obesity: A Review on Efficacy and Validation

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (10) ◽  
pp. 456 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kaliyan Barathikannan ◽  
Ramachandran Chelliah ◽  
Momna Rubab ◽  
Eric Banan-Mwine Daliri ◽  
Fazle Elahi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Genetic Profile ◽  
Fecal Transplantation ◽  
Intestinal Microbes ◽  
Prevalence Of Obesity ◽  
Future Direction ◽  
The Impact

The growing prevalence of obesity has become an important problem worldwide as obesity has several health risks. Notably, factors such as excessive food consumption, a sedentary way of life, high sugar consumption, a fat-rich diet, and a certain genetic profile may lead to obesity. The present review brings together recent advances regarding the significance of interventions involving intestinal gut bacteria and host metabolic phenotypes. We assess important biological molecular mechanisms underlying the impact of gut microbiota on hosts including bile salt metabolism, short-chain fatty acids, and metabolic endotoxemia. Some previous studies have shown a link between microbiota and obesity, and associated disease reports have been documented. Thus, this review focuses on obesity and gut microbiota interactions and further develops the mechanism of the gut microbiome approach related to human obesity. Specifically, we highlight several alternative diet treatments including dietary changes and supplementation with probiotics. The future direction or comparative significance of fecal transplantation, synbiotics, and metabolomics as an approach to the modulation of intestinal microbes is also discussed.

More than just a gut instinct–the potential interplay between a baby's nutrition, its gut microbiome, and the epigenome

2013 ◽  
Vol 304 (12) ◽  
pp. R1065-R1069 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mona Mischke ◽  
Torsten Plösch
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
The Body ◽  
Transcriptional Networks ◽  
Adult Obesity ◽  
Active Metabolites ◽  
Early Nutrition ◽  
Major Target

Substantial evidence links early postnatal nutrition to the development of obesity later in life. However, the molecular mechanisms of this connection must be further elucidated. Epigenetic mechanisms have been indicated to be involved in this process, referred to as metabolic programming. Therefore, we propose here that early postnatal nutrition (breast and formula feeding) epigenetically programs the developing organs via modulation of the gut microbiome and influences the body weight phenotype including the predisposition to obesity. Specifically, the early-age food patterns are known to determine the gross composition of the early gut microbiota. In turn, the microbiota produces large quantities of epigenetically active metabolites, such as folate and short chain fatty acids (butyrate and acetate). The spectrum of these produced metabolites depends on the composition of the gut microbiota. Hence, it is likely that changes in gut microbiota that result in altered metabolite composition might influence the epigenome of directly adjacent intestinal cells, as well as other major target cell populations, such as hepatocytes and adipocytes. Nuclear receptors and other transcription factors (the PPARs, LXR, RXR, and others) could be physiologically relevant targets of this metabolite-induced epigenetic regulation. Ultimately, transcriptional networks regulating energy balance could be manipulated. For these reasons, we postulate that early nutrition may influence the baby epigenome via microbial metabolites, which contributes to the observed relationship between early nutrition and adult obesity.

scholarly journals What Is the Role of Gut Microbiota in Obesity Prevalence? A Few Words about Gut Microbiota and Its Association with Obesity and Related Diseases

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 52
Author(s):  
Julita Tokarek ◽  
Joanna Gadzinowska ◽  
Ewelina Młynarska ◽  
Beata Franczyk ◽  
Jacek Rysz
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Obesity Prevalence ◽  
Microbiome Composition ◽  
Obstructive Sleep ◽  
Genus Lactobacillus ◽  
Prevalence Of Obesity ◽  
Lifestyle Disease ◽  
The Impact

Obesity is becoming the most dangerous lifestyle disease of our time, and its effects are already being observed in both developed and developing countries. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of gut microbiota on the prevalence of obesity and associated morbidities, taking into consideration underlying molecular mechanisms. In addition to exploring the relationship between obesity and fecal microorganisms with their metabolites, the study also focused on the factors that would be able to stimulate growth and remodeling of microbiota. Assessed articles were carefully classified according to a predetermined criterion and were critically appraised and used as a basis for conclusions. The considered articles and reviews acknowledge that intestinal microbiota forms a multifunctional system that might significantly affect human homeostasis. It has been proved that alterations in the gut microbiota are found in obese and metabolically diseased patients. The imbalance of microbiome composition, such as changes in Bacteroidetes/Firmicutes ratio and presence of different species of genus Lactobacillus, might promote obesity and comorbidities (type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, dyslipidemia, depression, obstructive sleep apnea). However, there are also studies that contradict this theory. Therefore, further well-designed studies are needed to improve the knowledge about the influence of microbiota, its metabolites, and probiotics on obesity.

