scholarly journals Detoxification Strategies for Zearalenone Using Microorganisms: A Review

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (7) ◽  
pp. 208 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nan Wang ◽  
Weiwei Wu ◽  
Jiawen Pan ◽  
Miao Long
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Function ◽  
Transformation Products ◽  
Cereal Crops ◽  
Pathogenic Microorganisms ◽  
Subsequent Degradation ◽  
Heterogeneous Expression ◽  
Biological Detoxification ◽  
Biological Methods ◽  
Reference Strategy ◽  
Fusarium Fungi

Zearalenone (ZEA) is a mycotoxin produced by Fusarium fungi that is commonly found in cereal crops. ZEA has an estrogen-like effect which affects the reproductive function of animals. It also damages the liver and kidneys and reduces immune function which leads to cytotoxicity and immunotoxicity. At present, the detoxification of mycotoxins is mainly accomplished using biological methods. Microbial-based methods involve zearalenone conversion or adsorption, but not all transformation products are nontoxic. In this paper, the non-pathogenic microorganisms which have been found to detoxify ZEA in recent years are summarized. Then, two mechanisms by which ZEA can be detoxified (adsorption and biotransformation) are discussed in more detail. The compounds produced by the subsequent degradation of ZEA and the heterogeneous expression of ZEA-degrading enzymes are also analyzed. The development trends in the use of probiotics as a ZEA detoxification strategy are also evaluated. The overall purpose of this paper is to provide a reliable reference strategy for the biological detoxification of ZEA.

scholarly journals Aflatoxin Detoxification Using Microorganisms and Enzymes

Toxins ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 46
Author(s):  
Yun Guan ◽  
Jia Chen ◽  
Eugenie Nepovimova ◽  
Miao Long ◽  
Wenda Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Health ◽  
High Specificity ◽  
Degradation Process ◽  
Economic Loss ◽  
Reaction Products ◽  
Detoxification Mechanism ◽  
Food And Feed ◽  
Biological Detoxification ◽  
Biological Methods ◽  
Mutagenic Effects

Mycotoxin contamination causes significant economic loss to food and feed industries and seriously threatens human health. Aflatoxins (AFs) are one of the most harmful mycotoxins, which are produced by Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus parasiticus, and other fungi that are commonly found in the production and preservation of grain and feed. AFs can cause harm to animal and human health due to their toxic (carcinogenic, teratogenic, and mutagenic) effects. How to remove AF has become a major problem: biological methods cause no contamination, have high specificity, and work at high temperature, affording environmental protection. In the present research, microorganisms with detoxification effects researched in recent years are reviewed, the detoxification mechanism of microbes on AFs, the safety of degrading enzymes and reaction products formed in the degradation process, and the application of microorganisms as detoxification strategies for AFs were investigated. One of the main aims of the work is to provide a reliable reference strategy for biological detoxification of AFs.

scholarly journals Musca Domestica: A Vector of Pathogenic Microorganisms and Biocontrol Approaches

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Abir S. Al-Nasser ◽  
Dina E. El-Ghwas ◽  
Aisha A. Al-Sheikhy
Keyword(s):  
Musca Domestica ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
House Fly ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
Pathogenic Microorganisms ◽  
House Flies ◽  
Chemical Studies ◽  
Biological Methods ◽  
Micro Organisms ◽  
Control Insect

House fly “Musca domestica” Linnaeus is a common insect widely distributed all over the world and is one of the domestic insect pests found associated with human and animal. Due to their habits and habitats, house flies are able to transmit several pathogenic microorganisms to man such as: bacteria, fungi and virus. House flies are not just annoying human and animal, but they also have been known as vectors of infectious microorganisms either mechanically or biologically. Chemical insecticides have been used for many years and have been known as the most effective approach in house fly management but due to their side effects on the environment and the increasing development of pest resistance to each new chemical, studies tended to explore new alternative methods in pest control. Biological methods including different predators, parasites, entomopathogenic micro-organisms and botanical extracts showed in the last years a practical and effective ecofriendly method to control insect pests including house fly and at the same time safe on human and animal.

