scholarly journals On the Feasibility of Tailoring Copper–Nickel Functionally Graded Materials Fabricated through Laser Metal Deposition

Metals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 287 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sreekar Karnati ◽  
Yunlu Zhang ◽  
Frank F. Liou ◽  
Joseph W. Newkirk
Keyword(s):  
Pulse Width Modulation ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Functionally Graded ◽  
Image Correlation ◽  
Material Interface ◽  
Graded Materials ◽  
Copper Nickel ◽  
Duty Cycles ◽  
Graded Material ◽  
Deposition Height

In this study, pulse-width modulation of laser power was identified as a feasible means for varying the chemical gradient in copper–nickel-graded materials. Graded material deposits of 70 wt. %. copper-30 wt. %. nickel on 100 wt. %. nickel and vice versa were deposited and characterized. The 70/30 copper–nickel weight ratio in the feedstock powder was achieved through blending elemental copper and 96 wt. %. Ni–Delero-22 alloy. At the dissimilar material interface over the course of four layers, the duty cycle of power was ramped down from a high value to optimized deposition conditions. This change was theorized to influence the remelting and deposition height, and by extension, vary the chemistry gradient. X-ray Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) analysis showed significant differences in the span and nature of chemistry gradient with varying duty cycles. These observations were also supported by the variation in microhardness values across the interface. The influence of different chemistry gradients on the tensile performance was observed through mini-tensile testing, coupled with Digital Image Correlation (DIC). The strain fields from the DIC analysis showed variations in strain for different chemistry gradients. The strength measurements from these specimens were also different for different chemistry gradients. The site of failure was observed to always occur within the copper-rich region.

Manufacture and Testing of a Functionality Graded Material

1999 ◽  
Vol 121 (4) ◽  
pp. 488-493 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Lambros ◽  
A. Narayanaswamy ◽  
M. H. Santare ◽  
G. Anlas
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Field Measurements ◽  
Functionally Graded ◽  
Image Correlation ◽  
Graded Materials ◽  
Property Variation ◽  
Graded Material ◽  
Energy Release Rates ◽  
Edge Notch ◽  
Fracture Tests

A novel technique is presented for the fabrication and fracture testing of large-scale polymeric based Functionality Graded Materials (FGMs). The technique generates a continuously inhomogeneous property variation by taking advantage of the susceptibility of a polyethylene carbon monoxide copolymer (ECO) to ultraviolet irradiation. The resulting FGMs exhibit a varying Young’s modulus, usually in a linear fashion, from approximately 160 MPa to 250 MPa over 150 mm wide specimens. The fracture behaviour of the FGM is experimentally investigated through the use of single edge notch fracture tests on both homogeneously irradiated and functionally graded ECO. Two approaches are used to evaluate fracture parameters: The first, a hybrid numerical-experimental method, is based on far field measurements only. The second uses digital image correlation to obtain near tip measurements. The energy release rates of uniformly irradiated ECO and of several FGMs are measured and compared. It was seen that the FGM showed a built-in fracture resistance behavior implying that it requires increased driving force to sustain crack growth.

The Elastic-Viscoelastic Correspondence Principle for Functionally Graded Materials, Revisited

2003 ◽  
Vol 70 (3) ◽  
pp. 359-363 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Mukherjee ◽  
Glaucio H. Paulino
Keyword(s):  
Functionally Graded Materials ◽  
Functionally Graded Material ◽  
Correspondence Principle ◽  
Functionally Graded ◽  
Graded Materials ◽  
One Dimensional ◽  
Space And Time ◽  
Graded Material ◽  
Nonhomogeneous Materials ◽  
Exponentially Graded

Paulino and Jin [Paulino, G. H., and Jin, Z.-H., 2001, “Correspondence Principle in Viscoelastic Functionally Graded Materials,” ASME J. Appl. Mech., 68, pp. 129–132], have recently shown that the viscoelastic correspondence principle remains valid for a linearly isotropic viscoelastic functionally graded material with separable relaxation (or creep) functions in space and time. This paper revisits this issue by addressing some subtle points regarding this result and examines the reasons behind the success or failure of the correspondence principle for viscoelastic functionally graded materials. For the inseparable class of nonhomogeneous materials, the correspondence principle fails because of an inconsistency between the replacements of the moduli and of their derivatives. A simple but informative one-dimensional example, involving an exponentially graded material, is used to further clarify these reasons.