scholarly journals SCFAs-induced GLP-1 Secretion Links the Regulation of Gut Microbiome on Hepatic Lipogenesis in Chickens

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianmei Zhang ◽  
Yin shuang Sun ◽  
Liqin Zhao ◽  
Tiantian Chen ◽  
Meina Fan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Guar Gum ◽  
Fat Metabolism ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Fat Deposition ◽  
Hepatic Lipogenesis ◽  
Intestinal Microbes ◽  
Mapk Pathways

ABSTRACTChickens represent a specific case in lipid metabolism that liver is the main site of lipid synthesis. As ovipara, their gut microbiota could be strongly influenced by environment and diets after hatching. The aim of this study is to elucidate the linkage of gut microbiota and fat synthesis in broilers. The broilers were subjected to dietary treatments of combined probiotics (Clostridium butyrate 4×108 cfu/kg, Bifidobacterium 2×108 cfu/kg, Lactobacillus plantarum 2×108 cfu/kg and Lactococcus faecalis 2×108 cfu/kg, PB) and guar gum (1 g/kg, GG). The result showed that dietary supplementation of PB and GG changed the cecal microbiota diversity, altered short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) contents, and suppressed lipogenesis in liver and abdominal fat tissues. In intestinal epithelial cells (IECs), acetate, propionate, and butyrate upregulated the expression of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) via MAPK pathways, especially via the ERK and p38 MAPK pathways. GLP-1 suppressed lipid accumulation in primary hepatocytes with the involvement of AMPK/ACC signaling. In conclusion, the result suggests that SCFAs-induced GLP-1 secretion links the regulation of gut microbiome on hepatic lipogenesis in chickens.IMPORTANCEIntestinal microbes metabolize SCFAs and stimulate intestinal epithelium L cells to produce GLP-1. Recent evidence showed that GLP-1 reduced fat deposition by reducing appetite and increasing satiety. However, how SCFAs stimulate the secretion of GLP-1 and whether GLP-1 directly affects fat metabolism is not clear. Poultry adipocytes have limited ability to produce fat, and 90% of carcass fat is synthesized in the liver. In addition, large intake of feeds easily leads to fatty liver diseases in chickens. The aim of this study is to investigate how SCFAs mediate secretion of GLP-1 and whether GLP-1 could directly affect hepatic deposition in broiler chickens. The hepatic lipogenesis regulated by the intestinal microbiota of chickens is of great significance to the study of intestinal microbiota and fat deposition in poultry, and this work could provide reference for intestinal microorganism and fat metabolism in mammals and humans.

The Food-gut Human Axis: The Effects of Diet on Gut Microbiota and Metabolome

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (19) ◽  
pp. 3567-3583 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria De Angelis ◽  
Gabriella Garruti ◽  
Fabio Minervini ◽  
Leonilde Bonfrate ◽  
Piero Portincasa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Dietary Habits ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Human Organism ◽  
Immune Functions ◽  
Intestinal Microbes ◽  
Dietary Components ◽  
Dietary Treatments ◽  
The Relationship

Gut microbiota, the largest symbiont community hosted in human organism, is emerging as a pivotal player in the relationship between dietary habits and health. Oral and, especially, intestinal microbes metabolize dietary components, affecting human health by producing harmful or beneficial metabolites, which are involved in the incidence and progression of several intestinal related and non-related diseases. Habitual diet (Western, Agrarian and Mediterranean omnivore diets, vegetarian, vegan and gluten-free diets) drives the composition of the gut microbiota and metabolome. Within the dietary components, polymers (mainly fibers, proteins, fat and polyphenols) that are not hydrolyzed by human enzymes seem to be the main leads of the metabolic pathways of gut microbiota, which in turn directly influence the human metabolome. Specific relationships between diet and microbes, microbes and metabolites, microbes and immune functions and microbes and/or their metabolites and some human diseases are being established. Dietary treatments with fibers are the most effective to benefit the metabolome profile, by improving the synthesis of short chain fatty acids and decreasing the level of molecules, such as p-cresyl sulfate, indoxyl sulfate and trimethylamine N-oxide, involved in disease state. Based on the axis diet-microbiota-health, this review aims at describing the most recent knowledge oriented towards a profitable use of diet to provide benefits to human health, both directly and indirectly, through the activity of gut microbiota.

scholarly journals Meta-analysis of the Parkinson’s disease gut microbiome suggests alterations linked to intestinal inflammation

