scholarly journals Spinochrome Identification and Quantification in Pacific Sea Urchin Shells, Coelomic Fluid and Eggs Using HPLC-DAD-MS

Marine Drugs ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 21
Author(s):  
Elena A. Vasileva ◽  
Natalia P. Mishchenko ◽  
Van T. T. Tran ◽  
Hieu M. N. Vo ◽  
Sergey A. Fedoreyev
Keyword(s):  
Sea Urchin ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Sea Urchins ◽  
Coelomic Fluid ◽  
Chromatography Method ◽  
Scaphechinus Mirabilis ◽  
Mass Spectrometric Detector ◽  
Egg Membrane ◽  
First Time ◽  
Identification And Quantification

The high-performance liquid chromatography method coupled with diode array and mass spectrometric detector (HPLC-DAD-MS) method for quinonoid pigment identification and quantification in sea urchin samples was developed and validated. The composition and quantitative ratio of the quinonoid pigments of the shells of 16 species of sea urchins, collected in the temperate (Sea of Japan) and tropical (South-China Sea) climatic zones of the Pacific Ocean over several years, were studied. The compositions of the quinonoid pigments of sea urchins Maretia planulata, Scaphechinus griseus, Laganum decagonale and Phyllacanthus imperialis were studied for the first time. A study of the composition of the quinonoid pigments of the coelomic fluid of ten species of sea urchins was conducted. The composition of quinonoid pigments of Echinarachnius parma jelly-like egg membrane, of Scaphechinus mirabilis developing embryos and pluteus, was reported for the first time. In the case of Scaphechinus mirabilis, we have shown that the compositions of pigment granules of the shell epidermis, coelomic fluid, egg membrane, developing embryos and pluteus are different, which should enable a fuller understanding of the functions of pigments at different stages of life.

Characterization by HPLC of p-Hydroxybenzyl Alcohol Biotransformation to Gastrodin In Vivo

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (9) ◽  
pp. 1934578X2110350
Author(s):  
Lijun Cheng ◽  
Yang Deng
Keyword(s):  
Bioactive Compounds ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Array Detector ◽  
Gastrodia Elata ◽  
Chromatography Method ◽  
Liquid Chromatography Method ◽  
First Time ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Hydroxybenzyl Alcohol

Gastrodin (GAS) and its aglycone, p-hydroxybenzyl alcohol (HBA), are both bioactive compounds extracted from Gastrodia elata Blume (GEB). In the current Chinese pharmacopoeia, they are regarded as quality control markers for GEB. In this study, we developed a high-performance liquid chromatography method coupled with a diode array detector to quantify GAS and HBA concentrations in plasma following oral ingestion by rats. For the first time, GAS was detected in vivo after HBA administration. GAS and HBA both had similar pharmacological effects, but the influence of the glucose moiety resulted in different pharmacokinetic characteristics. In this study, the effects of GAS and HBA at different administration durations were investigated in zebrafish larvae. These compounds were found to induce a sedative effect but had different onset times. In conclusion, a biotransformation of HBA to GAS could be observed in the rats. This may be a new insight into the pharmacokinetic characteristics of these bioactive compounds and also relates to the different ways in which they take effect.

The Fertilization Reaction in the Sea-Urchin

1952 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 469-483
Author(s):  
LORD ROTHSCHILD ◽  
M. M. SWANN
Keyword(s):  
Sea Urchin ◽  
Sea Urchins ◽  
Standard Errors ◽  
Conduction Time ◽  
Normal Sperm ◽  
Psammechinus Miliaris ◽  
Sperm Suspension ◽  
Small Incidence ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
First Time

1. The reactions of sea-urchin eggs (Psammechinus miliaris) to high concentrations of homologous spermatozoa have been investigated by a new method. 2. The method was to inseminate eggs with high concentrations of spermatozoa (108/ml.), which ensured that all eggs were fertilized for the first time at the beginning of the experiment; and then functionally to separate the eggs and spermatozoa at known times after the original insemination. 3. The proportion of polyspermic eggs in the suspension rises from zero at t=0 to a constant value at a time T, which is the conduction time of the block to polyspermy. In fourteen experiments on eggs from different sea-urchins, the estimated values of T were 17, 69, 72, 74, 94, 85, 26, 60, 31, 91, 85, 34, 75 and 67 sec. (arithmetic mean 63 sec.). The standard errors of the estimates of T, which are tabulated in the text, ranged from 5 to 15 sec. 4. These results confirm previous experiments which strongly suggested that the conduction time of the block to polyspermy was of the order of seconds; these earlier experiments were incompatible with a block to polyspermy lasting a fraction of a second. 5. At the same time experiments in this paper made it possible to estimate the fertilization parameter or sperm-egg interaction rate α, during the conduction of the block to polyspermy, and to compare it with the pre-fertilization α. In a given sperm suspension, α is a measure of the receptivity of the egg surface to spermatozoa. During the conduction of the block to polyspermy α was found to be markedly lower (1/20) than in unfertilized eggs. 6. This suggests that at fertilization there is a fast but incomplete block to polyspermy, whose conduction time may be 1 sec. or less. This is followed by the slower block which finally makes the egg impermeable to spermatozoa. This also confirms previous observations on the small incidence of polyspermy at normal sperm densities, which is not consistent with the concept of a slow block to polyspermy.