Incremental Melting and Solidification Process/Mechanical Characterization of Functionally Graded Al-Si Alloys

2008 ◽  
Vol 587-588 ◽  
pp. 400-404
Author(s):  
P. Pinto ◽  
L. Mazare ◽  
Delfim Soares ◽  
F.S. Silva
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Functionally Graded Materials ◽  
Phase Distribution ◽  
Solidification Process ◽  
Functionally Graded ◽  
Graded Materials ◽  
Graded Material ◽  
Gradual Variation ◽  
Melting And Solidification

The Incremental Melting and Solidification Process (IMSP) is a relatively new field for material processing for the production of functionally graded materials. In this process a controlled liquid bath is maintained at the top of the component where new materials are added changing the components composition. Thus, a functionally graded material is obtained with a varying composition along one direction of the component. This paper deals with the influence of one of the process parameters, namely displacement rates between heating coil and mould, in order to evaluate its influence on both metallurgical and mechanical properties of different Al-Si alloys. Hardness and phase distribution, along the main castings axis, were measured. To better assess and characterize the process, two different Al-Si alloys with and without variation of chemical composition along the specimen were analysed. Results demonstrate that a gradual variation of metallurgical and mechanical properties along the component is obtained. It is also shown that Al-Si functionally graded materials can be produced by the incremental melting and solidification process. Results show that the displacement rate is very important on metallurgical and mechanical properties of the obtained alloy.

Задачи о дисперсии волн в неоднородных волноводах: методы решения (обзор). Часть I

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 227-260
Author(s):  
С. И. Жаворонок ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Functionally Graded Materials ◽  
Functionally Graded Material ◽  
Matrix Method ◽  
Degrees Of Freedom ◽  
Normal Wave ◽  
Wave Dispersion ◽  
Functionally Graded ◽  
Graded Materials ◽  
Generalized Fourier Series ◽  
Graded Material

A brief review of the modern state-of-the art and tendencies of further development of various methods of solution of wave dispersion problems in heterogeneous functionally graded elastic waveguides is presented. Main types of functionally graded materials and structures, including gradient thon-walled structures, and their main engineering applications is discussed. The main difficulties of modelling of the stress-strain state of functionally graded shells and plates are pointed, as well as the possible ways to overcome such difficulties. The main theoretical bases of definition of effective constitutive constants of functionally graded materials and their possible estimates used in the practice are considered. Main dependencies of the effective constitutive constants of a functionally graded material on coordinates used for the mathematical modelling of the dynamics are also shown. The statement of the dynamics problem for a functionally graded waveguide and the appropriate statement of the normal wave dispersion problem are pointed. The presented Part I of the review consider some analytical methods of solution of dispersion problems, mainly the matrix ones based on the formulation of the steady dynamics problem in the image space as a first-order ordinary differential equations system. The state vectors corresponding to the useful Cauchy and Stroh formalisms are introduced, and the appropriate governing equations and the boundary conditions on waveguide’s faces are presented. Classical methods for solving the steady dynamics problem for a laminated waveguide are briefly described, which could be a basis for the further approximation of a functionally graded material by a system of layers with constant properties, i.e. the transfer matrix method, its main modifications developed to ensure the stability of calculations, and the global matrix method. Then, the intensively developed last 15 years reverberation matrix method, stiffness matrix method, and the Peano series method are discussed. Some key solutions of the wave dispersion problems for heterogeneous layers are presented; such solutions improve the efficiency of approximation of a functionally graded structure by a laminated one. The implicit solution of the general problem of steady dynamics for a waveguide with arbitrary gradation law is shown. The key features of the discussed matrix methods are pointed briefly as well as their main drawbacks. In the Part II, the main attention will be paid to methods of semi-analytical solution of dispersion problems based on the approximation of a waveguide by an equivalent system with a finite number of degrees of freedom: power series, generalized Fourier series, semi-analytical finite elements. spectral elements, as well as methods based on various theories of plates and shells.

