scholarly journals Industrial Recycling of Lithium-Ion Batteries—A Critical Review of Metallurgical Process Routes

Metals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa Brückner ◽  
Julia Frank ◽  
Tobias Elwert
Keyword(s):  
Lithium Ion Batteries ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Metallurgical Process ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Metallurgical Processing ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
High Yields

Research for the recycling of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) started about 15 years ago. In recent years, several processes have been realized in small-scale industrial plants in Europe, which can be classified into two major process routes. The first one combines pyrometallurgy with subsequent hydrometallurgy, while the second one combines mechanical processing, often after thermal pre-treatment, with metallurgical processing. Both process routes have a series of advantages and disadvantages with respect to legislative and health, safety and environmental requirements, possible recovery rates of the components, process robustness, and economic factors. This review critically discusses the current status of development, focusing on the metallurgical processing of LIB modules and cells. Although the main metallurgical process routes are defined, some issues remain unsolved. Most process routes achieve high yields for the valuable metals cobalt, copper, and nickel. In comparison, lithium is only recovered in few processes and with a lower yield, albeit a high economic value. The recovery of the low value components graphite, manganese, and electrolyte solvents is technically feasible but economically challenging. The handling of organic and halogenic components causes technical difficulties and high costs in all process routes. Therefore, further improvements need to be achieved to close the LIB loop before high amounts of LIB scrap return.

scholarly journals A Novel Pyrometallurgical Recycling Process for Lithium-Ion Batteries and Its Application to the Recycling of LCO and LFP

Metals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 149
Author(s):  
Alexandra Holzer ◽  
Stefan Windisch-Kern ◽  
Christoph Ponak ◽  
Harald Raupenstrauch
Keyword(s):  
Lithium Ion Batteries ◽  
Lithium Iron Phosphate ◽  
Process Development ◽  
Removal Rate ◽  
Continuous Process ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Iron Phosphate ◽  
Recycling Process ◽  
Subsequent Step ◽  
Pre Treatment

The bottleneck of recycling chains for spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is the recovery of valuable metals from the black matter that remains after dismantling and deactivation in pre‑treatment processes, which has to be treated in a subsequent step with pyrometallurgical and/or hydrometallurgical methods. In the course of this paper, investigations in a heating microscope were conducted to determine the high-temperature behavior of the cathode materials lithium cobalt oxide (LCO—chem., LiCoO2) and lithium iron phosphate (LFP—chem., LiFePO4) from LIB with carbon addition. For the purpose of continuous process development of a novel pyrometallurgical recycling process and adaptation of this to the requirements of the LIB material, two different reactor designs were examined. When treating LCO in an Al2O3 crucible, lithium could be removed at a rate of 76% via the gas stream, which is directly and purely available for further processing. In contrast, a removal rate of lithium of up to 97% was achieved in an MgO crucible. In addition, the basic capability of the concept for the treatment of LFP was investigated whereby a phosphorus removal rate of 64% with a simultaneous lithium removal rate of 68% was observed.

scholarly journals Parameter optimization and yield prediction of cathode coating separation process for direct recycling of end-of-life lithium-ion batteries

RSC Advances ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (39) ◽  
pp. 24132-24136
Author(s):  
Liurui Li ◽  
Tairan Yang ◽  
Zheng Li
Keyword(s):  
Lithium Ion Batteries ◽  
End Of Life ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Separation Process ◽  
Yield Prediction ◽  
Li Ion Batteries ◽  
Treatment Efficiency ◽  
Control Factors ◽  
Li Ion ◽  
Pre Treatment

The pre-treatment efficiency of the direct recycling strategy in recovering end-of-life Li-ion batteries is predicted with levels of control factors.

scholarly journals DEVELOPMENT OF CHARGING AND DISCHARGE SOFTWARE AND HARDWARE COMPLEX APPLICABLE FOR CHECKING BATTERIES OF SPACE VEHICLES

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (5(74)) ◽  
pp. 67-71
Author(s):  
N.V. Suharev
Keyword(s):  
Lithium Ion Batteries ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Space Vehicles ◽  
Electrical Characteristics ◽  
Software Complex ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Fifth Generation ◽  
Hardware Complex ◽  
Software And Hardware ◽  
Charge Discharge

Problem statement: Currently, there is a need in the space industry to actively improve the characteristics of battery batteries, the use of new types of batteries for power supply systems of spacecraft leads to a constant demand to improve the control and verification equipment (CPA). Depending on the improvement of storage batteries (AB) for spacecraft, the requirements for electrical inspections and control and verificationequipment were gradually changed. With the advent of lithium-ion batteries for spacecraft, there was a need to develop and manufacture a charge-discharge hardware and software complex (ZRPAK). The charge-discharge hardware-software complex designed to work as a charger-bit complex to work with AB spacecraft for all ground operation phases, to verify compliance of the electrical characteristics of the AB to the specified requirements, conduct incoming inspection and Autonomous tests of AB on the manufacturer of the spacecraft. The advantages and disadvantages of the previously developed and currently used control and verification equipment are analyzed. The electrical characteristics of the KPA of all generations of development are summarized in the table. Based on the analysis of the development of batteries, trends in the development of control and verification equipment and the fact that all spacecraft of new developments will use only lithium-ion batteries, the requirements for a promising fifth-generation ZRPAK are formulated. The following requirements are applied to the fifth-generation charge-discharge software and hardware complex: increase the charge-discharge voltage to 150 V; increase the charge -discharge current to 150 A; introduce devices for pre-charge-pre-discharge of the battery into the KPA; increase the accuracy of measuring the voltage of each battery; provide remote operation from the control PC; writing cyclograms; logging and subsequent viewing of all test data

scholarly journals Review of the Design of Current Collectors for Improving the Battery Performance in Lithium-Ion and Post-Lithium-Ion Batteries

