scholarly journals Low Conductivity Decay of Sn–0.7Cu–0.2Zn Photovoltaic Ribbons for Solar Cell Application

Micromachines ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 550
Author(s):  
Chen ◽  
Hung ◽  
Lui ◽  
Hsu
Keyword(s):  
Intermetallic Compounds ◽  
Electron Probe ◽  
Series Resistance ◽  
Photovoltaic Module ◽  
Solar Cell Application ◽  
Accumulation Layer ◽  
Electron Probe Microanalyzer ◽  
Zn Accumulation ◽  
Solution Layer ◽  
Solder Interface

: The present study applied Sn–0.7Cu–0.2Zn alloy solders to a photovoltaic ribbon. Intermetallic compounds of Cu6Sn5 and Ag3Sn formed at the Cu/solder/Ag interfaces of the module after reflow. Electron probe microanalyzer images showed that a Cu–Zn solid-solution layer (Zn accumulation layer) existed at the Cu/solder interface. After a 72 h current stress, no detectable amounts of Cu6Sn5 were found. However, a small increase in Ag3Sn was found. Compared with a Sn–0.7Cu photovoltaic module, the increase of the intermetallic compounds thickness in the Sn–0.7Cu–0.2Zn photovoltaic module was much smaller. A retard in the growth of the intermetallic compounds caused the series resistance of the module to slightly increase by 9%. A Zn accumulation layer formed at the module interfaces by adding trace Zn to the Sn–0.7Cu solder, retarding the growth of the intermetallic compounds and thus enhancing the lifetime of the photovoltaic module.

Quantitative EPMA of nitrogen : A tricky element in the electron-probe microanalyzer

1992 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 1622-1623
Author(s):  
G.F. Bastin ◽  
H.J.M. Heijligers
Keyword(s):  
Background Subtraction ◽  
Electron Probe ◽  
Detection System ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Light Elements ◽  
Strong Suppression ◽  
Electron Probe Microanalyzer ◽  
Quantitative Epma ◽  
Peak Count ◽  
Lead Stearate

Among the ultra-light elements B, C, N, and O nitrogen is the most difficult element to deal with in the electron probe microanalyzer. This is mainly caused by the severe absorption that N-Kα radiation suffers in carbon which is abundantly present in the detection system (lead-stearate crystal, carbonaceous counter window). As a result the peak-to-background ratios for N-Kα measured with a conventional lead-stearate crystal can attain values well below unity in many binary nitrides . An additional complication can be caused by the presence of interfering higher-order reflections from the metal partner in the nitride specimen; notorious examples are elements such as Zr and Nb. In nitrides containing these elements is is virtually impossible to carry out an accurate background subtraction which becomes increasingly important with lower and lower peak-to-background ratios. The use of a synthetic multilayer crystal such as W/Si (2d-spacing 59.8 Å) can bring significant improvements in terms of both higher peak count rates as well as a strong suppression of higher-order reflections.

Measurement And Simulation Of X-Ray Emission From Multilayered Structures In Electron Probe Microanalysis.

1999 ◽  
Vol 5 (S2) ◽  
pp. 78-79
Author(s):  
C. Merlet ◽  
X. Llovet ◽  
F. Salvat
Keyword(s):  
Electron Probe ◽  
Numerical Models ◽  
Carbon Layer ◽  
Single Element ◽  
Surface Ionization ◽  
Copper Films ◽  
Multilayered Structures ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Electron Probe Microanalyzer ◽  
Quantitative Epma

Studies of x-ray emission from thin films on substrates using an electron probe microanalyzer (EPMA) provide useful information on the characteristics of x-ray generation by electron beams. In this study, EPMA measurements of multilayered samples were performed in order to test and improve analytical and numerical models used for quantitative EPMA. These models provide relatively accurate results for samples consisting of layers with similar average atomic numbers, because of their similar properties regarding electron transport and x-ray generation. On the contrary, these models find difficulties to describe the process when the various layers have very different atomic numbers. In a previous work, we studied the surface ionization of thin copper films of various thicknesses deposited on substrates with very different atomic numbers. In the present communication, the study is extended to the case of multilayered specimens.The studied specimens consisted of thin copper films deposited on a carbon layer which, in turn, was placed on a variety of single-element substrates, ranging from Be to Bi.

Formation mechanism of Sn-patch between SnAgCu solder and Ti/Ni(V)/Cu under bump metallization

2009 ◽  
Vol 24 (8) ◽  
pp. 2638-2643 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kai-Jheng Wang ◽  
Yan-Zuo Tsai ◽  
Jenq-Gong Duh ◽  
Toung-Yi Shih
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Field Emission ◽  
Formation Mechanism ◽  
Transmission Electron Microscope ◽  
Electron Probe ◽  
Under Bump Metallization ◽  
Rich Phase ◽  
Snagcu Solder ◽  
Electron Probe Microanalyzer ◽  
Transmission Electron

An Sn-patch formed in Ni(V)-based under bump metallization during reflow and aging. To elucidate the evolution of the Sn-patch, the detailed compositions and microstructure in Sn–Ag–Cu and Ti/Ni(V)/Cu joints were analyzed by a field emission electron probe microanalyzer (EPMA) and transmission electron microscope (TEM), respectively. There existed a concentration redistribution in the Sn-patch, and its microstructure also varied with aging. The Sn-patch consisted of crystalline Ni and an amorphous Sn-rich phase after reflow, whereas V2Sn3 formed with amorphous an Sn-rich phase during aging. A possible formation mechanism of the Sn-patch was proposed.

