scholarly journals Mixture of Phlorotannin and Fucoidan from Ecklonia cava Prevents the Aβ-Induced Cognitive Decline with Mitochondrial and Cholinergic Activation

Marine Drugs ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (8) ◽  
pp. 434
Author(s):  
Hye Ju Han ◽  
Seon Kyeong Park ◽  
Jin Yong Kang ◽  
Jong Min Kim ◽  
Seul Ki Yoo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Brain Tissue ◽  
Cognitive Deficit ◽  
Thiobarbituric Acid ◽  
Ecklonia Cava ◽  
Mitochondrial Activity ◽  
Sod Activity ◽  
Amnesic Effect ◽  
Y Maze ◽  
Beta Peptide

The anti-amnesic effect of a mixture (4:6 = phlorotannin:fucoidan from Ecklonia cava, P4F6) was evaluated on amyloid-beta peptide (Aβ)-induced cognitive deficit mice. The cognitive function was examined by Y-maze, passive avoidance, and Morris water maze tests, and the intake of the mixture (P4F6) showed an ameliorating effect on Aβ-induced learning and memory impairment. After the behavioral tests, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) contents were confirmed in brain tissue, and in the results, the mixture (P4F6) attenuated Aβ-induced oxidative stress. In addition, mitochondrial activity was evaluated by mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) content, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), adenosine triphosphate (ATP) content, and mitochondria-mediated apoptotic signaling pathway, and the mixture (P4F6) enhanced mitochondrial function. Furthermore, the mixture (P4F6) effectively regulated tau hyperphosphorylation by regulating the protein kinase B (Akt) pathway, and promoted brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in brain tissue. Moreover, in the cholinergic system, the mixture (P4F6) ameliorated acetylcholine (ACh) content by regulating acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) expression in brain tissue. Based on these results, we suggest that this mixture of phlorotannin and fucoidan (P4F6) might be a substance for improving cognitive function by effectively regulating cognition-related molecules.

scholarly journals Fucoidan-Rich Substances from Ecklonia cava Improve Trimethyltin-Induced Cognitive Dysfunction via Down-Regulation of Amyloid β Production/Tau Hyperphosphorylation

Marine Drugs ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (10) ◽  
pp. 591 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seon Kyeong Park ◽  
Jin Yong Kang ◽  
Jong Min Kim ◽  
Seul Ki Yoo ◽  
Hye Ju Han ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Cognitive Dysfunction ◽  
Memory Function ◽  
Amyloid Β ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Ecklonia Cava ◽  
Mitochondrial Activity ◽  
Tau Hyperphosphorylation ◽  
Y Maze ◽  
Improvement Effect

Ecklonia cava (E. cava) was investigated to compare the effect of polyphenol and fucoidan extract and mixture (polyphenol:fucoidan = 4:6) on cognitive function. The ameliorating effect of E. cava was evaluated using the Y-maze, passive avoidance and Morris water maze tests with a trimethyltin (TMT)-induced cognitive dysfunction model, and the results showed that the fucoidan extract and mixture (4:6) had relatively higher learning and memory function effects than the polyphenol extract. After a behavioral test, the inhibitory effect of lipid peroxidation and cholinergic system activity were examined in mouse brain tissue, and the fucoidan extract and mixture (4:6) also showed greater improvements than the polyphenol extract. Mitochondrial activity was evaluated using mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) content, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP, ΔΨm), adenosine triphosphate (ATP) content, and mitochondria-mediated protein (BAX, cytochrome C) analysis, and these results were similar to the results of the behavioral tests. Finally, to confirm the cognitive function-related mechanism of E. cava, the amyloid-β production and tau hyperphosphorylation-medicated proteins were analyzed. Based on these results, the improvement effect of E. cava was more influenced by fucoidan than polyphenol. Therefore, our study suggests that the fucoidan-rich substances in E. cava could be a potential material for improving cognitive function by down-regulating amyloid-β production and tau hyperphosphorylation.

