scholarly journals Role of the Jet Angle, Particle Size, and Particle Concentration in the Degradation Behavior of Carbon Steel under Slow Slurry Erosion-Corrosion Conditions

Metals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 1152
Author(s):  
Charles Rasse ◽  
Nicolas Mary ◽  
Hiroshi Abe ◽  
Yutaka Watanabe ◽  
Bernard Normand
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Carbon Steel ◽  
Corrosion Behavior ◽  
Degradation Rate ◽  
Critical Concentration ◽  
Critical Threshold ◽  
Alumina Powder ◽  
Limit Values ◽  
Degradation Rates ◽  
Erosion Corrosion

Erosion-corrosion behavior of piping systems is a critical issue for their durability. This work concerns the erosion-corrosion behavior of carbon steel as a function of abradant characteristics as particle size and concentration. Degradation tests were performed in a jet erosion-corrosion cell with a maximum flow rate of 4.8 m/s, and jet angles comprised 30° and 90°. Abradant particles consisted of angular alumina powder with a mean diameter of 181, 219, and 359 µm. A critical threshold flow velocity of about 2.5 m/s was determined when experiments were performed with particles with diameters of 181 µm and jet angles of 45°. Even if erosion did not occur, the degradation rate increased compared with the stagnant condition because of dissolved dioxygen supply. A maximum of erosion-corrosion of 4 mg × cm−2 × h−1 was determined for the jet angle of 45°, irrespective of the particle sizes. The increase of abradant concentration led to a higher degradation rate regardless of the jet angle. However, the degradation rates tended to limit values of 7 mg × cm−2 × h−1 at 45° and 5 mg × cm−2 × h−1 at 90°. Above a critical concentration, a slowdown of the degradation was measured, suggesting that particle behavior in dense fluid acts on material degradation. This critical concentration can be understood from the interactions of the particles in concentrated media that modify trajectories in the flow and at the metal surface, reducing their kinetic energy consequently.

Empirical Prediction of Carbon-Steel Degradation Rates on an Offshore Oil and Gas Facility: Predicting CO2 Erosion-Corrosion Pipeline Failures Before They Occur

SPE Journal ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 19 (03) ◽  
pp. 425-436 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.. Barker ◽  
X.. Hu ◽  
A.. Neville ◽  
S.. Cushnaghan
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Steel ◽  
Degradation Rate ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Impinging Jet ◽  
Material Loss ◽  
Empirical Prediction ◽  
Thickness Loss ◽  
Degradation Rates ◽  
Erosion Corrosion ◽  
Inspection Data

Summary Various sections of carbon-steel pipework removed from an offshore facility were found to have experienced severe degradation, partly attributed to an insufficient inhibitor dose rate, as discussed in a previous case study (Hu et al. 2011b). An investigation was conducted to compare the predictive capability of an empirical model generated with data from a submerged-impinging-jet laboratory apparatus. The model was assessed in its ability to determine the rate of thickness loss for carbon-steel pipework subjected to a CO2-containing erosion-corrosion environment, reviewing to what extent the prediction agrees with inspection data. The investigation considers whether the developed tool could have predicted pipework failures on the facility, comparing it with the degradation rate calculated from a leak that occurred within the past 2 years. The program of experiments set out to create a means of prediction with the material-loss data from submerged-impinging-jet tests over a range of conditions replicating those within the line. Information pertaining to the temperature, production rate, and sand loading was collated for the offshore facility. These data were used along with mass-loss results to predict the degradation rate on the asset as a function of time over a 5-year period. This in turn was used to predict the total thickness loss of the pipework wall as a function of time. Consideration was also given to the current use of inhibition (10 ppm Inhibitor A) as well as the predicted thickness losses as a function of time had a candidate inhibitor been used instead (50 ppm Inhibitor B). Limitations of the model are presented, along with suggestions for ways to develop the model further.

Synergistic Erosion–Corrosion Behavior of X-65 Carbon Steel at Various Impingement Angles

2016 ◽  
Vol 139 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Pasha ◽  
H. M. Ghasemi ◽  
J. Neshati
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Steel ◽  
Corrosion Product ◽  
Corrosion Behavior ◽  
Impingement Angle ◽  
Erosion Rates ◽  
Erosion Corrosion ◽  
Sio2 Particles ◽  
Corrosion Pits

A slurry impingement rig containing 6 wt.% SiO2 particles was used to investigate synergistic erosion–corrosion behavior of X-65 carbon steel at various impingement angles. Maximum erosion–corrosion and erosion rates occurred at impingement angles of about 25 deg and 40–55 deg, respectively. The synergy value highly depended on the impingement angle. The formation of patches of porous corrosion product followed by the formation of corrosion pits led to a positive synergy under impingement angle of 25 deg. At higher impingement angles, the absence of pits probably due to the formation of a more durable tribocorrosion layer resulted in a negative synergy.

scholarly journals A Study of the Pitting and Uniform Corrosion Characteristics of X65 Carbon Steel in Different H2S-CO2-Containing Environments

CORROSION ◽  
10.5006/2537 ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 74 (8) ◽  
pp. 886-902 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frederick Pessu ◽  
Yong Hua ◽  
Richard Barker ◽  
Anne Neville
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Steel ◽  
Corrosion Behavior ◽  
Pitting Corrosion ◽  
Critical Concentration ◽  
Small Diameter ◽  
Gas Content ◽  
Co2 Corrosion ◽  
Uniform Corrosion ◽  
Corrosion Attack ◽  
The Impact

