scholarly journals Development of Salmonellosis as Affected by Bioactive Food Compounds

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (9) ◽  
pp. 364 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ajay Kumar ◽  
Abimbola Allison ◽  
Monica Henry ◽  
Anita Scales ◽  
Aliyar Cyrus Fouladkhah
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Clinical Studies ◽  
Randomized Clinical Trials ◽  
Financial Burden ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Public Health Burden ◽  
Dietary Components ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Evidence Based Guideline

Infections caused by Salmonella serovars are the leading cause of foodborne hospitalizations and deaths in Americans, extensively prevalent worldwide, and pose a considerable financial burden on public health infrastructure and private manufacturing. While a comprehensive review is lacking for delineating the role of dietary components on prevention of Salmonellosis, evidence for the role of diet for preventing the infection and management of Salmonellosis symptoms is increasing. The current study is an evaluation of preclinical and clinical studies and their underlying mechanisms to elaborate the efficacy of bioactive dietary components for augmenting the prevention of Salmonella infection. Studies investigating dietary components such as fibers, fatty acids, amino acids, vitamins, minerals, phenolic compounds, and probiotics exhibited efficacy of dietary compounds against Salmonellosis through manipulation of host bile acids, mucin, epithelial barrier, innate and adaptive immunity and gut microbiota as well as impacting the cellular signaling cascades of the pathogen. Pre-clinical studies investigating synergism and/or antagonistic activities of various bioactive compounds, additional randomized clinical trials, if not curtailed by lack of equipoise and ethical concerns, and well-planned epidemiological studies could augment the development of a validated and evidence-based guideline for mitigating the public health burden of human Salmonellosis through dietary compounds.

scholarly journals Broccoli or Sulforaphane: Is It the Source or Dose That Matters?

Molecules ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (19) ◽  
pp. 3593 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoko Yagishita ◽  
Jed W. Fahey ◽  
Albena T. Dinkova-Kostova ◽  
Thomas W. Kensler
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Clinical Studies ◽  
Mechanisms Of Action ◽  
Disease Models ◽  
Epidemiological Evidence ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Current State ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Global Population ◽  
Selection Of

There is robust epidemiological evidence for the beneficial effects of broccoli consumption on health, many of them clearly mediated by the isothiocyanate sulforaphane. Present in the plant as its precursor, glucoraphanin, sulforaphane is formed through the actions of myrosinase, a β-thioglucosidase present in either the plant tissue or the mammalian microbiome. Since first isolated from broccoli and demonstrated to have cancer chemoprotective properties in rats in the early 1990s, over 3000 publications have described its efficacy in rodent disease models, underlying mechanisms of action or, to date, over 50 clinical trials examining pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and disease mitigation. This review evaluates the current state of knowledge regarding the relationships between formulation (e.g., plants, sprouts, beverages, supplements), bioavailability and efficacy, and the doses of glucoraphanin and/or sulforaphane that have been used in pre-clinical and clinical studies. We pay special attention to the challenges for better integration of animal model and clinical studies, particularly with regard to selection of dose and route of administration. More effort is required to elucidate underlying mechanisms of action and to develop and validate biomarkers of pharmacodynamic action in humans. A sobering lesson is that changes in approach will be required to implement a public health paradigm for dispensing benefit across all spectrums of the global population.

Ruolo della medicina dello sport nella prescrizione dell’attività fisica come profilassi e terapia

2016 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Physical Activity ◽  
Chronic Diseases ◽  
Sports Medicine ◽  
Lifestyle Modifications ◽  
Public Health Burden ◽  
Premature Deaths ◽  
Therapeutic Protocols

There is incontrovertible evidence of the benefits of regular physical activity in the primary and secondary prevention of several chronic diseases, on contrary a sedentary lifestyle can progress into a Sedentary Death Syndrome (SeDS), which is a major Public Health burden due to its causing multiple chronic diseases and a large amount of premature deaths each year. In Italy, Sports Medicine represents a fundamental reference for those practicing physical activity at competitive or non-competitive level; its purposes include: health care of the athletes practicing all kind of sports, through the pre-participation screening for elegibility (such screening constitutes an established medical programme that has been implemented for more than 30 years), and the promotion of diagnostic and therapeutic protocols to guarantee the state of health of individual at high risk or carrying a specific diagnosed disease. Substantial evidence emphasizes the role of physical therapy in terms of an individualized sport-therapy, in the prevention of cardiovascular, metabolic, musculoskeletal, respiratory, rheumathic and neoplastic diseases, improving the clinical condition or, when combined with lifestyle modifications, favouring concomitantly the control or the regression of the pathology. Regular physical exercise as a prophylactic and therapeutic tool, is strongly recommended to reduce morbidity and mortality, to improve quality of life and to limit Public Health medical expenses.

scholarly journals Role of Epidemiological Studies in Disease Prevention

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-2
Author(s):  
Muhammad Shoaib Akthar
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Disease Prevention ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Developing Nations ◽  
The Other ◽  
Disease Epidemiology ◽  
Epidemiological Surveys ◽  
Epidemiology Data ◽  
Different Populations

