scholarly journals Chlamydiaceae: Diseases in Primary Hosts and Zoonosis

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 146 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heng Choon Cheong ◽  
Chalystha Yie Qin Lee ◽  
Yi Ying Cheok ◽  
Grace Min Yi Tan ◽  
Chung Yeng Looi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chlamydia Trachomatis ◽  
Sexually Transmitted Diseases ◽  
Community Acquired Pneumonia ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
Obligate Intracellular ◽  
Current Review ◽  
Chlamydial Species ◽  
Mucosal Surfaces ◽  
Animal Pathogens

Bacteria of the Chlamydiaceae family are a type of Gram-negative microorganism typified by their obligate intracellular lifestyle. The majority of the members in the Chlamydiaceae family are known pathogenic organisms that primarily infect the host mucosal surfaces in both humans and animals. For instance, Chlamydia trachomatis is a well-known etiological agent for ocular and genital sexually transmitted diseases, while C. pneumoniae has been implicated in community-acquired pneumonia in humans. Other chlamydial species such as C. abortus, C. caviae, C. felis, C. muridarum, C. pecorum, and C. psittaci are important pathogens that are associated with high morbidities in animals. Importantly, some of these animal pathogens have been recognized as zoonotic agents that pose a significant infectious threat to human health through cross-over transmission. The current review provides a succinct recapitulation of the characteristics as well as transmission for the previously established members of the Chlamydiaceae family and a number of other recently described chlamydial organisms.

Molecular mimicry and horror autotoxicus: do chlamydial infections elicit autoimmunity?

2006 ◽  
Vol 8 (29) ◽  
pp. 1-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert H. Swanborg ◽  
Dov L. Boros ◽  
Judith A. Whittum-Hudson ◽  
Alan P. Hudson
Keyword(s):  
Chlamydial Infection ◽  
Chlamydia Pneumoniae ◽  
Molecular Mimicry ◽  
Community Acquired Pneumonia ◽  
Respiratory Pathogen ◽  
Human Pathogens ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
Obligate Intracellular ◽  
Chlamydial Species ◽  
Preventable Blindness

All species of the order Chlamydiales are obligate intracellular eubacterial pathogens of their various hosts. Two chlamydial species, Chlamydia trachomatis and Chlamydia pneumoniae, are primarily human pathogens, and each is known to cause important diseases. Some strains of C. trachomatis are sexually transmitted and frequently cause severe reproductive problems, primarily in women. Other strains of the organism serve as the aetiological agents for blinding trachoma, still the leading cause of preventable blindness in underdeveloped nations. C. pneumoniae is a respiratory pathogen known to cause community-acquired pneumonia. Importantly, both organisms engender an immunopathogenic response in the human host, and both have been associated with widely diverse, relatively common and currently idiopathic chronic diseases, most of which include an important autoimmune component. In this article, we explore the available experimental data regarding the possible elicitation of autoimmunity in various contexts by chlamydial infection, and we suggest several avenues for research to explore this potentially important issue further.

scholarly journals Prevalence of Sexually Transmitted Diseases and Transmission of HIV in Dhaka, Bangladesh

2009 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-33
Author(s):  
Tahmina Shirin ◽  
Saidur Rahman ◽  
Fareha Jesmin Rabbi ◽  
Md Humayun Kabir ◽  
KZ Mamun
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Herpes Simplex ◽  
Chlamydia Trachomatis ◽  
Sexually Transmitted Diseases ◽  
Treponema Pallidum ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Simplex Virus

The prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) among patients attending out patients department of Skin and Venereal diseases of Dhaka Medical College Hospital, Dhaka and Shahid Sohrawardy Hospital, Dhaka was studied. A total of 230 patients were enrolled in the study during the period of July, 2006 to May, 2007. Urethral and endocervical swabs were collected from the participants for detection of Neisseria gonorrheae (by culture), Chlamydia trachomatis (by immunochromatoghraphy) and blood samples for the detection of Treponema pallidum antibody (by rapid plasma regain and Treponema pallidum haemagglutination assay), Herpes simplex virus type 2 antibody (both IgM and IgG by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay) and Human Immunodeficiency virus antibody (by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay). Socio-demographic data and data regarding high-risk sexual behavior were also collected. Out of 230 participants, 199 (86.5%) were positive for STDs pathogens studied, among them, 98 (42.6%) were infected with single pathogen and 101 (43.9%) were suffering from multiple infections. The prevalences of N. gonorrheae, C. trachomatis, T. pallidum, and HSV type 2 were 90 (39.1%), 110 (47.8%), 28 (12.2%) and 88 (38.2%) respectively. However, none of them were positive for HIV infection. Use of condom was significantly associated with protection of the participants against STDs. Keywords: Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, Treponema pallidum, Herpes simplex virus type-2, Human Immunodeficiency virus   doi: 10.3329/bjmm.v3i1.2968 Bangladesh J Med Microbiol 2009; 03 (01): 27-33

Diseases Due to Chlamydiaceae

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Walter E Stamm
Keyword(s):  
Sexually Transmitted Diseases ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Close Contact ◽  
Mammalian Species ◽  
Perinatal Transmission ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
Obligate Intracellular ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Obligate Intracellular Bacteria

The Chlamydiaceae are obligate intracellular bacteria that produce a wide variety of infections in many mammalian and avian species. Three species belonging to two genera of Chlamydiaceae infect humans: Chlamydia trachomatis, Chlamydophila psittaci, and Chlamydophila pneumoniae. C. trachomatis is exclusively a human pathogen and is transmitted from person to person via sexual contact, perinatal transmission, or close contact in households. C. psittaci, in contrast, is more widely distributed in nature, producing genital, conjunctival, intestinal, or respiratory infections in many avian and mammalian species. C. pneumoniae is a fastidious organism that produces upper respiratory tract infection and pneumonitis in both children and adults. This chapter details the epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of chlamydial diseases. Sexually transmitted diseases, perinatal infections, adult inclusion conjunctivitis, trachoma, and psittacosis are covered. The chapter also includes tables outlining comparative features of the three species and treatment of sexually transmitted diseases caused by C. trachomatis, as well as a figure illustrating the life cycle of Chlamydiaceae.  This review contains 1 highly rendered figure, 2 tables, and 87 references.

Infections/inflammation of the genital tract

2011 ◽  
pp. 1426-1428
Author(s):  
Franco Dondero ◽  
Francesco Lombardo
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Chlamydia Trachomatis ◽  
Sexually Transmitted Diseases ◽  
Sexual Behaviour ◽  
Genital Tract ◽  
Contraceptive Methods ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
Genital Apparatus ◽  
Urinary Infections

Sexually-transmitted diseases (STDs) are the primary cause of infections of the genital apparatus, and are an important cause of morbidity worldwide. These diseases diminished after the advent of antibiotics, but in the 1970s new sexual behaviour and use of non-protective contraceptive methods brought about a significant increase in genito-urinary infections, especially in young adults of fertile age. New diseases appeared alongside the classic infections syphilis, gonorrhoea, soft ulcers, venereal lymphogranuloma, and inguinal granuloma, and increased continuously in industrialised nations. Previously unknown pathogens such as Chlamydia trachomatis, genital Mycoplasma, and others came to the attention of andrologists, particularly because of often irreversible complications in the sexual and reproductive realm (1).

Pharmacophore based virtual screening for identification of marine bioactive compounds as inhibitors against macrophage infectivity potentiator (Mip) protein of Chlamydia trachomatis

RSC Advances ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (23) ◽  
pp. 18946-18957 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vijayan Ramachandran ◽  
Elavarasi Padmanaban ◽  
Kalaiarasan Ponnusamy ◽  
Subbarao Naidu ◽  
Manoharan Natesan
Keyword(s):  
Chlamydia Trachomatis ◽  
Virtual Screening ◽  
Sexually Transmitted Diseases ◽  
Bioactive Compounds ◽  
Virulence Factor ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
Macrophage Infectivity Potentiator ◽  
Macrophage Infectivity

Macrophage infectivity potentiator (Mip) is the virulence factor fromChlamydia trachomatisthat is primarily responsible for causing sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and blindness.

