scholarly journals Field Validation of the Southern Rock Lobster Paralytic Shellfish Toxin Monitoring Program in Tasmania, Australia

Marine Drugs ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (9) ◽  
pp. 510
Author(s):  
Alison Turnbull ◽  
Juan José Dorantes-Aranda ◽  
Tom Madigan ◽  
Jessica Jolley ◽  
Hilary Revill ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
East Coast ◽  
Market Access ◽  
Monitoring Program ◽  
Maximum Level ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Management Program ◽  
Rock Lobster ◽  
Paralytic Shellfish Toxins ◽  
Paralytic Shellfish ◽  
Lobster Fishery

Paralytic shellfish toxins (PST) are found in the hepatopancreas of Southern Rock Lobster Jasus edwardsii from the east coast of Tasmania in association with blooms of the toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium catenella. Tasmania’s rock lobster fishery is one of the state’s most important wild capture fisheries, supporting a significant commercial industry (AUD 97M) and recreational fishing sector. A comprehensive 8 years of field data collected across multiple sites has allowed continued improvements to the risk management program protecting public health and market access for the Tasmanian lobster fishery. High variability was seen in toxin levels between individuals, sites, months, and years. The highest risk sites were those on the central east coast, with July to January identified as the most at-risk months. Relatively high uptake rates were observed (exponential rate of 2% per day), similar to filter-feeding mussels, and meant that lobster accumulated toxins quickly. Similarly, lobsters were relatively fast detoxifiers, losing up to 3% PST per day, following bloom demise. Mussel sentinel lines were effective in indicating a risk of elevated PST in lobster hepatopancreas, with annual baseline monitoring costing approximately 0.06% of the industry value. In addition, it was determined that if the mean hepatopancreas PST levels in five individual lobsters from a site were <0.22 mg STX equiv. kg−1, there is a 97.5% probability that any lobster from that site would be below the bivalve maximum level of 0.8 mg STX equiv. kg−1. The combination of using a sentinel species to identify risk areas and sampling five individual lobsters at a particular site, provides a cost-effective strategy for managing PST risk in the Tasmanian commercial lobster fishery.

Detection of Paralytic Shellfish Toxins in Southern Rock Lobster Jasus edwardsii Using the Qualitative Neogen™ Lateral Flow Immunoassay: Single-Laboratory Validation

2020 ◽  
Vol 103 (3) ◽  
pp. 784-791
Author(s):  
Juan José Dorantes-Aranda ◽  
Aiko Hayashi ◽  
Alison R Turnbull ◽  
Jessica Y C Jolley ◽  
D Tim Harwood ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Monitoring Program ◽  
Rapid Test ◽  
Probability Of Detection ◽  
Rapid Screening ◽  
Rock Lobster ◽  
Shellfish Toxins ◽  
Paralytic Shellfish Toxins ◽  
Paralytic Shellfish ◽  
Jasus Edwardsii ◽  
Single Laboratory

Abstract Background Paralytic shellfish toxins (PST) are a significant problem for the Tasmanian shellfish and Southern Rock Lobster (Jasus edwardsii) industries, and the introduction of a rapid screening test in the monitoring program could save time and money. Objective The aim was to perform a single-laboratory validation of the Neogen rapid test for PST in the hepatopancreas of Southern Rock Lobster. Methods The AOAC INTERNATIONAL guidelines for the validation of qualitative binary chemistry methods were followed. Three different PST profiles (mixtures) were used, of which two were commonly found in naturally contaminated lobster hepatopancreas (high in gonyautoxin 2&3 and saxitoxin), and the third toxin profile was observed in a few select animals (high in gonyautoxin 1&4). Results The Neogen test consistently returned negative results for non-target toxins (selectivity). The probability of detection (POD) of PST in the lobster hepatopancreas using the Neogen test increased with increasing PST concentrations. POD values of 1.0 were obtained at ≥0.57 mg STX-diHCl eq/kg in mixtures 1 and 2, and 0.95 and 1.0 for mixture 3 at 0.79 and 1.21 mg STX-diHCl eq/kg, respectively, with a fitted POD of 0.98 for 0.80 mg STX-diHCl eq/kg. The performance of the Neogen test when using four different production lots (ruggedness) showed no significant differences. Conclusions The results of the validation study were satisfactory and the Neogen test is being trialed within the Tasmanian PST monitoring program of Southern Rock Lobster. Highlights The Neogen rapid kit was successfully validated for the detection of PST in Southern Rock Lobster hepatopancreas.

scholarly journals Shellfish Toxin Uptake and Depuration in Multiple Atlantic Canadian Molluscan Species: Application to Selection of Sentinel Species in Monitoring Programs