Research on Effects of Mo Element on the Magnetic Properties of 1J79 Alloy

2010 ◽  
Vol 160-162 ◽  
pp. 1787-1790
Author(s):  
Jing Cao ◽  
Yong Feng Wang ◽  
Chun Xue Wei
Keyword(s):  
Grain Size ◽  
Magnetic Properties ◽  
Crystal Growth ◽  
Saturation Magnetization ◽  
Electron Probe ◽  
Electric Arc ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Vibrating Sample Magnetometer ◽  
Electron Probe Microanalyzer ◽  
Mo Content

1J79 alloy was prepared by vacuum electric arc smelting．The crystal growth and the content of impurity was observed by electron probe microanalyzer，and magnetic properties were measured by vibrating sample magnetometer(VSM)．Experimental results show that inclusions in the alloy are fewer and fewer, composition becomes more uniform with the increases of the Mo content, and grain size also becomes larger and larger with the increases of Mo content, to reduce coercivity. The small amount of Mo addition is useful to improve the saturation magnetization and reduce coercivity．

scholarly journals A dynamic model for series and parallel resistance of photovoltaic cell using material properties extraction and energy tunnel

2017 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-21
Author(s):  
Kotchapong Sumanonta ◽  
Pasist Suwanapingkarl ◽  
Pisit Liutanakul
Keyword(s):  
Series Resistance ◽  
Photovoltaic Cell ◽  
Photovoltaic Module ◽  
Practical Application ◽  
Pv Module ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Outdoor Test ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Parallel Resistance ◽  
Novel Model

This article presents a novel model for the equivalent circuit of a photovoltaic module. This circuit consists of the following important parameters: a single diode, series resistance (Rs) and parallel resistance (Rp) that can be directly adjusted according to ambient temperature and the irradiance. The single diode in the circuit is directly related to the ideality factor (m), which represents the relationship between the materials and significant structures of PV module such as mono crystalline, multi crystalline and thin film technology.  Especially, the proposed model in this article is to present the simplified model that can calculate the results of I-V curves faster and more accurate than other methods of the previous models. This can show that the proposed models are more suitable for the practical application. In addition, the results of the proposed model are validated by the datasheet, the practical data in the laboratory (indoor test) and the onsite data (outdoor test). This ensures that the less than 0.1% absolute errors of the model can be accepted.

scholarly journals ANALYSIS AND PROSPECTIVE UTILIZATION OF TECHNOGENIC SLAG WASTE FROM A LEAD PLANT

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (446) ◽  
pp. 22-28
Author(s):  
Z. Bagova ◽  
K. Zhantasov ◽  
G. Turebekova ◽  
B. Sapargaliyeva ◽  
Javier Rodrigo-Ilarri
Keyword(s):  
Electron Probe ◽  
Slag Sample ◽  
Ferrous Metal ◽  
Toxic Waste ◽  
Quantitative Composition ◽  
Electron Probe Microanalyzer ◽  
Lead Zinc ◽  
Lead Production ◽  
Zinc Production ◽  
Slag Waste

The article presents the analysis and results of the study of technogenic slag waste of lead-zinc production. Slags of lead-zinc production contain a large number of toxic compounds: lead, zinc, osmium, cadmium, which are dangerous sources of environmental pollution. Due to the open storage of slags, it was found that the maximum permissible concentrations of lead were exceeded. Utilization of man-made slag waste is of great importance for reducing the negative impact on the safety of life and improving the environmental situation in the region. At the same time, slags are valuable raw materials containing compounds of non-ferrous and rare-earth metals. The article shows the results of laboratory studies of slags to determine the qualitative and quantitative composition of valuable components in the waste of lead production and the possibility of their further processing and disposal. Studies of the material of the heavy slag fraction were carried out on an electron probe microanalyzer of the JEOL IXA-8230 Electron Probe microanalyzer brand. X-ray diffractometric analysis of the average slag sample was performed on a DRON-4 diffractometer with Cu radiation, graphite monochromator. Samples were selected heavy fraction and manufactured artificial polished sections (briquettes). The sections were studied under the microscope of the brand LEICA DM 2500P and immersion in liquids. According to the results of research, it was found that lead slags contain a sufficiently high amount of non-ferrous metal compounds: lead oxide up to 0.7 % and zinc oxide up to 8.5 % of the weight amount of slag, which makes the process of recycling toxic waste from lead production technically and economically feasible.

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