scholarly journals Research on an Artificial Lateral Line System Based on a Bionic Hair Sensor with Resonant Readout

Micromachines ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 736 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yang ◽  
Zhang ◽  
Liang ◽  
Lu
Keyword(s):  
Flow Velocity ◽  
Lateral Line ◽  
Gas Flow ◽  
Air Flow ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Lateral Line System ◽  
Least Mean Square ◽  
Line System ◽  
Canal Neuromast ◽  
Air Flow Velocity

Inspired by the lateral line system of fish, an artificial lateral line system based on bionic hair sensor with resonant readout is presented in this paper. An artificial lateral line system, which possesses great application potential in the field of gas flow visualization, includes two different sensors: a superficial neuromast and a canal neuromast flow velocity sensor, which are used to measure the constant and oscillatory air flow velocity, respectively. The sensitive mechanism of two artificial lateral line sensors is analyzed, and a finite element simulation is implemented to verify the structural design. Then the control circuit of the artificial lateral line system is designed, employing a demodulation algorithm of oscillatory signal based on the least mean square error algorithm, which is used to calculate the oscillatory air flow velocity. Finally, the experiments are implemented to assess the performance of the two artificial lateral line systems. The experimental results show that the artificial lateral line system, which can be used to measure the constant and oscillatory air flow velocity, has a minimum threshold of 0.785 mm/s in the measurement of oscillatory air flow velocity. Moreover, the artificial canal neuromast lateral line system can filter out low-frequency disturbance and has good sensitivity for high-frequency flow velocity.

scholarly journals The mechanism of the lateral sense organs of fishes

1937 ◽  
Vol 123 (833) ◽  
pp. 472-495 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Lateral Line ◽  
Cranial Nerves ◽  
Sensory System ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Lateral Line System ◽  
Sense Organs ◽  
Line System ◽  
Morphological Studies ◽  
Low Frequency Vibration ◽  
Functional Features

For a long time after their discovery in the seventeenth century the lateral-line canals of fishes were considered to be mucus-secreting organs. In 1850 Leydig described sense organs in the lateral-line canals, and this discovery stimulated a keen interest in the investigation of both the morphological and functional features of the lateral-line system. Morphological studies have yielded a thorough understanding of the structure of these organs (Ewart and Mitchell 1892; Cole 1896; Johnson 1917; von Woellwarth 1933). Physiological studies, though numerous, have been less fruitful. An account of the older work was given by Baglioni (1913), and the more recent work is reviewed by Dykgraaf (1933). The only technique until recently available has been the elimination of the sensory system by nerve section and cauterization, and the comparison of the behaviour of intact and operated fishes in response to various stimuli. With so diffuse a structure as the lateral-line system, receiving its nerve supply from the fifth, seventh, ninth and tenth cranial nerves, this method is particularly inadequate, and involves a violent mutilation of the animal. When one considers the crudity of many of these operations, it is not the uncertainty of the results which is remarkable, but rather that some of the conclusions reached should remain valid to-day in the light of far more penetrating experimental analysis. This method of organ elimination could yield at best only an indication of the kind of stimulus that is effective in evoking the excitation of lateral-line receptors. In current textbooks the conclusion of Parker (1904) that the effective stimulus for the lateral line is low-frequency vibration, and that of Hofer (1907) that it is movement of water (i. e. local currents) have received most notice. The observations of Dykgraaf (1933), who employed the more refined methods of von Frisch’s futterdressur technique, support Hofer’s conclusion, and to some extent also Parker’s. Dykgraaf considers the lateral-line system to be an organ of Ferntastsinn , and if this is taken to mean a mechanoreceptor of such sensitivity that it can function both as a touch organ and as a receptor for disturbances coming from a distance, it is undoubtedly a true description, for it is fully confirmed by the direct electrophysiological studies of Hoagland (1933 a, b, c and d ) and of Schriever (1935). The latter, apparently unacquainted with Hoagland’s work, did little more than to confirm several of his observations.

scholarly journals The Inner Ear is Responsible for Detection of Infrasound in the Perch (Perca Fluviatilis)

1992 ◽  
Vol 171 (1) ◽  
pp. 163-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
HANSERIK KARLSEN
Keyword(s):  
Inner Ear ◽  
Lateral Line ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Perca Fluviatilis ◽  
Lateral Line System ◽  
Threshold Values ◽  
Line System ◽  
Frequency Detection ◽  
Perch Perca Fluviatilis ◽  
Cardiac Conditioning