scholarly journals Ecklonia cava Attenuates PM2.5-Induced Cognitive Decline through Mitochondrial Activation and Anti-Inflammatory Effect

Marine Drugs ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 131
Author(s):  
Seon Kyeong Park ◽  
Jin Yong Kang ◽  
Jong Min Kim ◽  
Hyun-Jin Kim ◽  
Ho Jin Heo
Keyword(s):  
Water Extract ◽  
Ecklonia Cava ◽  
Mitochondrial Activity ◽  
Memory Decline ◽  
Mitochondria Membrane Potential ◽  
Mitochondrial Ros ◽  
Ifn Γ ◽  
Related Proteins ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Pro Inflammatory Cytokines

To evaluate the effects of Ecklonia cava (E. cava) on ambient-pollution-induced neurotoxicity, we used a mouse model exposed to particulate matter smaller than 2.5 µm in aerodynamic diameter (PM2.5). The intake of water extract from E. cava (WEE) effectively prevented the learning and memory decline. After a behavioral test, the toll-like receptor (TLR)-4-initiated inflammatory response was confirmed by PM2.5 exposure in the lung and brain tissues, and the WEE was regulated through the inhibition of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB)/inflammasome formation signaling pathway and pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and IFN-γ). The WEE also effectively improved the PM2.5-induced oxidative damage of the lungs and brain through the inhibition of malondialdehyde (MDA) production and the activation of mitochondrial activity (mitochondrial ROS content, mitochondria membrane potential (MMP), adenosine triphosphate (ATP) content, and mitochondria-mediated apoptotic molecules). In particular, the WEE regulated the cognition-related proteins (a decreased amyloid precursor protein (APP) and p-Tau, and an increased brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)) associated with PM2.5-induced cognitive dysfunction. Additionally, the WEE prevented the inactivation of acetylcholine (ACh) synthesis and release as a neurotransmitter by regulating the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), and ACh receptor (AChR)-α3 in the brain tissue. The bioactive compounds of the WEE were detected as the polysaccharide (average Mw; 160.13 kDa) and phenolic compounds including 2′-phloroeckol.

Tardive Dyskinesia

1992 ◽  
Vol 160 (1) ◽  
pp. 110-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robertson Macpherson ◽  
Rachel Collis
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Tardive Dyskinesia ◽  
Psychiatric Hospital ◽  
Negative Symptoms ◽  
Cognitive Deficit ◽  
Defect State ◽  
Abnormal Involuntary Movements ◽  
Involuntary Movements ◽  
Short Test

Of 113 patients in long-stay wards of a psychiatric hospital, 43 had TD. Twenty-six of the 39 patients who consented to take part in the study were unaware of abnormal involuntary movements. These patients scored significantly lower on a short test of cognitive function than patients who were aware of such movements. The diagnosis of schizophrenia, perticularly the ‘defect’ state with cognitive deficit and negative symptoms, was found to be associated with lack of awareness of TD.

scholarly journals The relationship of brain-tissue loss volume and lesion location to cognitive deficit

1986 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 301-307 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Grafman ◽  
A Salazar ◽  
H Weingartner ◽  
S Vance ◽  
D Amin
Keyword(s):  
Brain Tissue ◽  
Cognitive Deficit ◽  
Tissue Loss ◽  
Lesion Location ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

scholarly journals High Dietary Iron Disrupts Iron Homeostasis and Induces Amyloid-β and Phospho-τ Expression in the Hippocampus of Adult Wild-Type and APP/PS1 Transgenic Mice

2019 ◽  
Vol 149 (12) ◽  
pp. 2247-2254 ◽  
Author(s):  
Min Chen ◽  
Jiashuo Zheng ◽  
Guohao Liu ◽  
Chong Zeng ◽  
En Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Transgenic Mice ◽  
Iron Homeostasis ◽  
Iron Concentration ◽  
Amyloid Β ◽  
Dietary Iron ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Brain Iron ◽  
Sod Activity ◽  
The Impact

