scholarly journals Alkali Vapor MEMS Cells Technology toward High-Vacuum Self-Pumping MEMS Cell for Atomic Spectroscopy

Micromachines ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 405 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pawel Knapkiewicz
Keyword(s):  
Cold Atoms ◽  
High Vacuum ◽  
Atomic Clock ◽  
Atomic Spectroscopy ◽  
Anodic Bonding ◽  
Buffer Gas ◽  
Optical Mems ◽  
Preliminary Measurement ◽  
Gas Atmosphere ◽  
Measurement Results

The high-vacuum self-pumping MEMS cell for atomic spectroscopy presented here is the result of the technological achievements of the author and the research group in which he works. A high-temperature anodic bonding process in vacuum or buffer gas atmosphere and the influence of the process on the inner gas composition inside a MEMS structure were studied. A laser-induced alkali vapor introduction method from solid-state pill-like dispenser is presented as well. The technologies mentioned above are groundbreaking achievements that have allowed the building of the first European miniature atomic clock, and they are the basis for other solutions, including high-vacuum optical MEMS. Following description of the key technologies, high-vacuum self-pumping MEMS cell construction and preliminary measurement results are reported. This unique solution makes it possible to achieve a 10−6 Torr vacuum level inside the cell in the presence of saturated rubidium vapor, paving the way to building a new class of optical reference cells for atomic spectroscopy. Because the level of vacuum is high enough, experiments with cold atoms are potentially feasible.

scholarly journals The Microfabricated Alkali Vapor Cell with High Hermeticity for Chip-Scale Atomic Clock

2022 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 436
Author(s):  
Shuo Jia ◽  
Zhiyuan Jiang ◽  
Binbin Jiao ◽  
Xiaochi Liu ◽  
Yijie Pan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Laser Intensity ◽  
Atomic Clock ◽  
Coherent Population Trapping ◽  
Wet Etching ◽  
Anodic Bonding ◽  
Buffer Gas ◽  
Single Chip ◽  
Cell Temperature ◽  
Vapor Cell ◽  
Population Trapping

Herein, a microfabricated millimeter-level vapor alkali cell with a high hermeticity is fabricated through a wet etching and single-chip anodic bonding process. The vapor cell, containing Rb and N2, was investigated in a coherent population trapping (CPT) setup for the application of a chip-scale atomic clock (CSAC). The contrast of CPT resonance is up to 1.1% within the only 1 mm length of light interacting with atom. The effects of some critical external parameters on the CPT resonance, such as laser intensity, cell temperature, and buffer gas pressure, are thoroughly studied and optimized. The improved microfabricated vapor cell also exhibited great potential for other chip-scale atomic devices.

scholarly journals Microfabrication of Alkali Vapor MEMS Cells for chip-scale atomic clock

2021 ◽  
Vol 2103 (1) ◽  
pp. 012188
Author(s):  
A Kazakin ◽  
R Kleimanov ◽  
I Komarevtsev ◽  
A Kondrateva ◽  
Y Enns ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Etching ◽  
Optical Cavity ◽  
Atomic Clock ◽  
Single Step ◽  
Coherent Population Trapping ◽  
Anodic Bonding ◽  
Buffer Gas ◽  
Wet Chemical ◽  
Wet Chemical Etching ◽  
Population Trapping

Abstract The technology of MEMS atomic cells containing rubidium or caesium vapors in an atmosphere of neon buffer gas has been developed. Two-chamber silicon cells containing an optical cavity, shallow filtration channels and a technical container for a solid-state alkali source have been implemented in a single-step process of anisotropic wet chemical etching. To prevent significant undercutting of the filtration channels during etching of the through silicon cavities, the shapes of the compensating elements at the convex corners of the silicon nitride mask have been calculated and the composition of the silicon etchant has been experimentally found. The sealing of the cells has been carried out by silicon-glass anodic bonding at a temperature of 250 °C. For this purpose the LK5 glass which has an increased ionic conductivity in comparison with the conventional glass Borofloat 33 was used. The best microfabricated cells allowed us to obtain estimates of the relative instability of the coherent population trapping resonance frequency at the level of 5 · 10-11 at 1 s.