Concurrent gonococcal and chlamydial infections among men attending a sexually transmitted diseases clinic

2005 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 357-361 ◽  
Author(s):  
A McMillan ◽  
K Manavi ◽  
H Young
Keyword(s):  
Retrospective Study ◽  
Chlamydia Trachomatis ◽  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Sexually Transmitted Diseases ◽  
Chlamydial Infection ◽  
Empirical Treatment ◽  
Heterosexual Men ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Sex With Men

The aim of this retrospective study was to determine the prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis co-infection in men with gonorrhoea attending a sexually transmitted diseases clinic in Edinburgh, Scotland. During the study period, there were 660 cases of culture-proven gonorrhoea. Chlamydial DNA was detected in the urethra in 79 (31%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 25–37%) heterosexual men who have sex with women (MSW); the median age was significantly lower than those with gonorrhoea alone (24.0 versus 30.0; P < 0.0005). The prevalence of urethral chlamydial infection among MSW was significantly higher than among men who have sex with men (MSM) (32 [12%; 95% CI, 8–16%] of 268 MSM) (χ2 = 27.21; P < 0.001). Sixteen (24%; 95% CI, 14–34%) of 68 MSM with rectal gonorrhoea had concurrent rectal chlamydial infection. The high prevalence of concurrent gonorrhoea and chlamydiae therefore warrants empirical treatment and/or testing for chlamydia in all men with urethral gonorrhoea.

scholarly journals Role for GrgA in Regulation of σ28-Dependent Transcription in the Obligate Intracellular Bacterial PathogenChlamydia trachomatis

2018 ◽  
Vol 200 (20) ◽  
Author(s):  
Malhar Desai ◽  
Wurihan Wurihan ◽  
Rong Di ◽  
Joseph D. Fondell ◽  
Bryce E. Nickels ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factor ◽  
Chlamydia Trachomatis ◽  
Sigma Factor ◽  
Bacterial Pathogen ◽  
Direct Interaction ◽  
Developmental Cycle ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
Obligate Intracellular ◽  
Specific Transcription Factor

ABSTRACTThe obligate intracellular bacterial pathogenChlamydia trachomatishas a unique developmental cycle consisting of two contrasting cellular forms. Whereas the primaryChlamydiasigma factor, σ66, is involved in the expression of the majority of chlamydial genes throughout the developmental cycle, expression of several late genes requires the alternative sigma factor, σ28. In prior work, we identified GrgA as aChlamydia-specific transcription factor that activates σ66-dependent transcription by binding DNA and interacting with a nonconserved region (NCR) of σ66. Here, we extend these findings by showing GrgA can also activate σ28-dependent transcription through direct interaction with σ28. We measure the binding affinity of GrgA for both σ66and σ28, and we identify regions of GrgA important for σ28-dependent transcription. Similar to results obtained with σ66, we find that GrgA's interaction with σ28involves an NCR located upstream of conserved region 2 of σ28. Our findings suggest that GrgA is an important regulator of both σ66- and σ28-dependent transcription inC. trachomatisand further highlight NCRs of bacterial RNA polymerase as targets for regulatory factors unique to particular organisms.IMPORTANCEChlamydia trachomatisis the number one sexually transmitted bacterial pathogen worldwide. A substantial proportion ofC. trachomatis-infected women develop infertility, pelvic inflammatory syndrome, and other serious complications.C. trachomatisis also a leading infectious cause of blindness in underdeveloped countries. The pathogen has a unique developmental cycle that is transcriptionally regulated. The discovery of an expanded role for theChlamydia-specific transcription factor GrgA helps us understand the progression of the chlamydial developmental cycle.

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