Today’s society is full of disease that are of different natures including genetic, infectious and metabolic etc. Every disease has its own mechanisms of affecting humans and different prevention mechanisms as per disease nature. These factors are included in epidemiology of disease. Other factors include prevalence and incidence of diseases in different populations. Exactly knowing about disease epidemiology helps governing authorities to prevent the disease. Unfortunately, under-developed and developing nations are not focusing on diseases epidemiology. On the other hand, all developing nations developed best public health practices based on diseases epidemiology data. These studies may vary from basic epidemiological surveys to identification of microorganism strains etc.

scholarly journals The Challenges of Designing and Implementing Clinical Trials With Broccoli Sprouts… and Turning Evidence Into Public Health Action

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jed W. Fahey ◽  
Thomas W. Kensler
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Clinical Studies ◽  
Randomized Clinical Trials ◽  
Public Health Action ◽  
Broccoli Sprouts ◽  
Health Action ◽  
Inflammatory Processes ◽  
Broccoli Sprout ◽  
Selection Of

Broccoli sprouts are a convenient and rich source of the glucosinolate glucoraphanin, which can generate the chemopreventive agent sulforaphane through the catalytic actions of plant myrosinase or β-thioglucosidases in the gut microflora. Sulforaphane, in turn, is an inducer of cytoprotective enzymes through activation of Nrf2 signaling, and a potent inhibitor of carcinogenesis in multiple murine models. Sulforaphane is also protective in models of diabetes, neurodegenerative disease, and other inflammatory processes, likely reflecting additional actions of Nrf2 and interactions with other signaling pathways. Translating this efficacy into the design and implementation of clinical chemoprevention trials, especially food-based trials, faces numerous challenges including the selection of the source, placebo, and dose as well as standardization of the formulation of the intervention material. Unlike in animals, purified sulforaphane has had very limited use in clinical studies. We have conducted a series of clinical studies and randomized clinical trials to evaluate the effects of composition (glucoraphanin-rich [± myrosinase] vs. sulforaphane-rich or mixture beverages), formulation (beverage vs. tablet) and dose, on the efficacy of these broccoli sprout-based preparations to evaluate safety, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamic action, and clinical benefit. While the challenges for the evaluation of broccoli sprouts in clinical trials are themselves formidable, further hurdles must be overcome to bring this science to public health action.

Ambient particulate matter induces relaxation of rat aortic rings in vitro

2001 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 259-265 ◽  
Author(s):  
A M Knaapen ◽  
G J den Hartog ◽  
A Bast ◽  
P JA Borm
Keyword(s):  
Smooth Muscle ◽  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Muscle Function ◽  
Ultrafine Particles ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Suspended Particulate ◽  
Smooth Muscle Function ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

Epidemiological studies have shown an association between ambient levels of particulate matter (PM) and increased mortality from cardiovascular diseases. However, the underlying mechanisms are still not clear. We hypothesised that PM, when translocated after inhalation, could affect vascular smooth muscle function. Therefore, total suspended particulate matter (TSP) was sampled and investigated for its ability to affect aortic muscle contraction. Both TSP and TSP supernatant (TSP-sup) induced a concentration-dependent relaxation of phenylephrine (PE)-precontracted aortic rings. Relaxation induced by 100 jg/ml TSP was 51.5 t 3.1% of total contraction. At 60 and 100 Hg/ ml, relaxation induced by TSP was significantly higher compared to TSP-sup. Ultrafine TiO2, used as a model to investigate the role of ultrafine particles, did not show an effect. Soluble iron, present in TSP suspensions, seems not to be involved, as chelating with deferoxamine did not affect TSP-induced relaxation. However, TSP effects were inhibited by Trolox, suggesting a role of oxidants. Nudation of aortic rings showed that effects of TSP were only partly endothelium-dependent, while preincubation with LNAME increased TSP-induced relaxation. From these data, we conclude that both the particle core and soluble components of TSP can affect the smooth muscle function, leading to changes in the vascular contractile response.

scholarly journals Paediatric anxiety disorders confer a considerable public health burden

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Mental Health ◽  
Anxiety Disorders ◽  
Life Span ◽  
Health Condition ◽  
Mental Health Condition ◽  
Public Health Burden ◽  
Health Burden ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Intense Research

Anxiety disorders usually begin in childhood or adolescence and are the most common mental health condition across the life span.1,2 Consequently, intense research efforts are focused on delineating the underlying mechanisms of paediatric anxiety so that we can better identify those at risk and intervene early.

