scholarly journals Effect of Electron Beam Method on Processing of Titanium Technogenic Material

Metals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 683 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katia Vutova ◽  
Vania Vassileva ◽  
Vladislava Stefanova ◽  
Dinesh Amalnerkar ◽  
Takeshi Tanaka
Keyword(s):  
Electron Beam ◽  
Removal Efficiency ◽  
Beam Power ◽  
Melting Time ◽  
Process Conditions ◽  
Technological Parameters ◽  
Electron Beam Processing ◽  
Composition Variation ◽  
High Level

This study reveals the efficiency of the electron beam processing of titanium technogenic material with a high level of impurities and the quality of the obtained metal in correlation to process parameters which are discussed. The influence of the beam power and melting time on the composition variation, morphologies, hardness of metal samples and mass losses is investigated. Based on the different technological parameters, the removal efficiency of impurities is also discussed, and the corresponding experiments are carried out in order to make a comparison. Different thermal process conditions are realized during the single-melt operation. Chemical and metallographic analyses are performed, and the results are discussed. The hardness of the titanium decreases by prolonging the time of the electron beam processing. A maximal overall removal efficiency of 99.975% is seen at 5.5 kW beam power for a 40 min melting time and the best purification of Ti (99.996%) is achieved.

scholarly journals Preserving quality of fresh cut watermelon cubes for vending distribution by low-dose electron beam processing

Food Control ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 72 ◽  
pp. 367-371 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bianca Smith ◽  
Adrienne Ortega ◽  
Shima Shayanfar ◽  
Suresh D. Pillai
Keyword(s):  
Electron Beam ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Electron Beam Processing ◽  
Fresh Cut

Removal of Phosphorus in Metallurgical Grade Silicon Using Electron Beam Melting

2011 ◽  
Vol 675-677 ◽  
pp. 45-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Dong ◽  
Qiang Wang ◽  
Xu Peng ◽  
Yi Tan ◽  
Da Chuan Jiang
Keyword(s):  
Electron Beam ◽  
Electron Beam Melting ◽  
Phosphorus Content ◽  
Beam Power ◽  
Melting Time ◽  
Metallurgical Grade Silicon ◽  
First Order ◽  
First Order Kinetics ◽  
Grade Silicon ◽  
Dephosphorization Rate

The effects of melting condition on the dephosphorization behavior in metallurgical grade silicon (MG-Si) by electron beam melting (EBM) were investigated in this study. Experiment results showed that phosphorus content decreased by evaporation with the increase of melting time, and evaporation rate increased with the increase of electron beam power. Phosphorus content decreased to below 0.1 ppmw by EBM treatment at 21 kW for 1800 seconds. The dephosphorization reaction was found to follow the first order kinetics. Dephosphorization rate was controlled by free evaporation.

scholarly journals REQUIREMENTS FOR AERIAL IMAGES QUALITY, OBTAINED FOR MAPPING PURPOSES

2021 ◽  
Vol XLIII-B2-2021 ◽  
pp. 777-784
Author(s):  
I. Anikeeva ◽  
A. Chibunichev
Keyword(s):  
Quality Criteria ◽  
Aerial Images ◽  
Post Processing ◽  
Technological Parameters ◽  
Natural Conditions ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Relevant Today ◽  
High Level ◽  
Visual Properties

Abstract. The quality of cartographic products, obtained on base of aerial images, depends on their quality. The image‘s quality can be defined in terms of measurement characteristics and in it’s visual properties. The object of the paper is an aerial image’s quality, concerning its visual perception. The process of topographic aerial images quality assessing is currently not regulated, therefore, this problem becomes particularly relevant today. The article is devoted to development the quality criteria system for aerial images, obtained for mapping purposes, and definition the requirements for them. The analysis of factors affecting the quality of aerial images is carried out, they include natural conditions, technical and technological parameters of aerial surveying and images post-processing. The main imperfections of image quality, appearing as a result of these factors influence are determined – blurring, high level of random image noise, haze, color imbalance, loss of information in shadows and illumination. Methods of identifying these imperfections and assessing their influence on aerial images quality are shown.

scholarly journals Effect of Ozonation Process on the Energy Metabolism in Raspberry Fruit During Storage at Room Temperature

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 483-491
Author(s):  
Tomasz Piechowiak ◽  
Patrycja Sowa ◽  
Maciej Balawejder
Keyword(s):  
Energy Metabolism ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Energy Charge ◽  
Ozone Treatment ◽  
Process Conditions ◽  
Respiratory Enzymes ◽  
High Level ◽  
Ozonation Process ◽  
Mitochondrial Respiratory

AbstractThe major aim of this research was to investigate the effect of ozone treatment on the energy metabolism in raspberry fruit during storage at room temperature. Raspberries were ozonated with an ozone concentration of 8–10 mg L−1, for 30 min, every 12 h of storage at room temperature for 72 h. The results indicated that ozone treatment significantly enhanced the activities of mitochondrial respiratory enzymes, such as succinate dehydrogenase, cytochrome C oxidase, and H+-ATPase, which contributed to maintain the high level of ATP and energy charge in fruit during storage. Moreover, the energy metabolism in mitochondria was closely correlated with the antioxidant potential of raspberry fruit. This study has given an experimental evidence that ozonation procedure in proposed process conditions significantly affects the mitochondrial respiratory system leading to maintain the high quality of the fruit over a long period of storage at room temperature.