In a previous study of infrasound detection in the cod, the inner ear was suggested to be the sensory organ responsible for the responses. However, a possible involvement of the lateral-line system in the observed low-frequency detection could not be ruled out. The infrasound sensitivity was therefore studied in perch (Perca fluviatilis) with normal and blocked lateral-line organs. The experiments were performed using a standing wave acoustic tube and the cardiac conditioning technique. All perch readily responded to infrasound frequencies down to 0.3 Hz with threshold values of approximately 2×10−4 ms−2. These thresholds were not affected by complete blocking of the lateral-line system with Co2+, which suggests that the inner ear is responsible for the observed infrasound detection by the perch.

scholarly journals Determination of object position, vortex shedding frequency and flow velocity using artificial lateral line canals

2011 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 276-283 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrian Klein ◽  
Horst Bleckmann
Keyword(s):  
Optical Flow ◽  
Flow Velocity ◽  
Lateral Line ◽  
Lateral Line System ◽  
Flow Sensors ◽  
Line System ◽  
Sensor Platform ◽  
Stationary Objects ◽  
Vortex Shedding Frequency ◽  
Undulatory Swimming

The lateral line system of fish consists of superficial neuromasts, and neuromasts embedded in lateral line canals. Lateral line neuromasts allow fish to sense both minute water motions and pressure gradients, thereby enabling them to detect predators and prey or to recognize and discriminate stationary objects while passing them. With the aid of the lateral line, fish can also sense vortices caused by an upstream object or by undulatory swimming movements of fish. We show here that artificial lateral line canals equipped with optical flow sensors can be used to detect the water motions generated by a stationary vibrating sphere, the vortices caused by an upstream cylinder or the water (air) movements caused by a passing object. The hydrodynamic information retrieved from optical flow sensors can be used to calculate bulk flow velocity and thus the size of the cylinder that shed the vortices. Even a bilateral sensor platform equipped with only one artificial lateral line canal on each side is sufficient to determine the position of an upstream cylinder.

scholarly journals Insights into Electroreceptor Development and Evolution from Molecular Comparisons with Hair Cells

2018 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 329-340 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clare V H Baker ◽  
Melinda S Modrell
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Hair Cell ◽  
Electric Fields ◽  
Lateral Line ◽  
Hair Cells ◽  
Water Movement ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Lateral Line System ◽  
Line System ◽  
Ribbon Synapses

Abstract The vertebrate lateral line system comprises a mechanosensory division, with neuromasts containing hair cells that detect local water movement (“distant touch”); and an electrosensory division, with electrosensory organs that detect the weak, low-frequency electric fields surrounding other animals in water (primarily used for hunting). The entire lateral line system was lost in the amniote lineage with the transition to fully terrestrial life; the electrosensory division was lost independently in several lineages, including the ancestors of frogs and of teleost fishes. (Electroreception with different characteristics subsequently evolved independently within two teleost lineages.) Recent gene expression studies in a non-teleost actinopterygian fish suggest that electroreceptor ribbon synapses employ the same transmission mechanisms as hair cell ribbon synapses, and show that developing electrosensory organs express transcription factors essential for hair cell development, including Atoh1 and Pou4f3. Previous hypotheses for electroreceptor evolution suggest either that electroreceptors and hair cells evolved independently in the vertebrate ancestor from a common ciliated secondary cell, or that electroreceptors evolved from hair cells. The close developmental and putative physiological similarities implied by the gene expression data support the latter hypothesis, i.e., that electroreceptors evolved in the vertebrate ancestor as a “sister cell-type” to lateral line hair cells.

Deep learning model inspired by lateral line system for underwater object detection

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Taekyeong Jeong ◽  
Janggon Yoo ◽  
Daegyoum Kim
Keyword(s):  
Deep Learning ◽  
Flow Velocity ◽  
Lateral Line ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Object Localization ◽  
Lateral Line System ◽  
Line System ◽  
Localization Model ◽  
Flow Information ◽  
Prediction Problems