Insomnia Disorder—Pathophysiology

2020 ◽  
pp. 89-102
Author(s):  
Fee Benz ◽  
Elisabeth Hertenstein ◽  
Anna Johann ◽  
Dieter Riemann
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Early Morning ◽  
Public Health Burden ◽  
Brain Circuits ◽  
Health Burden ◽  
Physiological Alterations ◽  
Insomnia Disorder ◽  
Psychological Models ◽  
Daytime Impairment

Insomnia disorder is defined as persistent difficulty with initiating or maintaining sleep, or early morning awakening accompanied by daytime impairment. Although insomnia disorder is a highly prevalent disorder and a major public health burden, the pathophysiology of the disorder is still not fully understood. Neurobiological as well as psychological models have been suggested highlighting genetic, behavioral, cognitive, emotional, and neurobiological factors. While psychological perspectives emphasize the role of dysfunctional sleep-related cognitions and a selective attention toward sleep-related stimuli, neurobiological perspectives particularly look at physiological alterations such as brain circuits that may be involved in the pathophysiology of insomnia. Relevant models explaining how insomnia develops and how it becomes chronic are described, and the evidence is summarized. Thus, this chapter provides an overview of important etiological models and further approaches dealing with the pathophysiology of insomnia disorder.

scholarly journals Heart failure in cancer patients

2022 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 114-119
Author(s):  
A. F. Khalirakhmanov ◽  
A. Z. Sharafeev ◽  
G. D. Gatiyatullina ◽  
S. V. Zinchenko ◽  
R. F. Gaifullina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Heart Failure ◽  
Cancer Patients ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Diagnosis And Treatment ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
Chemotherapy Drugs ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
The Cochrane Library

The purpose of the study was to conduct a systematic review of data on the role of heart failure (HF) in the development of cancer, as well as to discuss problems dealing with diagnosis and treatment of heart failure in cancer patients. Material and methods. A literature search was conducted using the Cochrane library, elibrary, medline, and embase databases over the past 7 years. The general mechanisms of heart failure and cancer, cardiotoxicity risk factors, and some aspects of the diagnosis and treatment of HF in cancer patients were analyzed. Results. The literature analysis indicates that cardiovascular disease and cancer have common risk factors. Several common pathophysiological mechanisms that associate HF with cancer have been identified. They include inflammation, oxidative stress, and neurohomonal activation. HF is known to be a common complication of aggressive cardiotoxic cancer therapy that can aggravate or trigger existing HF. Recent epidemiological studies have shown that the development of cancer is more common among patients with pre-existing HF. Although the reason for this relationship has not yet been identified, it is assumed that HF may be a pro-oncogenic condition. There are several strategies to prevent and treat toxicity of various chemotherapeutic drugs. They are all based on accurate patient selection, short- and longterm follow-up, and therapies that can prevent and delay cardiac dysfunction. Conclusion. The main goal of cardio-oncology is to prevent and treat of cardiotoxic effects of chemotherapy drugs. In this context, elucidation of the underlying mechanisms plays an important role in the development of strategies for the prevention of chemotherapy-associated cardiomyopathy. It is necessary to pay attention to the fact that there is more and more evidence that patients with HF have high risks of developing cancer, thereby requiring more attention. In general, understanding the direct and indirect mechanisms of the relationship between HF and cancer can help in the prevention and early diagnosis of these diseases.

scholarly journals BCG, muramylpeptides, trained immunity (part I): linkages in the light of the COVID-19 pandemic

2020 ◽  
Vol 92 (12) ◽  
pp. 195-200
Author(s):  
O. V. Kalyuzhin ◽  
T. M. Andronova ◽  
A. V. Karaulov
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Studies ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Trained Immunity ◽  
Treatment And Prevention ◽  
Preclinical And Clinical Studies ◽  
Microbial Agents

It has long been known that Bacillus CalmetteGurin (BCG) vaccine provides nonspecific protection against many non-mycobacterial infections, which has been discussed in the last decade through the prism of the concept of trained immunity. Within the framework of this concept, a persistent increase in resistance to various pathogens, which occurs after an infectious disease or exposure to certain microbial agents, is associated with epigenetic reprogramming of innate immune cells and their bone marrow progenitors. The COVID-19 pandemic has drawn attention of scientists and practitioners to BCG as an inducer of trained immunity. A number of epidemiological studies have suggested a negative association between the coverage of the population with BCG vaccination and the burden of SARS-CoV-2 infection. A series of independent clinical studies of the effectiveness of this vaccine in non-specific prevention of COVID-19 has been initiated in different countries. Recently, the key role of cytosolic NOD2 receptors in BCG-induced trained immunity has been proven. This actualizes the search for effective immunoactive preparations for prevention of respiratory infections in the pandemic among low molecular weight peptidoglycan fragments of the bacterial cell wall, muramylpeptides (MPs), which are known to be NOD2 agonists. The review highlights the proven and proposed linkages between BCG, MPs, NOD2 and trained immunity in the light of the COVID-19 pandemic. Analysis of the data presented indicates the prospects for preclinical and clinical studies of MPs as potential drugs for nonspecific prevention of SARS-CoV-2 infection and/or other respiratory infections in risk groups during the pandemic. First of all, attention should be paid to glucosaminylmuramyl dipeptide, approved for clinical use in Russia and a number of post-Soviet countries for the complex treatment and prevention of acute and recurrent respiratory infections.

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