Toxins ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 168
Author(s):  
Wade A. Rourke ◽  
Andrew Justason ◽  
Jennifer L. Martin ◽  
Cory J. Murphy
Keyword(s):  
Monitoring Program ◽  
Sentinel Species ◽  
Paralytic Shellfish Toxins ◽  
Monitoring Programs ◽  
Paralytic Shellfish ◽  
Shellfish Toxin ◽  
Multiple Species ◽  
Toxin Uptake ◽  
Bivalve Shellfish ◽  
Selection Of

Shellfish toxin monitoring programs often use mussels as the sentinel species to represent risk in other bivalve shellfish species. Studies have examined accumulation and depuration rates in various species, but little information is available to compare multiple species from the same harvest area. A 2-year research project was performed to validate the use of mussels as the sentinel species to represent other relevant eastern Canadian shellfish species (clams, scallops, and oysters). Samples were collected simultaneously from Deadmans Harbour, NB, and were tested for paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs) and amnesic shellfish toxin (AST). Phytoplankton was also monitored at this site. Scallops accumulated PSTs and AST sooner, at higher concentrations, and retained toxins longer than mussels. Data from monitoring program samples in Mahone Bay, NS, are presented as a real-world validation of findings. Simultaneous sampling of mussels and scallops showed significant differences between shellfish toxin results in these species. These data suggest more consideration should be given to situations where multiple species are present, especially scallops.

Determination of Paralytic Shellfish Toxins in Shellfish by Receptor Binding Assay: Collaborative Study

2012 ◽  
Vol 95 (3) ◽  
pp. 795-812 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frances M Van Dolah ◽  
Spencer E Fire ◽  
Tod A Leighfield ◽  
Christina M Mikulski ◽  
Gregory J Doucette ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
East Coast ◽  
Collaborative Study ◽  
Hplc Method ◽  
Mouse Bioassay ◽  
Sea Scallop ◽  
Paralytic Shellfish Toxins ◽  
Paralytic Shellfish ◽  
Aoac Method ◽  
The U.S

Abstract A collaborative study was conducted on a microplate format receptor binding assay (RBA) for paralytic shellfish toxins (PST). The assay quantifies the composite PST toxicity in shellfish samples based on the ability of sample extracts to compete with 3H saxitoxin (STX) diHCl for binding to voltage- gated sodium channels in a rat brain membrane preparation. Quantification of binding can be carried out using either a microplate or traditional scintillation counter; both end points were included in this study. Nine laboratories from six countries completed the study. One laboratory analyzed the samples using the precolumn oxidation HPLC method (AOAC Method 2005.06) to determine the STX congener composition. Three laboratories performed the mouse bioassay (AOAC Method 959.08). The study focused on the ability of the assay to measure the PST toxicity of samples below, near, or slightly above the regulatory limit of 800 (μg STX diHCl equiv./kg). A total of 21 shellfish homogenates were extracted in 0.1 M HCl, and the extracts were analyzed by RBA in three assays on separate days. Samples included naturally contaminated shellfish samples of different species collected from several geographic regions, which contained varying STX congener profiles due to their exposure to different PST-producing dinoflagellate species or differences in toxin metabolism: blue mussel (Mytilus edulis) from the U.S. east and west coasts, California mussel (Mytilus californianus) from the U.S. west coast, chorito mussel (Mytilus chiliensis) from Chile, green mussel (Perna canaliculus) from New Zealand, Atlantic surf clam (Spisula solidissima) from the U.S. east coast, butter clam (Saxidomus gigantea) from the west coast of the United States, almeja clam (Venus antiqua) from Chile, and Atlantic sea scallop (Plactopecten magellanicus) from the U.S. east coast. All samples were provided as whole animal homogenates, except Atlantic sea scallop and green mussel, from which only the hepatopancreas was homogenized. Among the naturally contaminated samples, five were blind duplicates used for calculation of RSDr. The interlaboratory RSDR of the assay for 21 samples tested in nine laboratories was 33.1%, yielding a HorRat value of 2.0. Removal of results for one laboratory that reported systematically low values resulted in an average RSDR of 28.7% and average HorRat value of 1.8. Intralaboratory RSDr, based on five blind duplicate samples tested in separate assays, was 25.1%. RSDr obtained by individual laboratories ranged from 11.8 to 34.9%. Laboratories that are routine users of the assay performed better than nonroutine users, with an average RSDr of 17.1%. Recovery of STX from spiked shellfish homogenates was 88.1–93.3%. Correlation with the mouse bioassay yielded a slope of 1.64 and correlation coefficient (r2) of 0.84, while correlation with the precolumn oxidation HPLC method yielded a slope of 1.20 and an r2 of 0.92. When samples were sorted according to increasing toxin concentration (μg STX diHCl equiv./kg) as assessed by the mouse bioassay, the RBA returned no false negatives relative to the 800 μg STX diHCl equiv./kg regulatory limit for shellfish. Currently, no validated methods other than the mouse bioassay directly measure a composite toxic potency for PST in shellfish. The results of this interlaboratory study demonstrate that the RBA is suitable for the routine determination of PST in shellfish in appropriately equipped laboratories.