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefano Romano ◽  
George M. Savva ◽  
Janis R. Bedarf ◽  
Ian G. Charles ◽  
Falk Hildebrand ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Intestinal Inflammation ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Gastrointestinal Symptoms ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Inflammatory Status

AbstractThe gut microbiota is emerging as an important modulator of neurodegenerative diseases, and accumulating evidence has linked gut microbes to Parkinson’s disease (PD) symptomatology and pathophysiology. PD is often preceded by gastrointestinal symptoms and alterations of the enteric nervous system accompany the disease. Several studies have analyzed the gut microbiome in PD, but a consensus on the features of the PD-specific microbiota is missing. Here, we conduct a meta-analysis re-analyzing the ten currently available 16S microbiome datasets to investigate whether common alterations in the gut microbiota of PD patients exist across cohorts. We found significant alterations in the PD-associated microbiome, which are robust to study-specific technical heterogeneities, although differences in microbiome structure between PD and controls are small. Enrichment of the genera Lactobacillus, Akkermansia, and Bifidobacterium and depletion of bacteria belonging to the Lachnospiraceae family and the Faecalibacterium genus, both important short-chain fatty acids producers, emerged as the most consistent PD gut microbiome alterations. This dysbiosis might result in a pro-inflammatory status which could be linked to the recurrent gastrointestinal symptoms affecting PD patients.

scholarly journals The Influence of Diet and Sex on the Gut Microbiota of Lean and Obese JCR:LA-cp Rats

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 1037
Author(s):  
Craig Resch ◽  
Mihir Parikh ◽  
J. Alejandro Austria ◽  
Spencer D. Proctor ◽  
Thomas Netticadan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Alpha Diversity ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Ground Flaxseed ◽  
The Impact

There is an increased interest in the gut microbiota as it relates to health and obesity. The impact of diet and sex on the gut microbiota in conjunction with obesity also demands extensive systemic investigation. Thus, the influence of sex, diet, and flaxseed supplementation on the gut microbiota was examined in the JCR:LA-cp rat model of genetic obesity. Male and female obese rats were randomized into four groups (n = 8) to receive, for 12 weeks, either (a) control diet (Con), (b) control diet supplemented with 10% ground flaxseed (CFlax), (c) a high-fat, high sucrose (HFHS) diet, or (d) HFHS supplemented with 10% ground flaxseed (HFlax). Male and female JCR:LA-cp lean rats served as genetic controls and received similar dietary interventions. Illumine MiSeq sequencing revealed a richer microbiota in rats fed control diets rather than HFHS diets. Obese female rats had lower alpha-diversity than lean female; however, both sexes of obese and lean JCR rats differed significantly in β-diversity, as their gut microbiota was composed of different abundances of bacterial types. The feeding of an HFHS diet affected the diversity by increasing the phylum Bacteroidetes and reducing bacterial species from phylum Firmicutes. Fecal short-chain fatty acids such as acetate, propionate, and butyrate-producing bacterial species were correspondingly impacted by the HFHS diet. Flax supplementation improved the gut microbiota by decreasing the abundance of Blautia and Eubacterium dolichum. Collectively, our data show that an HFHS diet results in gut microbiota dysbiosis in a sex-dependent manner. Flaxseed supplementation to the diet had a significant impact on gut microbiota diversity under both flax control and HFHS dietary conditions.

scholarly journals Microbial enzymes induce colitis by reactivating triclosan in the mouse gastrointestinal tract

2022 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianan Zhang ◽  
Morgan E. Walker ◽  
Katherine Z. Sanidad ◽  
Hongna Zhang ◽  
Yanshan Liang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Metabolic Activation ◽  
Consumer Products ◽  
Environmental Chemicals ◽  
Intestinal Microbes ◽  
Targeted Inhibition

AbstractEmerging research supports that triclosan (TCS), an antimicrobial agent found in thousands of consumer products, exacerbates colitis and colitis-associated colorectal tumorigenesis in animal models. While the intestinal toxicities of TCS require the presence of gut microbiota, the molecular mechanisms involved have not been defined. Here we show that intestinal commensal microbes mediate metabolic activation of TCS in the colon and drive its gut toxicology. Using a range of in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo approaches, we identify specific microbial β-glucuronidase (GUS) enzymes involved and pinpoint molecular motifs required to metabolically activate TCS in the gut. Finally, we show that targeted inhibition of bacterial GUS enzymes abolishes the colitis-promoting effects of TCS, supporting an essential role of specific microbial proteins in TCS toxicity. Together, our results define a mechanism by which intestinal microbes contribute to the metabolic activation and gut toxicity of TCS, and highlight the importance of considering the contributions of the gut microbiota in evaluating the toxic potential of environmental chemicals.

scholarly journals The gut-microbiota-brain axis in autism: what Drosophila models can offer?

