scholarly journals Detection of Diarrheic Shellfish Poisoning and Azaspiracids Toxins in Moroccan Mussels: Comparison of LC-MS Method with the Commercial Immunoassay Kit

Marine Drugs ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 587-594 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adra Elgarch ◽  
Paulo Vale ◽  
Saida Rifai ◽  
Aziz Fassouane
Keyword(s):  
Shellfish Poisoning ◽  
Diarrheic Shellfish Poisoning

scholarly journals DSP Toxin Distribution across Organs in Mice after Acute Oral Administration

Marine Drugs ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 23
Author(s):  
M. Carmen Louzao ◽  
Paula Abal ◽  
Celia Costas ◽  
Toshiyuki Suzuki ◽  
Ryuichi Watanabe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Large Intestine ◽  
Safety Assessment ◽  
Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Dose Dependency ◽  
Shellfish Poisoning ◽  
Diarrheic Shellfish Poisoning ◽  
Different Doses ◽  
Lipophilic Phycotoxins

Okadaic acid (OA) and its main structural analogs dinophysistoxin-1 (DTX1) and dinophysistoxin-2 (DTX2) are marine lipophilic phycotoxins distributed worldwide that can be accumulated by edible shellfish and can cause diarrheic shellfish poisoning (DSP). In order to study their toxicokinetics, mice were treated with different doses of OA, DTX1, or DTX2 and signs of toxicity were recorded up to 24 h. Toxin distribution in the main organs from the gastrointestinal tract was assessed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) analysis. Our results indicate a dose-dependency in gastrointestinal absorption of these toxins. Twenty-four hours post-administration, the highest concentration of toxin was detected in the stomach and, in descending order, in the large intestine, small intestine, and liver. There was also a different toxicokinetic pathway between OA, DTX1, and DTX2. When the same toxin doses are compared, more OA than DTX1 is detected in the small intestine. OA and DTX1 showed similar concentrations in the stomach, liver, and large intestine tissues, but the amount of DTX2 is much lower in all these organs, providing information on DSP toxicokinetics for human safety assessment.

scholarly journals Differences in Toxic Response Induced by Three Variants of the Diarrheic Shellfish Poisoning Phycotoxins in Human Intestinal Epithelial Caco-2 Cells

Toxins ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 783
Author(s):  
Antoine Huguet ◽  
Olivia Drapeau ◽  
Fanny Rousselet ◽  
Hélène Quenault ◽  
Valérie Fessard
Keyword(s):  
Protein Phosphatases ◽  
Mechanisms Of Action ◽  
Intestinal Cell ◽  
Gene Products ◽  
Intestinal Epithelial ◽  
Shellfish Poisoning ◽  
Toxic Response ◽  
Target Organs ◽  
Diarrheic Shellfish Poisoning ◽  
Inhibition Potency

Diarrheic shellfish poisoning (DSP) is caused by the consumption of shellfish contaminated with a group of phycotoxins that includes okadaic acid (OA), dinophysistoxin-1 (DTX-1), and dinophysistoxin-2 (DTX-2). These toxins are inhibitors of serine/threonine protein phosphatases 1 (PP1) and 2A (PP2A), but show distinct levels of toxicity. Aside from a difference in protein phosphatases (PP) inhibition potency that would explain these differences in toxicity, others mechanisms of action are thought to be involved. Therefore, we investigated and compared which mechanisms are involved in the toxicity of these three analogues. As the intestine is one of the target organs, we studied the transcriptomic profiles of human intestinal epithelial Caco-2 cells exposed to OA, DTX-1, and DTX-2. The pathways specifically affected by each toxin treatment were further confirmed through the expression of key genes and markers of toxicity. Our results did not identify any distinct biological mechanism for OA and DTX-2. However, only DTX-1 induced up-regulation of the MAPK transduction signalling pathway, and down-regulation of gene products involved in the regulation of DNA repair. As a consequence, based on transcriptomic results, we demonstrated that the higher toxicity of DTX-1 compared to OA and DTX-2 was consistent with certain specific pathways involved in intestinal cell response.

scholarly journals Review of DSP Toxicity in Ireland: Long-Term Trend Impacts, Biodiversity and Toxin Profiles from a Monitoring Perspective

Toxins ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 61 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafael Salas ◽  
Dave Clarke
Keyword(s):  
Water Samples ◽  
Reference Laboratory ◽  
Shellfish Poisoning ◽  
Marine Biotoxins ◽  
Long Line ◽  
Diarrheic Shellfish Poisoning ◽  
First Time ◽  
Long Term Trend ◽  
Marine Institute