Rapid Carburization of Cylindrical Parts Using a High Energy Electron Beam

2014 ◽  
Vol 698 ◽  
pp. 360-363 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Losinskaya ◽  
Dmitry Golovin ◽  
Ivan Bataev ◽  
Alberto Moreira Jorge
Keyword(s):  
Wear Resistance ◽  
Electron Beam ◽  
Carbon Fiber ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Energy Electron ◽  
High Energy Electron ◽  
Carbon Fabric ◽  
Electron Beam Processing ◽  
Cylindrical Parts ◽  
High Level

Inthepresent paper wereporton surface alloyingof cylindrical substrateswithcarbonbynon-vacuumelectron-beamprocessing. A carbon fabric was used as a source of carbon. The electron-beam processing of the carbon fiber wrapped around the cylinders led to the formation of carbon-rich layer on the surface of the samples. Thehighestconcentrationofcarbonwasreacheddirectly on thesurface of the samples and was equal to ~4.3 % (wt.). The concentration of carbon gradually decreased to ~0.8 % (wt.) towards the substrate.The surface of the reinforced material had a high level of hardness (up to 750 HV). Wear resistance,underconditions of abrasive particleimpact, increased by 15% compared to wear resistanceof the sample produced by pack carburization and quenching.

A Study on Proposal of E-Beam Drilling Machining Criterion by Using on Vaporized Amplification Sheets in a High-Power Density Electron Beam

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (7) ◽  
pp. 4231-4234 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sung Taek Jung ◽  
Eun Goo Kang ◽  
Jeong Woo Park ◽  
Tae Wan Kim ◽  
Seung Yub Baek
Keyword(s):  
Electron Beam ◽  
Power Density ◽  
High Power ◽  
Fine Particles ◽  
Machining Process ◽  
Process Conditions ◽  
High Power Density ◽  
Consumer Market ◽  
Micro Holes

As the consumer market in the mold, automation and aerospace industries grows, the demand for laser machining using on electron beam drilling. To enhance the machinability and productivity of the e-beam (electron beam), we want to develop a vaporized amplification sheet. The e-beam was used to mainly utilize for polishing, finishing, welding, a lithography process etc. However, the electron beam drilling machine does not develop in the country because it is difficult to make high power density and vaporized amplification sheets. The vaporized amplification sheets with fine particles are one of the essential factors and decided the quality of machined micro holes according to the macromolecule. So, this paper considers the preparation process of vaporized amplification sheets and the analysis of macromolecule for improving the electron beam processability and machinability efficiency. Also, we analyzed process conditions for the optimization of the electron beam machining process.

Lithography below 100 nm

1983 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 96-99
Author(s):  
L. D. Jackel
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Electron Beam ◽  
Electron Scattering ◽  
Electron Beam Lithography ◽  
Substrate Material ◽  
Local Electron ◽  
Electron Dose ◽  
Positive Resist ◽  
Exposure Process

Most production electron beam lithography systems can pattern minimum features a few tenths of a micron across. Linewidth in these systems is usually limited by the quality of the exposing beam and by electron scattering in the resist and substrate. By using a smaller spot along with exposure techniques that minimize scattering and its effects, laboratory e-beam lithography systems can now make features hundredths of a micron wide on standard substrate material. This talk will outline sane of these high- resolution e-beam lithography techniques.We first consider parameters of the exposure process that limit resolution in organic resists. For concreteness suppose that we have a “positive” resist in which exposing electrons break bonds in the resist molecules thus increasing the exposed resist's solubility in a developer. Ihe attainable resolution is obviously limited by the overall width of the exposing beam, but the spatial distribution of the beam intensity, the beam “profile” , also contributes to the resolution. Depending on the local electron dose, more or less resist bonds are broken resulting in slower or faster dissolution in the developer.