Abstract Inspired by the lateral line systems of various aquatic organisms that are capable of hydrodynamic imaging using ambient flow information, this study develops a deep learning-based object localization model that can detect the location of objects using flow information measured from a moving sensor array. In numerical simulations with the assumption of a potential flow, a two-dimensional hydrofoil navigates around four stationary cylinders in a uniform flow and obtains two types of sensory data during a simulation, namely flow velocity and pressure, from an array of sensors located on the surface of the hydrofoil. Several neural network models are constructed using the flow velocity and pressure data, and these are used to detect the positions of the hydrofoil and surrounding objects. The model based on a long short-term memory network, which is capable of learning order dependence in sequence prediction problems, outperforms the other models. The number of sensors is then optimized using feature selection techniques. This sensor optimization leads to a new object localization model that achieves impressive accuracy in predicting the locations of the hydrofoil and objects with only 40$\%$ of the sensors used in the original model.

scholarly journals The Effect of Efferent Stimulation on the Phase and Amplitude of Extracellular Receptor Potentials in the Lateral Line System of the Perch (Perca Fluviatius)

1983 ◽  
Vol 102 (1) ◽  
pp. 223-238 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. J. RUSSELL ◽  
D. A. LOWE
Keyword(s):  
Lateral Line ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Receptor Potential ◽  
Mechanical Stimulus ◽  
Lateral Line System ◽  
Phase Lag ◽  
Low Frequencies ◽  
Line System ◽  
Lateral Line Nerve ◽  
Centre Frequency

1. Microphonic and summating potentials were recorded extracellularly from lateral line organs in the suborbital canal of the perch in response to sinusoidal movements of canal fluid. 2. These potentials were changed in amplitude, shape and phase, relative to the mechanical stimulus, by electrical stimulation of efferent fibres in the lateral line nerve. 3. The receptor potential amplitude/stimulus intensity relationships for the microphonic and summating potentials saturated at high levels of stimulation, and at progressively lower amplitudes with increasing frequencies of mechanical stimulation. Efferent stimulation tended to reduce this rate of saturation. 4. Amplitude versus frequency relationships plotted at different stimulus intensities for the microphonic potential showed that the lateral line organs were most sensitive to frequencies between 35–65 Hz (centre frequency), and at these frequencies efferent stimulation caused the greatest increase in amplitude. 5. Analysis of the second order and third order harmonic components of the microphonic showed that these were reduced by efferent stimulation and that the strongest reduction occurred at the centre frequency. 6. The phase of the receptor potential led that of the mechanical stimulus at very low frequencies by nearly 90°. This changed to zero phase at the centre frequency and to a phase lag at higher frequencies. Efferent stimulation caused no change in phase of the microphonic relative to the control state at the centre frequency, but caused a progressive phase lead and lag as the frequency was decreased and increased respectively about the centre frequency. 7. In the linear response range, the lateral line organs responded as critically damped low frequency resonators to the velocity of the stimulus. Efferent stimulation appeared to alter the damping of this resonance. The possibility is discussed that efferent stimulation can alter the mechanical properties of the lateral line hair cells.

EXPERIMENTAL AND ANALYTICAL STUDIES OF VERTICAL AXIS WIND TURBINES

2018 ◽  
pp. 51-58
Author(s):  
B. P. Khozyainov
Keyword(s):  
Wind Turbine ◽  
Flow Velocity ◽  
Wind Power ◽  
Wind Turbines ◽  
Power Efficiency ◽  
Air Flow ◽  
Geometrical Parameters ◽  
Wind Speeds ◽  
Analytical Studies ◽  
Air Flow Velocity

The article carries out the experimental and analytical studies of three-blade wind power installation and gives the technique for measurements of angular rate of wind turbine rotation depending on the wind speeds, the rotating moment and its power. We have made the comparison of the calculation results according to the formulas offered with the indicators of the wind turbine tests executed in natural conditions. The tests were carried out at wind speeds from 0.709 m/s to 6.427 m/s. The wind power efficiency (WPE) for ideal traditional installation is known to be 0.45. According to the analytical calculations, wind power efficiency of the wind turbine with 3-bladed and 6 wind guide screens at wind speedsfrom 0.709 to 6.427 is equal to 0.317, and in the range of speed from 0.709 to 4.5 m/s – 0.351, but the experimental coefficient is much higher. The analysis of WPE variations shows that the work with the wind guide screens at insignificant average air flow velocity during the set period of time appears to be more effective, than the work without them. If the air flow velocity increases, the wind power efficiency gradually decreases. Such a good fit between experimental data and analytical calculations is confirmed by comparison of F-test design criterion with its tabular values. In the design of wind turbines, it allows determining the wind turbine power, setting the geometrical parameters and mass of all details for their efficient performance.

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