The purpose of this work is to review all the historical monitoring data gathered by the Marine Institute, the national reference laboratory for marine biotoxins in Ireland, including all the biological and chemical data from 2005 to 2017, in relation to diarrheic shellfish poisoning (DSP) toxicity in shellfish production. The data reviewed comprises over 25,595 water samples, which were preserved in Lugol’s iodine and analysed for the abundance and composition of marine microalgae by light microscopy, and 18,166 records of shellfish flesh samples, which were analysed using LC-MS/MS for the presence and concentration of the compounds okadaic acid (OA), dinophysistoxins-1 (DTX-1), dinophysistoxins-2 (DTX-2) and their hydrolysed esters, as well as pectenotoxins (PTXs). The results of this review suggest that DSP toxicity events around the coast of Ireland occur annually. According to the data reviewed, there has not been an increase in the periodicity or intensity of such events during the study period. Although the diversity of the Dinophysis species on the coast of Ireland is large, with 10 species recorded, the two main species associated with DSP events in Ireland are D. acuta and D. acuminata. Moreover, the main toxic compounds associated with these species are OA and DTX-2, but concentrations of the hydrolysed esters are generally found in higher amounts than the parent compounds in the shellfish samples. When D. acuta is dominant in the water samples, the DSP toxicity increases in intensity, and DTX-2 becomes the prevalent toxin. Pectenotoxins have only been analysed and reported since 2012, and these compounds had not been associated with toxic events in Ireland; however, in 2014, concentrations of these compounds were quantitated for the first time, and the data suggest that this toxic event was associated with an unusually high number of observations of D. tripos that year. The areas of the country most affected by DSP outbreaks are those engaging in long-line mussel (Mytilus edulis) aquaculture.

Characterization of Dinophysis acuminata from the Yellow Sea, China, and its response to different temperatures and Mesodinium prey

2017 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Han Gao ◽  
Xinlong An ◽  
Lei Liu ◽  
Ke Zhang ◽  
Daoqiong Zheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Yellow Sea ◽  
The Yellow Sea ◽  
Shellfish Poisoning ◽  
Dinophysis Acuminata ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Diarrheic Shellfish Poisoning

Abstractspecies are distributed worldwide and cause diarrheic shellfish poisoning (DSP). This paper documents the first successful culture of a

scholarly journals Simple Diffusion as the Mechanism of Okadaic Acid Uptake by the Mussel Digestive Gland

Toxins ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 395 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan Blanco ◽  
Helena Martín ◽  
Carmen Mariño ◽  
Araceli E. Rossignoli
Keyword(s):  
Digestive Gland ◽  
Okadaic Acid ◽  
Cellular Membrane ◽  
Acid Uptake ◽  
Shellfish Poisoning ◽  
Oil Droplets ◽  
Simple Diffusion ◽  
Diarrheic Shellfish Poisoning ◽  
Energy Dependent ◽  
Dissolved Phase

Okadaic acid (OA) and other toxins of the diarrheic shellfish poisoning (DSP) group are accumulated and transformed mainly in many bivalves, inside the digestive gland cells. In this work the absorption of okadaic acid by those cells has been studied by supplying the toxin dissolved in water and including it in oil droplets given to primary cell cultures, and by checking if the uptake is saturable and/or energy-dependent. Okadaic acid was found to be absorbed preferentially from the dissolved phase, and the uptake from oil droplets was substantially lower. The process did not require energy and was non-saturable, indicating that it involved a simple diffusion across the cellular membrane. Some apparent saturation was found due to the quick biotransformation of OA to 7-O-acyl esters.

Biotoxinas marinas: intoxicaciones por el consumo de moluscos bivalvos/Seafood toxins: poisoning by bivalve consumption

1996 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Martín ◽  
T. García ◽  
B. Sanz ◽  
P.E. Hernández
Keyword(s):  
Economic Loss ◽  
Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning ◽  
Foodborne Diseases ◽  
Shellfish Poisoning ◽  
Chemical Monitoring ◽  
Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning ◽  
Etiologic Agents ◽  
Paralytic Shellfish ◽  
New Type ◽  
Diarrheic Shellfish Poisoning

Seafood toxins are becoming increasingly important as etiologic agents of foodborne diseases around the world. This is partly because of greater awareness of the potential problems of the paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP), neurotoxic shellfish poisoning (NSP), diarrheic shellfish poisoning (DSP) and more recently, a new type of seafood toxicity, called amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP). This review describes the molluskan shellfish and biotoxins implicated, the development of standardized methods for detecting and quantifying these toxins, the importance of the economic loss resulting from their presence and the establishment of regular chemical monitoring for marine toxins.

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