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Safa Salim ◽  
Ayesha Banu ◽  
Amira Alwa ◽  
Swetha B. M. Gowda ◽  
Farhan Mohammad
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Neurological Disorders ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Brain Disorders ◽  
Mediated Communication ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Drosophila Models

AbstractThe idea that alterations in gut-microbiome-brain axis (GUMBA)-mediated communication play a crucial role in human brain disorders like autism remains a topic of intensive research in various labs. Gastrointestinal issues are a common comorbidity in patients with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Although gut microbiome and microbial metabolites have been implicated in the etiology of ASD, the underlying molecular mechanism remains largely unknown. In this review, we have summarized recent findings in human and animal models highlighting the role of the gut-brain axis in ASD. We have discussed genetic and neurobehavioral characteristics of Drosophila as an animal model to study the role of GUMBA in ASD. The utility of Drosophila fruit flies as an amenable genetic tool, combined with axenic and gnotobiotic approaches, and availability of transgenic flies may reveal mechanistic insight into gut-microbiota-brain interactions and the impact of its alteration on behaviors relevant to neurological disorders like ASD.

Role of the gut microbiota in airway immunity and host defense against respiratory infections

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maike Willers ◽  
Dorothee Viemann
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Host Defense ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Viral Pathogens ◽  
Commensal Microbiota ◽  
Enhanced Resistance ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Colonization of the intestine with commensal bacteria is known to play a major role in the maintenance of human health. An altered gut microbiome is associated with various ensuing diseases including respiratory diseases. Here, we summarize current knowledge on the impact of the gut microbiota on airway immunity with a focus on consequences for the host defense against respiratory infections. Specific gut commensal microbiota compositions and functions are depicted that mediate protection against respiratory infections with bacterial and viral pathogens. Lastly, we highlight factors that have imprinting effects on the establishment of the gut microbiota early in life and are potentially relevant in the context of respiratory infections. Deepening our understanding of these relationships will allow to exploit the knowledge on how gut microbiome maturation needs to be modulated to ensure lifelong enhanced resistance towards respiratory infections.

Abstract P485: Association of Hypertension With the Gut Microbiome and Serum Short-chain Fatty Acids

Circulation ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 141 (Suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Moira K Differding ◽  
Lawrence J Appel ◽  
Nisa Maruthur ◽  
Stephen Juraschek ◽  
Edgar R Miller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Short Chain ◽  
Inverse Association ◽  
Negatively Associated ◽  
Adult Cancer Survivors ◽  
Chain Fatty Acids

Background: Murine models indicate that gut microbiota, and the short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) they produce from fermentation of fiber, play a role in blood pressure (BP) regulation. However, few human studies have examined how gut microbiota and serum SCFAs are associated with hypertension. Objective: We examined associations of gut microbiota composition and serum SCFAs with hypertension and BP, hypothesizing an inverse association with serum SCFAs. Methods: We performed a cross-sectional analysis of baseline data from a trial of overweight and obese adult cancer survivors. We measured 1 ) the gut microbiome by extracting microbial DNA from stool and sequencing the 16S rRNA V4 region and 2 ) serum SCFA using liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. Hypertension was defined as systolic BP ≥ 130, diastolic BP ≥ 80 mmHg, self-report, or use of hypertension medications. We used beta-binomial models to test differential abundance of microbial amplicon sequence variants by hypertension , and linear regression to examine log-transformed SCFAs with BP. We adjusted models for age, sex, race, fiber, BMI and medications (in BP models). Results: Of 111 participants with complete data, 73 had hypertension. Hypertensive participants differed by age (mean 62 vs. 56y) and sex (73% vs. 90% female), but not race (46% black) or BMI (mean 35 kg/m 2 ). Alpha and beta diversity were not associated with hypertension (Ps>0.05). Hypertensive participants had higher abundance of Bacteroides, Parabacteroides, Bifidobacterium and Escherichia , and lower Lachnospiraceae, Haemophilus and Faecalibacterium ( Figure) . Serum acetate was negatively associated with systolic BP (β=-3.3 mmHg difference per 1 SD increment acetate, 95% CI: -6.1, -0.6); other SCFAs were not associated (Ps>0.05). Conclusion: A Bacteroides dominated microbiota was positively associated with hypertension. Acetate, the most abundant circulating SCFA, was negatively associated with BP. Determining whether the associations are causal or not warrants further investigation.

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