Fate of Paralytic Shellfish Toxins in Southern Rock Lobster (Jasus edwardsii) during Cooking: Concentration, Composition, and Distribution

2017 ◽  
Vol 81 (2) ◽  
pp. 240-245 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alison Turnbull ◽  
Navreet Malhi ◽  
Jessica Tan ◽  
D. Tim Harwood ◽  
Thomas Madigan
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Risk Management ◽  
Human Health Risk ◽  
Alexandrium Tamarense ◽  
Cooking Methods ◽  
Rock Lobster ◽  
Management Options ◽  
Paralytic Shellfish Toxins ◽  
Paralytic Shellfish ◽  
Jasus Edwardsii

ABSTRACTParalytic shellfish toxin (PST) producing microalgal blooms have a significant economic impact on the Southern Rock Lobster (Jasus edwardsii) fishery in Tasmania, Australia. The regulatory level of 0.8 mg of saxitoxin (STX) eq/kg in place for bivalve shellfish fisheries is applied to lobster hepatopancreas during blooms of toxic algae, resulting in harvest closures and ongoing risk management implications for the fishery. This cooking study was undertaken to inform a human health risk assessment, in conjunction with studies on the uptake and elimination of PST in J. edwardsii. Live lobsters in tanks were contaminated through consumption of PST-containing mussels harvested during an Alexandrium tamarense Group 1 bloom event. This resulted in a mean lobster hepatopancreas level of 2.83 ± 0.84 mg of STX·2HCl eq/kg. Other edible tissues contained negligible concentrations of toxin. PST concentrations in all tissues did not significantly change after boiling or steaming, although the amount of hepatopancreas available for consumption did decrease significantly with both cooking methods, because the tissue became more dispersed, resulting in an overall reduction in the toxin exposure per hepatopancreas consumed. The toxin profile was dominated by STX; gonyautoxin 2, 3; N-sulfocarbamoyl-gonyautoxin 2, 3 (C1,2); and gonyautoxin 5. No significant changes to the toxin profile were observed after either of the cooking methods. Pâté, bisque, and soufflé prepared from the hepatopancreas of toxic lobsters contained negligible levels of PST in each serving; on average, a serving of pâté contained 0.01 mg of STX·2HCl eq, whereas a serving of bisque or soufflé contained &lt;0.01 mg of STX·2HCl eq. The findings of this study will inform a risk assessment of PST in J. edwardsii to determine risk management options for this fishery in Australia.

Accumulation of paralytic shellfish toxins by Southern Rock lobster Jasus edwardsii causes minimal impact on lobster health

2021 ◽  
Vol 230 ◽  
pp. 105704
Author(s):  
Alison Turnbull ◽  
Navreet Malhi ◽  
Andreas Seger ◽  
Jessica Jolley ◽  
Gustaaf Hallegraeff ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rock Lobster ◽  
Minimal Impact ◽  
Shellfish Toxins ◽  
Paralytic Shellfish Toxins ◽  
Paralytic Shellfish ◽  
Jasus Edwardsii

scholarly journals Experimental uptake and depuration of paralytic shellfish toxins in Southern Rock Lobster, Jasus edwardsii

Toxicon ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 143 ◽  
pp. 44-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Madigan ◽  
Navreet Malhi ◽  
Jessica Tan ◽  
Catherine McLeod ◽  
Ian Stewart ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rock Lobster ◽  
Shellfish Toxins ◽  
Paralytic Shellfish Toxins ◽  
Paralytic Shellfish ◽  
Jasus Edwardsii

A Rapid Method for the Analysis of Paralytic Shellfish Toxins Utilizing Standard Pressure HPLC: Refinement of AOAC 2005.06

2016 ◽  
Vol 99 (2) ◽  
pp. 475-480 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert G Hatfield ◽  
Rubi Punn ◽  
Myriam Algoet ◽  
Andrew D Turner
Keyword(s):  
Monitoring Program ◽  
Back Pressure ◽  
Oxidation Products ◽  
Method Performance ◽  
Shellfish Toxins ◽  
Paralytic Shellfish Toxins ◽  
Paralytic Shellfish ◽  
Routine Monitoring ◽  
Core Column ◽  
Standard Pressure