ABSTRACT Background Brain iron deposition is a feature of Alzheimer disease and may contribute to its development. However, the relative contribution of dietary iron remains unclear. Objectives We investigated the impact of high dietary iron on brain pathological changes and cognitive function in adult wild-type (WT) mice and amyloid precursor protein/presenilin 1 (APP/PS1) double transgenic mice. Methods Male WT mice and APP/PS1 mice aged 10 wk were fed either a control diet (66 mg Fe/kg) (WT-Ctrl and APP/PS1-Ctrl) or a high iron diet (14 g Fe/kg) (WT-High Fe and APP/PS1-High Fe) for 20 wk. Iron concentrations in brain regions were measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Brain iron staining and amyloid-β (Aβ) immunostaining were performed. Protein expressions in the hippocampus were determined by immunoblotting. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde concentration were examined. Cognitive functions were tested with the Morris water maze system. Results In the hippocampus, APP/PS1-High Fe mice had significantly higher iron concentration (2.5-fold) and ferritin (2.0-fold) than APP/PS1-Ctrl mice (P < 0.001), and WT-High Fe mice had significantly higher ferritin (2.0-fold) than WT-Ctrl mice (P < 0.001). Interestingly, APP/PS1 mice had significantly higher iron concentration (2–3-fold) and ferritin (2–2.5-fold) than WT mice fed either diet (P < 0.001). Histological analysis indicated that iron accumulated in the hippocampal dentate gyrus region in APP/PS1 mice, consistent with the pattern of Aβ deposition. For both mouse strains, iron treatment induced Aβ and phospho-τ expression (1.5–3-fold) in the hippocampus, but had little impact on oxidative stress and cognitive function. Furthermore, APP/PS1 mice had significantly lower SOD activity and higher malondialdehyde concentration than WT mice in the hippocampus (P < 0.0001), paralleled by apparent cognitive dysfunction. Conclusions Dietary iron overload induces iron disorder and Aβ and phospho-τ expression in the hippocampus of adult WT and APP/PS1 transgenic mice.

scholarly journals In Vitro Antioxidant Activity of Purple Grape Juice (Vitis Labrusca) against Temozolamide Treatment in Rat Brains

Beverages ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 99
Author(s):  
Tatiane Gabardo ◽  
Marina Rocha Frusciante ◽  
Jessica Pereira Marinho ◽  
Manuela dos Santos ◽  
Ana Abujamra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Protein Oxidation ◽  
Neuroprotective Effect ◽  
Grape Juice ◽  
Thiobarbituric Acid ◽  
Redox Balance ◽  
Sod Activity ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
In Vitro Antioxidant Activity

Considering that grape juice has high levels of phenolic compounds that produce beneficial physiological effects, important for the maintenance of redox balance, the aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro neuroprotective effect of purple grape juice on the oxidative damage caused by temozolomide (TMZ) in the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, and cerebellum of Wistar rats. In pre-incubation, TMZ increased thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) in the cerebral cortex and cerebellum, enhanced protein oxidation in all tissues studied, increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in the hippocampus, decreased SOD activity in the cerebellum, and enhanced catalase (CAT) activity in the cerebral cortex and cerebellum. In co-incubation, there was enhanced protein oxidation in the cerebral cortex and cerebellum, decreased SOD activity in the cerebellum, inhibition of CAT activity in the hippocampus, and increased CAT activity in the cerebellum. Purple grape juice improved these oxidative alterations. Therefore, the intake of grape juice might have a protective effect against diseases that affect the oxidative status of the central nervous system.