Electrochem ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 124-159 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mitsuru Yamada ◽  
Tatsuya Watanabe ◽  
Takao Gunji ◽  
Jianfei Wu ◽  
Futoshi Matsumoto
Keyword(s):  
Lithium Ion Batteries ◽  
Anode Materials ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Rate Performance ◽  
Active Materials ◽  
Current Collectors ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Conductive Additives ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Coating Layers

Current collectors (CCs) are an important and indispensable constituent of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) and other batteries. CCs serve a vital bridge function in supporting active materials such as cathode and anode materials, binders, and conductive additives, as well as electrochemically connecting the overall structure of anodes and cathodes with an external circuit. Recently, various factors of CCs such as the thickness, hardness, compositions, coating layers, and structures have been modified to improve aspects of battery performance such as the charge/discharge cyclability, energy density, and the rate performance of a cell. In this paper, the details of interesting and useful attempts of preparing CCs for high battery performance in lithium-ion and post-lithium-ion batteries are reviewed. The advantages and disadvantages of these attempts are discussed.

scholarly journals Electric Vehicle Batteries: Li-ion and Beyond, Challenges and Advancements

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
B. KC
Keyword(s):  
Lithium Ion Batteries ◽  
Electric Vehicle ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Research Areas ◽  
Gasoline Vehicles ◽  
Li Ion ◽  
Driving Range

Batteries are key to developing affordable Electric Vehicle (EV). However, EVs have not yet come on par with gasoline vehicles in many areas such as price, driving range, and recharge time. Many research areas are actively seeking to improve the current market dominant lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) as well as find alternatives to LIBs. This review will look at current status of LIBs, a few alternatives, and collective challenges and advancements associated with these batteries.

scholarly journals A Critical Study of Using the Peukert Equation and Its Generalizations for Determining the Remaining Capacity of Lithium-Ion Batteries

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (16) ◽  
pp. 5518
Author(s):  
Nikolay E. Galushkin ◽  
Nataliya N. Yazvinskaya ◽  
Dmitriy N. Galushkin
Keyword(s):  
Lithium Ion Batteries ◽  
Lithium Batteries ◽  
Inflection Point ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
High Accuracy ◽  
Analytical Models ◽  
Critical Study ◽  
Analysis And Evaluation ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Remaining Capacity

In many papers for forecasting remaining capacity of lithium-ion batteries, various analytical models are used based on the Peukert equation. In this paper, it is shown that the classic Peukert equation is applicable in two ranges of discharge currents. The first range isis the battery released capacity and ) to currents at which the discharge capacity of battery begins to rapidly decrease. The second range of discharge currents is from the inflection point of experimental curve to the highest currents used in the experiments. In the first range of discharge currents, both the classic Peukert equation and the Liebenow equation can be used. The operating range of the discharge currents for commercial automotive-grade lithium batteries is in the first range. Therefore, in many of the analytical models, the classic Peukert equation (taking into account the temperature) is successfully used to estimate the remaining capacity of these batteries. An analysis and evaluation of advantages and disadvantages of all the most popular generalized Peukert equations is presented. The generalized Peukert equation with allowance for temperature is established, which makes it possible to estimate the released capacity with high accuracy for lithium-ion batteries.

Controllable synthesis of hierarchical ZnSn(OH)6 and Zn2SnO4 hollow nanospheres and their applications as anodes for lithium ion batteries

2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (42) ◽  
pp. 17979-17985 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ranran Zhang ◽  
Yanyan He ◽  
Liqiang Xu
Keyword(s):  
Electrochemical Properties ◽  
Lithium Ion Batteries ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Hollow Nanospheres ◽  
Controllable Synthesis ◽  
High Yields

Hierarchical ZnSn(OH)6 and Zn2SnO4 hollow nanospheres that are composed of nanorods have been conveniently fabricated with high yields, and their excellent electrochemical properties enable them to be promising high-performance anodes for LIBs.

scholarly journals Generalized Peukert Equations Use for Finding the Remaining Capacity of Lithium-Ion Cells of Any Format

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (16) ◽  
pp. 5009
Author(s):  
Nataliya N. Yazvinskaya ◽  
Nikolay E. Galushkin ◽  
Dmitry V. Ruslyakov ◽  
Dmitriy N. Galushkin
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Lithium Ion Batteries ◽  
Entire Range ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
High Accuracy ◽  
Analytical Models ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Electrochemical Systems ◽  
Lithium Ion Cells ◽  
Remaining Capacity

In many studies, for predicting the remaining capacity of batteries belonging to different electrochemical systems, various analytical models based on the Peukert equation are used. This paper evaluates the advantages and disadvantages of the most famous generalized Peukert equations. For lithium-ion batteries, the Peukert equation cannot be used for estimation of their remaining capacity over the entire range of discharge currents. However, this paper proves that the generalized Peukert equations enable estimation of the capacity released by lithium-ion batteries with high accuracy. Special attention is paid to two generalized Peukert equations: C = Cm/(1 + (i/i0)n) and C = Cmerfc((i-i0)/n))/erfc(-i0/n). It is shown that they correspond to the experimental data the best.

scholarly journals Recycling of mixed cathode lithium‐ion batteries for electric vehicles: Current status and future outlook

Carbon Energy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tyler Or ◽  
Storm W. D. Gourley ◽  
Karthikeyan Kaliyappan ◽  
Aiping Yu ◽  
Zhongwei Chen
Keyword(s):  
Lithium Ion Batteries ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Future Outlook
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