Abstract Superficially porous column technologies have previously been shown to provide faster chromatographic analysis of toxin oxidation products when analyzing shellfish for paralytic shellfish toxins. While sub 3 μm fused core columns have facilitated enhanced method performance, including significantly lower analysis times and lower LOD, they were also found to last for only a few hundred injections before pressure increases rendered them unusable with standard HPLC. Recently 5 μm superficially porous columns have become commercially available. In this study, a 5 μm fused core column was used to develop a fast chromatographic method for the analysis of paralytic shellfish toxins, with performance characteristics and column lifetime being assessed. The 5 μm column was found to be able to perform approximately 3000 injections without significant increases in back pressure or reduction in performance. Data generated using the column were found to be equivalent to that determined using current HPLC column technologies for both screening and quantitation methods. Furthermore, an increase in sensitivity for all toxins tested under the routine monitoring program for British waters was observed and the overall run time of the analysis halved. Overall, the 5 μm fused core column provided a significant increase in sample throughput, a reduction in mobile phase consumption, and an increase in method sensitivity.

scholarly journals Combined Effects of Temperature and Toxic Algal Abundance on Paralytic Shellfish Toxic Accumulation, Tissue Distribution and Elimination Dynamics in Mussels Mytilus coruscus

Toxins ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 425
Author(s):  
Yunyu Tang ◽  
Haiyan Zhang ◽  
Yu Wang ◽  
Chengqi Fan ◽  
Xiaosheng Shen
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Distribution ◽  
Combined Effects ◽  
Mytilus Coruscus ◽  
Paralytic Shellfish Toxins ◽  
Rapid Elimination ◽  
Simulated Environment ◽  
Paralytic Shellfish ◽  
Algal Abundance ◽  
Effects Of Temperature ◽  
The Impact

This study assessed the impact of increasing seawater surface temperature (SST) and toxic algal abundance (TAA) on the accumulation, tissue distribution and elimination dynamics of paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs) in mussels. Mytilus coruscus were fed with the PSTs-producing dinoflagellate A. catenella under four simulated environment conditions. The maximum PSTs concentration was determined to be 3548 µg STX eq.kg−1, which was four times higher than the EU regulatory limit. The increasing SST caused a significant decline in PSTs levels in mussels with rapid elimination rates, whereas high TAA increased the PSTs concentration. As a result, the PSTs toxicity levels decreased under the combined condition. Additionally, toxin burdens were assessed within shellfish tissues, with the highest levels quantified in the hepatopancreas. It is noteworthy that the toxin burden shifted towards the mantle from gill, muscle and gonad at the 17th day. Moreover, variability of PSTs was measured, and was associated with changes in each environmental factor. Hence, this study primarily illustrates the combined effects of SST and TAA on PSTs toxicity, showing that increasing environmental temperature is of benefit to lower PSTs toxicity with rapid elimination rates.

scholarly journals Electrophysiological Evaluation of Pacific Oyster (Crassostrea gigas) Sensitivity to Saxitoxin and Tetrodotoxin

Marine Drugs ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (7) ◽  
pp. 380
Author(s):  
Floriane Boullot ◽  
Caroline Fabioux ◽  
Hélène Hégaret ◽  
Pierre Boudry ◽  
Philippe Soudant ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crassostrea Gigas ◽  
Harmful Algal Blooms ◽  
Algal Blooms ◽  
Alexandrium Minutum ◽  
Paralytic Shellfish Toxins ◽  
Pacific Oysters ◽  
Paralytic Shellfish ◽  
Good Potential ◽  
First Time ◽  
Micromolar Range

Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas) may bio-accumulate high levels of paralytic shellfish toxins (PST) during harmful algal blooms of the genus Alexandrium. These blooms regularly occur in coastal waters, affecting oyster health and marketability. The aim of our study was to analyse the PST-sensitivity of nerves of Pacific oysters in relation with toxin bio-accumulation. The results show that C. gigas nerves have micromolar range of saxitoxin (STX) sensitivity, thus providing intermediate STX sensitivity compared to other bivalve species. However, theses nerves were much less sensitive to tetrodotoxin. The STX-sensitivity of compound nerve action potential (CNAP) recorded from oysters experimentally fed with Alexandrium minutum (toxic-alga-exposed oysters), or Tisochrysis lutea, a non-toxic microalga (control oysters), revealed that oysters could be separated into STX-resistant and STX-sensitive categories, regardless of the diet. Moreover, the percentage of toxin-sensitive nerves was lower, and the STX concentration necessary to inhibit 50% of CNAP higher, in recently toxic-alga-exposed oysters than in control bivalves. However, no obvious correlation was observed between nerve sensitivity to STX and the STX content in oyster digestive glands. None of the nerves isolated from wild and farmed oysters was detected to be sensitive to tetrodotoxin. In conclusion, this study highlights the good potential of cerebrovisceral nerves of Pacific oysters for electrophysiological and pharmacological studies. In addition, this study shows, for the first time, that C. gigas nerves have micromolar range of STX sensitivity. The STX sensitivity decreases, at least temporary, upon recent oyster exposure to dinoflagellates producing PST under natural, but not experimental environment.

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