scholarly journals Specific characteristics of the vaginal microbiocenosis in girls, suffering from salpingo-oophoritis

2013 ◽  
Vol 17 (2 (66)) ◽  
pp. 9-11
Author(s):  
O. A. Andriiets' ◽  
K. Yu. Humenna ◽  
O. I. Bodnariuk
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Reproductive Function ◽  
Vaginal Microbiota ◽  
Pathogenic Microorganisms ◽  
Opportunistic Pathogenic

The paper presents and analyzes the composition of the vaginal microbiota in girls, suffering from salpingooophoritis. The authors have established some specific features of the microbicenosis of the vulva and vagina in case of inflammatory diseases of the organs of the small pelvis, the role of pathogenic and opportunistic pathogenic microorganisms in the development of salpingo-oophorites in girls of the pubertal age and during the period of the forming of the reproductive function.

scholarly journals Paenibacillus bacteria as a biological factor to control Fusarium fungi and mycotoxins in model studies

2021 ◽  
Vol 61 (4) ◽  
pp. 338-345
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Culture ◽  
Fusarium Culmorum ◽  
Biological Factor ◽  
Cereal Crops ◽  
Model Studies ◽  
Chemical Treatments ◽  
Rice Grains ◽  
Bacterial Cultures ◽  
Growth Of Fungi ◽  
Fusarium Fungi

Various types of microorganisms are commonly used to control toxinogenic fungi in cereal crops and constitute an important element of integrated pest management, limiting the use of chemical treatments. The aim of the study was to evaluate the potential of Paenibacillus bacteria for the growth inhibition of Fusarium fungi and mycotoxins in a model studies on rice grains. The activity of the studied strains in inhibiting the growth of fungi and reducing the level of mycotoxins was determined by chromatographic (HPLC) analysis of the content of ergosterol (ERG), zearalenone (ZEA) and deoxynivalenol (DON) in rice grains after their inoculation with bacterial cultures and infection by Fusarium graminearum and Fusarium culmorum. Based on the obtained results it can be concluded that the studied strains of bacteria effectively inhibited the growth of fungi of the genus Fusarium and, in individual variants, reduced the levels of ZEA and DON in rice grains. The activity of the tested bacteria in the analyzed range depended on the bacterial strain, the type of fungus and the amount of bacterial culture used to inoculate rice.

Granular bainite or granular ferrite? A preliminary TEM investigation of an HSLA-100 steel

1991 ◽  
Vol 49 ◽  
pp. 584-585
Author(s):  
R. Varughese ◽  
S. W. Thompson ◽  
P. R. Howell
Keyword(s):  
Room Temperature ◽  
Transformation Products ◽  
Accurate Description ◽  
Granular Bainite ◽  
Preliminary Results ◽  
The Past ◽  
Light Micrograph ◽  
Multiphase Reaction ◽  
Detailed Nature

Ever since Habraken and Economopoulos first employed the term granular bainite to classify certain unconventional transformation products in continuously cooled steels, the term has been widely accepted and used, despite the lack of a clear consensus as to the detailed nature of the transformation products which constitute granular bainite. This paper presents the preliminary results of a TEM investigation of an 0.04 wt% C, copper-containing steel (designated HSLA-100). It is suggested that the term granular ferrite rather than granular bainite is a more accurate description of this multiphase reaction product.Figure 1 is a light micrograph of a sample which had been air-cooled from 900°C to room temperature. The microstructure is typical of that which has been termed granular bainite in the past and appears to consist of equiaxed ferritic grains together with other minor transformation products. In order to examine these structures in more detail, both continuously cooled and isothermally transformed and quenched materials have been examined with TEM. Granular bainite has been found in virtually all samples.

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