scholarly journals Recovery of Rare Earth Oxide from Waste NiMH Batteries by Simple Wet Chemical Valorization Process

Metals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 1151 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nak-Kyoon Ahn ◽  
Basudev Swain ◽  
Hyun-Woo Shim ◽  
Dae-Weon Kim
Keyword(s):  
Rare Earth ◽  
Active Material ◽  
Rare Earth Oxide ◽  
Recovery Process ◽  
Sulfate Solution ◽  
Reaction Process ◽  
Nickel Metal ◽  
Nickel Metal Hydride ◽  
Wet Chemical ◽  
Almost All

Nickel metal hydride (NiMH) batteries contain a significant amount of rare earth metals (REMs) such as Ce, La, and Nd, which are critical to the supply chain. Recovery of these metals from waste NiMH batteries can be a potential secondary resource for REMs. In our current REM recovery process, REM oxide from waste NiMH batteries was recovered by a simple wet chemical valorization process. The process followed the chemical metallurgy process to recover REM oxides and included the following stages: (1) H2SO4 leaching; (2) selective separation of REM as sulfate salt from Ni/Co sulfate solution; (3) metathesis purification reaction process for the conversion REM sulfate to REM carbonate; and (4) recovery of REM oxide from REM carbonate by heat treatment. Through H2SO4 leaching optimization, almost all the metal from the electrode active material of waste NiMH batteries was leached out. From the filtered leach liquor managing pH (at pH 1.8) with 10 M NaOH, REM was precipitated as hydrated NaREE(SO4)2·H2O, which was then further valorized through the metathesis reaction process. From NaREE(SO4)2·H2O through carbocation, REM was purified as hydrated (REM)2CO3·H2O precipitate. From (REM)2CO3·H2O through calcination at 800 °C, (REM)2O3 could be recovered.

Microstructural characterization of a cast RENi5-based alloy

1993 ◽  
Vol 51 ◽  
pp. 1176-1177
Author(s):  
G. M. Micha ◽  
L. Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Rare Earth ◽  
Microstructural Characterization ◽  
Binary Compound ◽  
Nickel Metal ◽  
Cast Material ◽  
Nickel Metal Hydride ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Cast Condition

RENi5 (RE: rare earth) based alloys have been extensively evaluated for use as an electrode material for nickel-metal hydride batteries. A variety of alloys have been developed from the prototype intermetallic compound LaNi5. The use of mischmetal as a source of rare earth combined with transition metal and Al substitutions for Ni has caused the evolution of the alloy from a binary compound to one containing eight or more elements. This study evaluated the microstructural features of a complex commercial RENi5 based alloy using scanning and transmission electron microscopy.The alloy was evaluated in the as-cast condition. Its chemistry in at. pct. determined by bulk techniques was 12.1 La, 3.2 Ce, 1.5 Pr, 4.9 Nd, 50.2 Ni, 10.4 Co, 5.3 Mn and 2.0 Al. The as-cast material was of low strength, very brittle and contained a multitude of internal cracks. TEM foils could only be prepared by first embedding pieces of the alloy in epoxy.

Investigation of Failure Processes in Porous Battery Substrates: Part I—Experimental Findings

1999 ◽  
Vol 121 (4) ◽  
pp. 503-513 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Wang ◽  
X. Cheng ◽  
A. M. Sastry ◽  
S. B. Choi
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Active Material ◽  
Cost Savings ◽  
Parallel Study ◽  
Coupled Transport ◽  
Nickel Metal ◽  
Nickel Metal Hydride ◽  
Battery Materials ◽  
Experimental Findings ◽  
And Function

Experimental findings are presented which demonstrate the coupled transport, mechanical and morphological changes in porous battery materials when they are cycled electrochemically. These materials, comprised of a mixture of powdered nickel and nickel fiber, act as substrates in nickel-metal hydride (NiMH) cells, and function as porous, conductive containment for positive-plate active material. They can offer substantial weight and cost savings over more traditional sintered or foam materials, provided they can be designed to produce good conductivity over many (>500) electrochemical cycles. This study represents an expansion of previous work by the authors, which had established some key differences in the behavior of substrate materials for a small number of cells. Here, these difference are validated with a greater variety and number of electrochemical/material experiments, along with a parallel study on morphological changes. In the second paper in this series (Cheng et al., 1999b), transport and mechanics models are presented to explain the observed differences, using microstructural models based on observations in this study.

Thermal Evolution and Electrical Properties of Rare-Earth Oxide Doped Zirconia

1988 ◽  
Vol 121 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. S. Chiou ◽  
M. Y. Lee ◽  
J. G. Duh
Keyword(s):  
Activation Energy ◽  
Rare Earth ◽  
Ionic Radius ◽  
Thermal Evolution ◽  
Rare Earth Oxide ◽  
Zirconia Ceramics ◽  
Wet Chemical ◽  
Ir Analysis ◽  
Lower Temperature ◽  
The Rare Earth

ABSTRACTSynthesized zirconia ceramics are prepared through the coprecipita-tion process. Application of the wet chemical approach is aimed at the achievement of highly sintered ceramics at lower temperature. The thermal evolution of the synthesized CeO2-ZrO2 powder is investigated with the aid of DTA and TGA measurement. The exothermic peaks on the DTA thermogram are futher identified by the IR analysis. The effect of CeO on the occurrence of the peaks is probed. For other rare-earth oxiae doped ceramics, such as Nd2O3. and Dy2O3. containing zirconia, the bulk and grain boundary resistances are evaluated by the impedance spectroscopy. The dependence of the associated activation energy in the rare-earth oxide doped zirconia is discussed with respect to the variation of the ionic radius of the rare earth constituent.

