scholarly journals Effect of Carbide Precipitation on the Evolution of Residual Stress during Tempering

Metals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 709 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenhong Ding ◽  
Yazheng Liu ◽  
Jianxin Xie ◽  
Li Sun ◽  
Tianwu Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Residual Stress ◽  
Elastic Strain ◽  
Strain Energy ◽  
Elastic Strain Energy ◽  
Hardness Test ◽  
Carbide Precipitation ◽  
Material Surface ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Alloy Carbide ◽  
Isothermal Tempering

The evolution of microstructure and residual stress during the tempering of 700 L low-carbon micro-alloyed steel was studied using a crack compliance method for measuring residual stress. Additionally, a non-isothermal tempering dilatation test, Vickers micro-hardness test, and transmission electron microscopy were used. The evolution of residual stress during tempering consists of two stages. The first stage coincided with cementite precipitation. Under the initial residual stress, the transformation plasticity due to cementite precipitation leads to partial relaxation of the micro-stress evoked by the austenite-to-ferrite transformation during quenching. It also caused the material surface and the core to exhibit different residual stress evolution trends. After tempering at 300 ∘ C for 30 min, the residual stress was reduced from 487 MPa to 200 MPa; however, the elastic strain energy remained unchanged. The second stage coincided with alloy carbide precipitation and Mn partitioning, but the precipitation of the alloy carbide only reduced the elastic strain energy by 8.7%. Thus, the change in activation energy was the main reason for the relaxation of residual stress at this stage. After tempering at 600 ∘ C for 30 min, the residual stress was reduced to 174 MPa, the elastic strain energy was reduced by 72.72%, and the residual stress was controlled.

Latent Elastic Strain Energy Due to the Residual Stresses in a Plastically Deformed Polycrystal

1967 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 606-611 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. H. Lin ◽  
Marvin Ito
Keyword(s):  
Residual Stress ◽  
Residual Stresses ◽  
Elastic Strain ◽  
Strain Energy ◽  
Elastic Strain Energy ◽  
Residual Stress Field ◽  
Latent Energy ◽  
Energy Part ◽  
Crystallographic Slip ◽  
Work Done

A part of the work done on a plastically deformed metal reappears in the form of heat and the remaining part remains latent in the metal, known as latent energy. Part of this latent energy is the elastic strain energy of the residual stresses of the plastically deformed metal. In this paper, this strain energy in a polycrystal is calculated from the crystallographic slip properties of single crystals. The polycrystalline aggregate is composed of differently oriented cube-shaped crystals, each with one slip plane on which there are three slip directions. Neglecting the inhomogeneity and anisotropy of elastic constants, the polycrystal is taken to be elastically homogeneous and isotropic. The analogy between plastic strain gradient and body force in an infinite elastic medium is used to calculate the residual stress field. The residual stress calculation satisfies the condition of continuity, the equilibrium condition, and the single crystal stress-strain relationship throughout the aggregate. The variation of the latent elastic strain energy with the aggregate stress is shown. A similar method may be used to calculate the latent elastic strain energy of f.c.c. and b.c.c. polycrystals.

Do muscles function as adaptable locomotor springs?

2002 ◽  
Vol 205 (15) ◽  
pp. 2211-2216 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stan L. Lindstedt ◽  
Trude E. Reich ◽  
Paul Keim ◽  
Paul C. LaStayo
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Elastic Strain ◽  
Strain Energy ◽  
Elastic Strain Energy ◽  
Normal Animal ◽  
Eccentric Contractions ◽  
Normal Muscle ◽  
Energetic Costs ◽  
Locomotor Muscles ◽  
Power Outputs

SUMMARYDuring normal animal movements, the forces produced by the locomotor muscles may be greater than, equal to or less than the forces acting on those muscles, the consequences of which significantly affect both the maximum force produced and the energy consumed by the muscles. Lengthening (eccentric)contractions result in the greatest muscle forces at the lowest relative energetic costs. Eccentric contractions play a key role in storing elastic strain energy which, when recovered in subsequent contractions, has been shown to result in enhanced force, work or power outputs. We present data that support the concept that this ability of muscle to store and recover elastic strain energy is an adaptable property of skeletal muscle. Further, we speculate that a crucial element in that muscle spring may be the protein titin. It too seems to adapt to muscle use, and its stiffness seems to be`tuned' to the frequency of normal muscle use.