Methods and preliminary measurement results of liquid Li wettability

2014 ◽  
Vol 85 (2) ◽  
pp. 023506 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Z. Zuo ◽  
J. S. Hu ◽  
J. Ren ◽  
Z. Sun ◽  
Q. X. Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Preliminary Measurement ◽  
Measurement Results

Aging study on a micro-fabricated Cs buffer-gas cell for atomic clock applications

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Abdullah ◽  
C. Affolderbach ◽  
F. Gruet ◽  
G. Mileti ◽  
Y. Petremand
Keyword(s):  
Atomic Clock ◽  
Buffer Gas ◽  
Gas Cell ◽  
Aging Study

A large-scale cold atom source in an integrating sphere

2014 ◽  
Vol 28 (14) ◽  
pp. 1450116 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ben-Chang Zheng ◽  
Hua-Dong Cheng ◽  
Yan-Ling Meng ◽  
Peng Liu ◽  
Xiu-Mei Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Cold Atoms ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Atomic Clock ◽  
Cold Atom ◽  
Integrating Sphere ◽  
Cooling Power ◽  
Atom Number ◽  
Atom Source ◽  
Good Signal

An integrating sphere with a diameter of 10 cm is developed for cooling atoms. The maximum number of 2 × 1010 cold atoms is obtained from a background vapor with 220 mW cooling laser power. The cold atom number can be increased by further increasing the cooling power. Such cold atom source would have potential use for Raman–Ramsey atomic clock with good signal-to-noise ratio (SNR).

Stability properties of an Rb CPT atomic clock with buffer-gas-free cells under dynamic excitation

2019 ◽  
Vol 36 (10) ◽  
pp. 2700
Author(s):  
Sergey Kobtsev ◽  
Daba Radnatarov ◽  
Sergey Khripunov ◽  
Ivan Popkov ◽  
Valerii Andryushkov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atomic Clock ◽  
Buffer Gas ◽  
Stability Properties ◽  
Dynamic Excitation ◽  
Free Cells

scholarly journals When should we change the definition of the second?

2011 ◽  
Vol 369 (1953) ◽  
pp. 4109-4130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Gill
Keyword(s):  
Laser Cooling ◽  
Optical Lattice ◽  
Cold Atoms ◽  
International System ◽  
Atomic Clock ◽  
Optical Clock ◽  
Lattice Systems ◽  
System Of Units ◽  
Primary Standards ◽  
Definition Of

The microwave caesium (Cs) atomic clock has formed an enduring basis for the second in the International System of Units (SI) over the last few decades. The advent of laser cooling has underpinned the development of cold Cs fountain clocks, which now achieve frequency uncertainties of approximately 5×10 −16 . Since 2000, optical atomic clock research has quickened considerably, and now challenges Cs fountain clock performance. This has been suitably shown by recent results for the aluminium Al + quantum logic clock, where a fractional frequency inaccuracy below 10 −17 has been reported. A number of optical clock systems now achieve or exceed the performance of the Cs fountain primary standards used to realize the SI second, raising the issues of whether, how and when to redefine it. Optical clocks comprise frequency-stabilized lasers probing very weak absorptions either in a single cold ion confined in an electromagnetic trap or in an ensemble of cold atoms trapped within an optical lattice. In both cases, different species are under consideration as possible redefinition candidates. In this paper, I consider options for redefinition, contrast the performance of various trapped ion and optical lattice systems, and point to potential limiting environmental factors, such as magnetic, electric and light fields, collisions and gravity, together with the challenge of making remote comparisons of optical frequencies between standards laboratories worldwide.

Magnetic Property of á-Fe Nanoparticles Prepared by Solventless Thermal Decomposition Method

2006 ◽  
Vol 962 ◽  
Author(s):  
Young Chul Han
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Decomposition ◽  
Decomposition Method ◽  
High Vacuum ◽  
Vacuum System ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Thermal Decomposition Method ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Gas Atmosphere ◽  
Fe Nanoparticles ◽  
Pyrex Tube

ABSTRACTNano sized α-Fe particle was synthesized by modified thermal decomposition method. It resulted in the higher saturation magnetization (Ms) almost equivalent to the value of bulk Fe power (Mbulk = 210 emu/g). To prepare Fe nanoparticles, the Fe2+-(oleate)2 complex was annealed at 400 J in pyrex tube and the prepared Fe3O4 nanoparticle was reduced to Fe crystal structure at 700 J with NaCl under Ar+H2 gas atmosphere and annealed again under high vacuum system of 10−5 torr. The crystallinity and structure of the Fe nanoparticle was investigated by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD). The shape and size was confirmed by transmission electron microscope (TEM) images. The magnetic properties were characterized with coercivity and remanence from hysteresis loop by vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM)

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