Additive manufacturing of Inconel625-HSLA Steel functionally graded material by wire arc additive manufacturing

2021 ◽  
Vol 118 (5) ◽  
pp. 502
Author(s):  
Jiarong Zhang ◽  
Xinjie Di ◽  
Chengning Li ◽  
Xipeng Zhao ◽  
Lingzhi Ba ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Additive Manufacturing ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Primary Dendrite ◽  
Hsla Steel ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Phase Evolution ◽  
Functionally Graded ◽  
Graded Materials ◽  
Graded Material ◽  
Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing

Functional graded materials (FGMs) have been widely applied in many engineering fields, and are very potential to be the substitutions of dissimilar metal welding joints due to their overall performance. In this work, the Inconel625-high-strength low-alloy (HSLA) Steel FGM was fabricated by wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM). The chemical composition distribution, microstructure, phase evolution and mechanical properties of the FGM were examined. With the increasing of HSLA Steel, the chemical composition appeared graded distribution, and the primary dendrite spacing was largest in graded region with 20%HSLA Steel and then gradually decreased. And the main microstructure of the FGM transformed from columnar dendrites to equiaxed dendrites. Laves phase precipitated along dendrites boundary when the content of HSLA Steel was lower than 70% and Nb-rich carbides precipitated when the content of HSLA Steel exceeded to 70%. Microhardness and tensile strength gradually decreased with ascending content of HSLA Steel, and had a drastic improvement (159HV to 228HV and 355Mpa to 733Mpa) when proportion of HSLA Steel increased from 70% to 80%.

scholarly journals MULTILAYER COATINGS Ti/TiN, Cr/CrN AND W/WN DEPOSITED BY MAGNETRON SPUTTERING FOR IMPROVEMENT OF ADHESION TO BASE MATERIALS

2015 ◽  
Vol 55 (6) ◽  
pp. 388 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jakub Horník ◽  
Stanislav Krum ◽  
David Tondl ◽  
Maxim Puchnin ◽  
Pavel Sachr ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Functionally Graded Materials ◽  
Scratch Test ◽  
Functionally Graded ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Multilayer Coatings ◽  
Graded Materials ◽  
Protective Function ◽  
Base Materials ◽  
Graded Layers ◽  
Graded Material

The paper deals with evaluation of single and multilayer layer PVD coatings based on Cr and Ti widely used in tool application. Additionally, W and WN based coating which are not so widespread were designed and deposited as functionally graded material. The coatings properties were evaluated from the point of view of hardness and adhesion. The hardness measuring was carried out using nanoindentation method. The scratch test was performed to test adhesion. Moreover, the presence of metallic interlayer in functionally graded materials further increases the coating adhesion by gradually approaching its composition to the substrate. Coatings consisting of W and WN have showed very good adhesion. With regard to the results of the scratch test, the multilayer coatings of CrN, TiN and WN have increased adhesion and can be assumed to have their protective function improved. Results will be appliedin development of functionally graded layers for functionally graded materials.