The Elastostatic Axisymmetric Problem of a Cracked Sphere Embedded in a Dissimilar Matrix

1980 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 545-550 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Kant ◽  
D. B. Bogy
Keyword(s):  
Elastic Strain ◽  
Strain Energy ◽  
Elastic Strain Energy ◽  
Companion Paper ◽  
Infinite Medium ◽  
Applied Mechanics ◽  
Axisymmetric Solution ◽  
Material Parameters ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Elastostatic Problem

The axisymmetric elastostatic problem of a cracked sphere embedded in a dissimilar matrix is solved by using the solution for a spherical cavity in an infinite medium together with the axisymmetric solution for a cracked sphere given in the companion paper in this issue of the Journal of Applied Mechanics, Pages 538-544. Numerical results are presented for (a) interface stress for various composites (b) dependence of the stress-intensity factor on the material parameters and ratios of crack to sphere radii, (c) the difference in the elastic strain energy for a cracked and uncracked composite.

scholarly journals Effect of Joint Density on Rockburst Proneness of the Elastic-Brittle-Plastic Rock Mass

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Jiliang Pan ◽  
Fenhua Ren ◽  
Meifeng Cai
Keyword(s):  
Rock Mass ◽  
Elastic Strain ◽  
Strain Energy ◽  
Elastic Strain Energy ◽  
Jointed Rock ◽  
Jointed Rock Mass ◽  
Joint Density ◽  
Dissipated Energy ◽  
Uniaxial Compression Test ◽  
Plastic Rock

The prediction of rockburst proneness is the basis of preventing and controlling rockburst disasters in rock engineering. Based on energy theory and damage mechanics, the quantitative functional relationship between joint density and energy density was derived. Then, the theoretical results were verified by numerical simulation and uniaxial compression test, and the effect of joint density on rockburst proneness of the elastic-brittle-plastic rock mass was discussed. The results show that the relationship between the joint density and the dissipated energy index of the jointed rock mass is a logarithmic function. With the same total input energy, the higher the joint density, the more the damage dissipation energy. Even in the case of high joint density, the rock mass still has limited resistance to external failure. Under the same joint density, the strength of parallel jointed rock mass is better than that of the cross-jointed rock mass, and the parallel jointed rock mass can accumulate more elastic strain energy and has higher rockburst proneness. The joint density is closely related to the ability of the rock mass to store high strain energy. The higher the joint density is, the weaker the ability to accumulate the elastic strain energy of rock mass is and the lower the rockburst proneness is. It is helpful to predict rockburst proneness by investigating and studying the properties of geological discontinuities. The research results have some theoretical and engineering guiding significance for the prediction of rockburst proneness of the jointed rock mass.

scholarly journals Dynamic Stability Critical State of Pin-Ended Arches under Sudden Central Concentrated Load

Mechanika ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kai QIN ◽  
Jingyuan LI ◽  
Mengsha LIU ◽  
Jinsan JU
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element ◽  
Critical Load ◽  
Critical State ◽  
Elastic Strain ◽  
Strain Energy ◽  
Elastic Strain Energy ◽  
The State ◽  
Energy Principle ◽  
Concentrated Load ◽  
Elastic Plastic

The dynamic in-plane instability process of extreme point type for pin-ended arches when a central radial load applied suddenly with infinite duration is analyzed with finite element method in this study. The state of arch can be determined by the crown’s vertical displacement varied with time and the critical load can be obtained by repeating trial-calculation. When the arch structure reaches the dynamically stable critical state, the kinetic energy of the structure is very small or even zero. The dynamic critical load of elastic arch calculated with the theoretical analysis method which is based on energy principle is proved accuracy enough by comparing with the finite element calculation results and the percentage of the differences between them are no more than 4.5 %. The maximal elastic strain energy is certain for the elastic-plastic arch in certain geometry under both a sudden load and static load. The maximal elastic strain energy in static calculation can be used in determining the state of the elastic-plastic arch under dynamic sudden loads applied and this method is more accurate which errors won’t exceed 3.5 %. The accuracy of dynamic critical load calculation method for elastic arch is verified by numerical calculation in this study, and based on the characteristic of elastic strain energy in critical state, a method for determining the stability of elastic-plastic arch is presented.

scholarly journals Ut vis sic tensio

2018 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giuseppe Saccomandi
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Elastic Strain ◽  
Strain Energy ◽  
Nonlinear Response ◽  
Solid Mechanics ◽  
Functional Form ◽  
Elastic Strain Energy ◽  
Strongly Nonlinear ◽  
Long Time

The mechanical properties of rubber-like materials have been offering an outstanding challenge to the solid mechanics community for a long time. The behaviour of such materials is quite difficult to predict because rubber self-organizes into mesoscopic physical structures that play a prominent role in determining their complex, history-dependent and strongly nonlinear response. In this framework one of the main problems is to find a functional form of the elastic strain-energy that best describes the experimental data in a mathematical feasible way. The aim of this paper is to give a survey of recent advances aimed at solving such a problem.

Elastic Strain Energy Effects in Faceted Decahedral Nanoparticles

2013 ◽  
Vol 117 (3) ◽  
pp. 1485-1494 ◽  
Author(s):  
Srikanth Patala ◽  
Laurence D. Marks ◽  
Monica Olvera de la Cruz
Keyword(s):  
Elastic Strain ◽  
Strain Energy ◽  
Elastic Strain Energy
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