Methods to Monitor and Improve the Performance of Specimen Holders for Transmission Electron Cryomicroscopy

1996 ◽  
Vol 54 ◽  
pp. 454-455
Author(s):  
B. L. Armbruster ◽  
B. Kraus ◽  
M. Pan
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Electron Beam ◽  
Electron Beam Irradiation ◽  
Beam Irradiation ◽  
Quality Of Data ◽  
Electron Cryomicroscopy ◽  
Thermal Equilibration ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Electron Microscopes

One goal in electron microscopy of biological specimens is to improve the quality of data to equal the resolution capabilities of modem transmission electron microscopes. Radiation damage and beam- induced movement caused by charging of the sample, low image contrast at high resolution, and sensitivity to external vibration and drift in side entry specimen holders limit the effective resolution one can achieve. Several methods have been developed to address these limitations: cryomethods are widely employed to preserve and stabilize specimens against some of the adverse effects of the vacuum and electron beam irradiation, spot-scan imaging reduces charging and associated beam-induced movement, and energy-filtered imaging removes the “fog” caused by inelastic scattering of electrons which is particularly pronounced in thick specimens.Although most cryoholders can easily achieve a 3.4Å resolution specification, information perpendicular to the goniometer axis may be degraded due to vibration. Absolute drift after mechanical and thermal equilibration as well as drift after movement of a holder may cause loss of resolution in any direction.

Point-Cathode Electron Gun Using Electron-Beam Bombardment for Cathode Tip Heating

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 198-199
Author(s):  
Ryo Iiyoshi ◽  
Susumu Maruse ◽  
Hideo Takematsu
Keyword(s):  
Electron Beam ◽  
Tungsten Wire ◽  
Local Heating ◽  
Electron Gun ◽  
Original Position ◽  
Beam Power ◽  
Radius Of Curvature ◽  
High Brightness ◽  
Beam Focusing ◽  
Time Operation

Point cathode electron gun with high brightness and long cathode life has been developed. In this gun, a straightened tungsten wire is used as the point cathode, and the tip is locally heated to higher temperatures by electron beam bombardment. The high brightness operation and some findings on the local heating are presented.Gun construction is shown in Fig.l. Small heater assembly (annular electron gun: 5 keV, 1 mA) is set inside the Wehnelt electrode. The heater provides a disk-shaped bombarding electron beam focusing onto the cathode tip. The cathode is the tungsten wire of 0.1 mm in diameter. The tip temperature is raised to the melting point (3,650 K) at the beam power of 5 W, without any serious problem of secondary electrons for the gun operation. Figure 2 shows the cathode after a long time operation at high temperatures, or high brightnesses. Evaporation occurs at the tip, and the tip part retains a conical shape. The cathode can be used for a long period of time. The tip apex keeps the radius of curvature of 0.4 μm at 3,000 K and 0.3 μm at 3,200 K. The gun provides the stable beam up to the brightness of 6.4×106 A/cm2sr (3,150 K) at the accelerating voltage of 50 kV. At 3.4×l06 A/cm2sr (3,040 K), the tip recedes at a slow rate (26 μm/h), so that the effect can be offset by adjusting the Wehnelt bias voltage. The tip temperature is decreased as the tip moves out from the original position, but it can be kept at constant by increasing the bombarding beam power. This way of operation is possible for 10 h. A stepwise movement of the cathode is enough for the subsequent operation. Higher brightness operations with the rapid receding rates of the tip may be improved by a continuous movement of the wire cathode during the operations. Figure 3 shows the relation between the beam brightness, the tip receding rate by evaporation (αis the half-angle of the tip cone), and the cathode life per unit length, as a function of the cathode temperature. The working life of the point cathode is greatly improved by the local heating.

Heart Rate Recovery Changes during Competition Period in High-Level Basketball Players

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (80) ◽  
Author(s):  
Audrius Gocentas ◽  
Anatoli Landõr ◽  
Aleksandras Kriščiūnas
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Heart Rate Recovery ◽  
Team Sports ◽  
Basketball Players ◽  
Coeffi Cients ◽  
Competition Period ◽  
Monitoring Training ◽  
Intense Training ◽  
High Level

Research background and hypothesis. Replete schedule of competitions and intense training are features of contemporary team sports. Athletes, especially the most involved ones, may not have enough time to recover. As a consequence, aggregated fatigue can manifest in some undesirable form and affect athlete’s performance and health.Research aim. The aim of this study was to evaluate the changes in heart rate recovery (HRR) and investigate possible relations with sport-specifi c measures of effi cacy in professional basketball players during competition season.Research methods. Eight male high-level basketball players (mean ± SD, body mass, 97.3 ± 11.33 kg; height 2.02 ± 0.067 m, and age 23 ± 3.12 years) were investigated. The same basketball specifi c exercise was replicated several times from September till April during the practice sessions in order to assess the personal trends of HRR. Heart rate monitoring was performed using POLAR TEAM SYSTEM. Investigated athletes were ranked retrospectively according to the total amount of minutes played and the coeffi cients of effi cacy. Research results. There were signifi cant differences in the trends of HRR between the investigated players. The most effective players showed decreasing trends of HRR in all cases of ranking.Discussion and conclusions. Research fi ndings have shown that the quality of heart rate recovery differs between basketball players of the same team and could be associated with sport-specifi c effi cacy and competition playing time.Keywords: adaptation, autonomic control, monitoring training.

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