Creep Analysis of Functionally Graded Material Thick-Walled Cylinder

2013 ◽  
Vol 315 ◽  
pp. 867-871 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saifulnizan Jamian ◽  
Hisashi Sato ◽  
Hideaki Tsukamoto ◽  
Yoshimi Watanabe
Keyword(s):  
Cross Section ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Rectangular Cross Section ◽  
Functionally Graded ◽  
Graded Materials ◽  
Incremental Approach ◽  
Creep Analysis ◽  
Graded Material ◽  
Ring Elements ◽  
Walled Cylinder

In this paper, creep analysis for a thick-walled cylinder made of functionally graded materials (FGMs) subjected to thermal and internal pressure is carried out. The structure is replaced by a system of discrete rectangular cross-section ring elements interconnected along circumferential nodal circles. The property of FGM is assumed to be continuous function of volume fraction of material composition. The creep behavior of the structures is obtained by the use of an incremental approach. The obtained results show that the property of FGM significantly influences the stress distribution along the radial direction of the thick-walled cylinder as a function of time.

Stochastic Extended Finite Element Implementation for Natural Frequency of Cracked Functionally Gradient and Bi-Material Structures

2020 ◽  
pp. 2150044
Author(s):  
Ahmed Raza ◽  
Himanshu Pathak ◽  
Mohammad Talha
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element ◽  
Natural Frequency ◽  
Material Properties ◽  
Perturbation Technique ◽  
Vibration Characteristics ◽  
Functionally Graded ◽  
Extended Finite Element ◽  
Material Interface ◽  
Level Set Function ◽  
Graded Material

In this work, stochastic perturbation-based vibration characteristics of cracked bi-material and functionally graded material (FGM) domain with uncertain material properties are investigated using the extended finite element method. The level set function is implemented to track the geometrical discontinuities. The partition of unity-based extrinsic enrichment technique is employed to model the crack and material interface. The exponential law is used to model the graded material properties of FGM. The First-order perturbation technique (FOPT) is implemented to predict the standard deviation of natural frequency for the given uncertainties in the material properties. The numerical results are presented to show the effect of geometrical discontinuities and material randomness on vibration characteristics.

scholarly journals Vibration and Buckling Analysis of Cylindrical Shells Made of Functionally Graded Materials under Combined Static and Periodic Axial Forces

2010 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 096369351001900 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Ebrahimi ◽  
H.A. Sepiani
Keyword(s):  
Transverse Shear ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Cylindrical Shells ◽  
Shear Deformation Theory ◽  
Deformation Mode ◽  
Functionally Graded ◽  
Power Law Distribution ◽  
Graded Materials ◽  
Axial Forces ◽  
Graded Material

In this study, a formulation for the free vibration and buckling of cylindrical shells made of functionally graded material (FGM) subjected to combined static and periodic axial loadings are presented. The properties are temperature dependent and graded in the thickness direction according to a volume fraction power law distribution. The analysis is based on two different methods of first-order shear deformation theory (FSDT) considering the transverse shear strains and the rotary inertias and the classical shell theory (CST). The results obtained show that the effect of transverse shear and rotary inertias on vibration and buckling of functionally graded cylindrical shells is dependent on the material composition, the temperature environment, the amplitude of static load, the deformation mode, and the shell geometry parameters.

Research on Vibration and Sound Radiation from Submarine Functionally Graded Material Nonpressure Cylindrical Shell

2013 ◽  
Vol 690-693 ◽  
pp. 3046-3049
Author(s):  
Yan Bing Zhang ◽  
Chun Yu Ren ◽  
Xi Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Cylindrical Shell ◽  
Acoustic Radiation ◽  
Radiation Power ◽  
Sound Radiation ◽  
Functionally Graded ◽  
Underwater Sound ◽  
Graded Materials ◽  
Graded Material ◽  
Vibration And Sound Radiation ◽  
Sound Radiation Power

In this paper, we establish the finite element (FEM) and boundary element (BEM) models of a submarine section, and study the underwater sound radiation field of three different non-pressure shells made of steel, steel with anechoic tile, and the functionally graded materials (FGM) separately using a method combining of FEM and BEM . Research shows that the combination of FEM and BEM can address the acoustic radiation calculation problem of FGM, and in comparison with steel and anechoic tile laying submarine section, the weight of FGM non-pressure shell reduces 1600kg, and the sound radiation power decreases 4db and 2.5db respectively, thus having better performance in vibration and noise reduction.

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