S-Adenosylmethionine Rescues Cognitive Deficits in the rTg4510 Animal Model by Stabilizing Protein Phosphatase 2A and Reducing Phosphorylated Tau

2020 ◽  
Vol 77 (4) ◽  
pp. 1705-1715
Author(s):  
Leah C. Beauchamp ◽  
Xiang M. Liu ◽  
Amelia Sedjahtera ◽  
Mirjana Bogeski ◽  
Laura J. Vella ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Deficits ◽  
Protein Phosphatase ◽  
Cognitive Deficit ◽  
Protein Phosphatase 2A ◽  
Phosphorylated Tau ◽  
Oral Gavage ◽  
Neuronal Homeostasis ◽  
Y Maze ◽  
Phosphatase 2A ◽  
Spatial Recognition

Background: Alterations in the methionine cycle and abnormal tau phosphorylation are implicated in many neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease and frontotemporal dementia. rTg4510 mice express mutant human P301L tau and are a model of tau hyperphosphorylation. The cognitive deficit seen in these animals correlates with a burden of hyperphosphorylated tau and is a model to test therapies aimed at lowering phosphorylated tau. Objective: This study aimed to increase protein phosphatase 2A activity through supplementation of S-adenosylmethionine and analyze the effect on spatial memory and tau in treated animals. Methods: 6-month-old rTg4510 mice were treated with 100 mg/kg S-adenosylmethionine by oral gavage for 3 weeks. Spatial recognition memory was tested in the Y-maze. Alterations to phosphorylated tau and protein phosphatase 2A were explored using immunohistochemistry, western blot, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Results: Treatment with S-adenosylmethionine increased the Y-maze novel arm exploration time and increased both the expression and activity of protein phosphatase 2A. Furthermore, treatment reduced the number of AT8 positive neurons and reduced the expression of phosphorylated tau (Ser202/Thr205). S-adenosylmethionine contributes to multiple pathways in neuronal homeostasis and neurodegeneration. Conclusion: This study shows that supplementation with S-adenosylmethionine stabilizes the heterotrimeric form of PP2A resulting in an increase the enzymatic activity, a reduced level of pathological tau, and improved cognition.

Conditioning-like Brief Neonatal Hypoxia Improves Cognitive Function and Brain Tissue Properties with Marked Gender Dimorphism in Adult Rats

2010 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 193-200 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicolas Martin ◽  
Grégory Pourié ◽  
Carine Bossenmeyer-Pourié ◽  
Rozat Jazi ◽  
Jean-Louis Guéant ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Brain Tissue ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
Gender Dimorphism ◽  
Tissue Properties ◽  
Neonatal Hypoxia

Garlic extract attenuates brain mitochondrial dysfunction and cognitive deficit in obese-insulin resistant rats

2014 ◽  
Vol 39 (12) ◽  
pp. 1373-1379 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiranya Pintana ◽  
Jirapas Sripetchwandee ◽  
Luerat Supakul ◽  
Nattayaporn Apaijai ◽  
Nipon Chattipakorn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Mitochondrial Dysfunction ◽  
Mitochondrial Function ◽  
Visceral Fat ◽  
Cognitive Deficit ◽  
Garlic Extract ◽  
Insulin Resistant ◽  
Mitochondrial Functions ◽  
Brain Mitochondrial Function

Oxidative stress in the obese-insulin resistant condition has been shown to affect cognitive as well as brain mitochondrial functions. Garlic extract has exerted a potent antioxidant effect. However, the effects of garlic extract on the brain of obese-insulin resistant rats have never been investigated. We hypothesized that garlic extract improves cognitive function and brain mitochondrial function in obese-insulin resistant rats induced by long-term high-fat diet (HFD) consumption. Male Wistar rats were fed either normal diet or HFD for 16 weeks (n = 24/group). At week 12, rats in each dietary group received either vehicle or garlic extract (250 and 500 mg·kg–1·day–1) for 28 days. Learning and memory behaviors, metabolic parameters, and brain mitochondrial function were determined at the end of treatment. HFD led to increased body weight, visceral fat, plasma insulin, cholesterol, and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, indicating the development of insulin resistance. Furthermore, HFD rats had cognitive deficit and brain mitochondrial dysfunction. HFD rats treated with both doses of garlic extract had decreased body weight, visceral fat, plasma cholesterol, and MDA levels. Garlic extract also improved cognitive function and brain mitochondrial function, which were impaired in obese-insulin resistant rats caused by HFD consumption.

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