Secondary Resources of Rare Еarth Мetals

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (9) ◽  
pp. 44-50
Author(s):  
S.A. Chernyi
Keyword(s):  
Rare Earth ◽  
Rare Earths ◽  
Industrial Waste ◽  
Rare Earth Metals ◽  
Nickel Metal ◽  
Nickel Metal Hydride ◽  
Processing Technologies ◽  
Apatite Concentrate ◽  
Fluorescent Lamps ◽  
High Processing

The article provides an overview of the main existing methods for recycling rare earth metals from various types of waste. It was noted that the demand for rare-earth metals is increasing annually due to the growth of advanced technologies, mainly in the sectors of electronics, power engineering and photonics. It has been established that in countries producing final products of high processing, the chemical-technological processes of processing goods that have worked out their life cycle, and, first of all, fluorescent lamps, NdFeB magnets from electronic devices, and nickel-metal hydride (NiMeH) batteries containing rare earths are most quickly created. The most profitable and recycling option is the reuse of products containing rare-earth metals, however, such technologies are applicable for a narrow range of waste. Another important area of REM recycling is the processing of industrial waste. For countries with developed mining and chemical industries, mining processing technologies are attractive. It is shown that for Russia, more appropriate are schemes for the disposal of industrial waste, primarily waste from the production of apatite concentrate. The main problems of the development of REM recycling are identified: low content and dispersion of rare earths in waste; the presence of impurities that impede the extraction of valuable components and the toxicity of the used recycling schemes.

scholarly journals Recovery of Rare Earth Metals (REMs) from Nickel Metal Hydride Batteries of Electric Vehicles

Minerals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 34
Author(s):  
Manis Kumar Jha ◽  
Pankaj Kumar Choubey ◽  
Om Shankar Dinkar ◽  
Rekha Panda ◽  
Rajesh Kumar Jyothi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rare Earth ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Metal Hydride ◽  
Rare Earth Metals ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Leach Liquor ◽  
High Energy Density ◽  
Flow Sheet ◽  
Nickel Metal ◽  
Nickel Metal Hydride

Nickel metal hydride (NiMH) batteries are extensively used in the manufacturing of portable electronic devices as well as electric vehicles due to their specific properties including high energy density, precise volume, resistance to overcharge, etc. These NiMH batteries contain significant amounts of rare earth metals (REMs) along with Co and Ni which are discarded due to illegal dumping and improper recycling practices. In view of their strategic, economic, and industrial importance, and to mitigate the demand and supply gap of REMs and the limited availability of natural resources, it is necessary to explore secondary resources of REMs. Therefore, the present paper reports a feasible hydrometallurgical process flowsheet for the recovery of REMs and valuable metals from spent NiMH batteries. More than 90% dissolution of REMs (Nd, Ce and La) was achieved using 2 M H2SO4 at 75 °C in 60 min in the presence of 10% H2O2 (v/v). From the obtained leach liquor, the REMs, such as Nd and Ce, were recovered using 10% PC88A diluted in kerosene at eq. pH 1.5 and O/A ratio 1/1 in two stages of counter current extraction. La of 99% purity was selectively precipitated from the leach liquor in the pH range of 1.5 to 2.0, leaving Cu, Ni and Co in the filtrate. Further, Cu and Ni were extracted with LIX 84 at equilibrium pH 2.5 and 5, leaving Co in the raffinate. The developed process flow sheet is feasible and has potential for industrial exploitation after scale-up/pilot trails.

Rare-earth-based hydrogen storage alloys for rechargeable nickel-metal hydride batteries

1993 ◽  
Vol 192 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 155-157 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Sakai ◽  
H. Miyamura ◽  
N. Kuriyama ◽  
H. Ishikawa ◽  
I. Uehara
Keyword(s):  
Rare Earth ◽  
Hydrogen Storage ◽  
Metal Hydride ◽  
Hydrogen Storage Alloys ◽  
Nickel Metal ◽  
Nickel Metal Hydride

scholarly journals Development of an innovative process involving the use of ionic liquids for the recovery and purification of rare earths from permanent magnets and NIMH batteries

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 89
Author(s):  
Jokin Hidalgo ◽  
María Tripiana ◽  
Laura Sanchez-Cupido ◽  
Manuel Barragán ◽  
María González-Moya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Liquid ◽  
Ionic Liquids ◽  
Rare Earth ◽  
Permanent Magnets ◽  
Nickel Metal ◽  
Nickel Metal Hydride ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Innovative Process ◽  
Industry Trends ◽  
Rare Earth Oxalates

Background: Nowadays, the industry trends are reflecting an increase in the consumption of products containing rare earth elements (REEs), which leads to the generation of several REE-containing residues such as spent permanent magnets (SPM), permanent magnet swarf (PMS), and nickel metal hydride (NiMH) batteries. Methods: Due to the risk of supply and to decrease the dependency of Europe in obtaining REEs, an innovative process for obtaining REEs in the form of rare earth oxalates (REOx) that can be easily transformed to an xide mixture by calcination is proposed. The  proposed method includes leaching of REEs from SPM, PMS, and NiMH batteries using different solvents such as ionic liquids and/or mineral acids; precipitation of REE in the form of REOx and purification of the final products by an ionic liquid extraction (ILE) process for removing the impurities using Cyphos 101 as ionic liquid. Intensive research, based on laboratory tests, is described for each of the parts of the process with the aim of providing optimized results. Results: In this study, >99% recovery of the REE initially present in the leachates after the leaching phase is achieved, with a purity of the REOxafter the precipitation and purification steps higher than 95%. Conclusion: A novel and innovative process for the extraction of REEs from secondary sources has been investigated in this paper, demonstrating strong potential for its implementation. The REEEs recovery rate and the purity obtained  together  with the low environmental impact of this process compared to conventional ones can contribute to a greener future where the usage of REEs will presumably be even more relevant.

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