There have been increasing concerns related to the challenges posed by hydrogen sulfide (H2S) corrosion to the integrity of oilfield pipeline steels. In environments containing variable quantities of both carbon dioxide (CO2) and H2S gas, the corrosion behavior of carbon steel can be particularly complex. There is still no universal understanding of the changes in the mechanisms, sequence of electrochemical reactions and impact on the integrity of carbon steel materials as a result of changes in H2S-CO2 gas ratio. The film formation process, film characteristics, and morphology in CO2- and H2S-containing systems are also known to be different depending upon the environmental and physical conditions and this influences the rates of both general and pitting corrosion. Questions still remain as to how the combined presence of CO2 and H2S gases at different partial pressure ratios influence the corrosion mechanisms, as well as initiation and propagation of surface pits. This paper presents an investigation into the overall (i.e., general and pitting) corrosion behavior of carbon steel in CO2-H2S-containing environments. The work explores the impact of changes in ratios of CO2 and H2S partial pressures at both 30°C and 80°C in a 3.5 wt% NaCl solution. All experiments are performed at atmospheric pressure, while H2S gas content is varied at 0 ppm (0 mol%), 100 ppm (0.01 mol%), 1,000 ppm (0.1 mol%), 10,000 ppm (1 mol%), and 100,000 ppm (10 mol%) in H2S-CO2 corrosion environments. Corrosion film properties and morphology are studied through a combination of scanning electron microscopy and x-ray diffraction. The results show that the morphology and composition of iron sulfide formed changes with H2S gas concentration because of the continuous interaction of the corrosion interface with the corrosion media even in the presence of initially formed FeS (mainly mackinawite). This often leads to the formation of a different morphology of mackinawite as well as different polymorphs of FeS. This also has the impact of either increasing or decreasing the uniform corrosion rate at low and higher concentration of H2S gas depending on the temperature. Pitting corrosion is also evaluated after 168 h to determine the impact of increasing H2S content on the extent and morphology of pitting corrosion attack. The results from the pitting corrosion investigation show that increased and severe pitting corrosion attack occurs at higher H2S concentration and temperature. The morphology of pitting corrosion attack is also linked to the changes in the H2S content with an indication of a critical concentration range at which the nature of attack changes from narrow and small diameter pits to severe localized attack. The critical concentration threshold for such transition is shown in this study to reduce with increasing temperature.

Microstructure and Erosion-Corrosion Behavior of Hot-Dipping Al-Mn Alloy Coatings on Low Carbon Steel

2011 ◽  
Vol 266 ◽  
pp. 246-249
Author(s):  
Xin Mei Li ◽  
Ping Kuan Lu ◽  
Qiang Hu ◽  
Xiao Feng Dong ◽  
Bei Jing Fang
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Steel ◽  
Corrosion Behavior ◽  
Layer Structure ◽  
Steel Substrate ◽  
Low Carbon Steel ◽  
Alloy Layer ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Good Adhesion ◽  
Erosion Corrosion ◽  
Aluminide Layer

Low carbon steel was coated by hot-dipping into a molten bath containing Al-2 wt.%Mn. The phase composition, morphology and the erosion-corrosion behavior of the aluminide layer were characterized by XRD, OM, SEM and erosion-corrosion tester, respectively. The results show that the coatings are mainly composed of Al, FeAl3, Fe2Al5 and MnAl6 phase. The coatings consist of two-layer structure, i.e., toplayer Al-Mn alloy layer and tongue-like intermetallic compound. The thickness of the coating layer is about 800 μm and all the coating layers show good adhesion to the steel substrate. Compared with the pure Al coatings, the Al-Mn alloy coatings exhibit lower wear rate irrespective of the rotation speed. The hot-dipped Al-Mn coatings possess considerable erosion-corrosion resistance.

Corrosion Behavior of Carbon Steel in Soil with Different Particle Size Distribution during Wet-to-Dry Process

2020 ◽  
Vol MA2020-02 (8) ◽  
pp. 1166-1166
Author(s):  
Shota Ohki ◽  
Shingo Mineta ◽  
Mamoru Mizunuma ◽  
Soichi Oka
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Carbon Steel ◽  
Particle Size Distribution ◽  
Size Distribution ◽  
Corrosion Behavior ◽  
Dry Process

Corrosion Behavior of Porous Mg Alloy in Simulated Body Fluid

2015 ◽  
Vol 754-755 ◽  
pp. 1093-1097
Author(s):  
Husna Z. Nurul ◽  
Chang Chuan Lee ◽  
Siti Norbahiyah ◽  
A.B. Sanuddin ◽  
M.Z. Zamzuri
Keyword(s):  
Simulated Body Fluid ◽  
Corrosion Behavior ◽  
Body Fluid ◽  
Biomedical Applications ◽  
Degradation Rate ◽  
Ammonium Bicarbonate ◽  
Mg Alloy ◽  
High Demand ◽  
Degradation Rates ◽  
Immersion Period

Magnesium (Mg) alloy possess a high demand in biomedical applications due to their biocompatibility and biodegradability. However the main limitation for Mg alloy is their fast degradation rates in physiological environment. This paper reports the preparation of porous Mg alloy through powder metallurgy technique by using ammonium bicarbonate (NH4HCO3) as space holder material and hexane as solvent. The corrosion behavior and degradation rate of porous Mg alloy was measured after 24h, 96h and 168h respectively of immersion in simulated body fluid (SBF) with compact Mg alloy as control. The results reported that degradation rate increased with increasing immersion period, yet the compact Mg alloy shows better degradation rate than porous Mg alloy. Moreover, the pH of SBF changed proportional to immersion period and stabilized after 96h of immersion.

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