ʟ-Ovothiol A: The Egg Release Pheromone of the Marine Polychaete Platynereis Dumerilii: Annelida: Polychaeta

1999 ◽  
Vol 54 (12) ◽  
pp. 1145-1174 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ingo Röhl ◽  
Bernd Schneider ◽  
Bettina Schmidt ◽  
Erich Zeeck
Keyword(s):  
High Performance Liquid Chromatography ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Sex Pheromones ◽  
Marine Invertebrates ◽  
Reversed Phase ◽  
Coelomic Fluid ◽  
Platynereis Dumerilii ◽  
Marine Polychaete ◽  
First Time ◽  
Sexually Mature

Sex pheromones, released with the coelomic fluid by male Platynereis dumerilii initiate egg release in swarming females. The egg release pheromone, isolated from the coelomic fluid of sexually mature males, was identified as ʟ-Ovothiol A, which was found in male marine invertebrates for the first time. Isolation was obtained by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography in the biologically inactive disulfide form.

scholarly journals BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF ANTIMICROBIAL PEPTIDES FROM CHICKENS THROMBOCYTES

2016 ◽  
pp. 24-29
Author(s):  
M. V. Sycheva ◽  
A. S. Vasilchenko ◽  
E. A. Rogozhin ◽  
T. M. Pashkova ◽  
L. P. Popova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Antimicrobial Peptides ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Bactericidal Effect ◽  
Reverse Phase ◽  
Chromatography Method ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Liquid Chromatography Method ◽  
First Time ◽  
Peptide Fractions

Aim. Isolation and study ofbiological activity of antimicrobial peptides from chickens thrombocytes. Materials and methods. Peptides from chickens thrombocytes, obtained by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography method with stepped and linear gradients of concentration increase of the organic solvent were used in the study. Their antimicrobial activity was determined by microtitration method in broth; mechanism of biological effect - by using fluorescent spectroscopy method with DNA-tropic dyes. Results. Individual fractions of peptides were isolated from chickens thrombocytes, that possess antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus P209 and Escherichia coli K12. A disruption of integrity of barrier structures of microorganisms under the effect of thrombocyte antimicrobial peptides and predominance of cells with damaged membrane in the population of E. coli was established. Conclusion. The data obtained on antimicrobial activity and mechanism of bactericidal effect of the peptide fractions from chickens thrombocytes isolated for the first time expand the understanding of functional properties of chickens thrombocytes and open a perspective for their further study with the aim of use as antimicrobial means.

scholarly journals Combined Effects of Diatom-Derived Oxylipins on the Sea Urchin Paracentrotus lividus

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 719 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberta Esposito ◽  
Nadia Ruocco ◽  
Luisa Albarano ◽  
Adrianna Ianora ◽  
Loredana Manfra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stress Response ◽  
Sea Urchin ◽  
Sea Urchins ◽  
Cell Damage ◽  
Harmful Effect ◽  
Paracentrotus Lividus ◽  
Combined Effects ◽  
New Genes ◽  
Polyunsaturated Aldehydes ◽  
First Time

Oxylipins are diatom-derived secondary metabolites, deriving from the oxidation of polyunsatured fatty acids that are released from cell membranes after cell damage or senescence of these single-celled algae. Previous results revealed harmful toxic effects of polyunsaturated aldehydes (PUAs) and hydroxyacids (HEPEs) on sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus embryonic development by testing individual compounds and mixtures of the same chemical group. Here, we investigated the combined effects of these compounds on sea urchin development at the morphological and molecular level for the first time. Our results demonstrated that oxylipin mixtures had stronger effects on sea urchin embryos compared with individual compounds, confirming that PUAs induce malformations and HEPEs cause developmental delay. This harmful effect was also confirmed by molecular analysis. Twelve new genes, involved in stress response and embryonic developmental processes, were isolated from the sea urchin P. lividus; these genes were found to be functionally interconnected with 11 genes already identified as a stress response of P. lividus embryos to single oxylipins. The expression levels of most of the analyzed genes targeted by oxylipin mixtures were involved in stress, skeletogenesis, development/differentiation, and detoxification processes. This work has important ecological implications, considering that PUAs and HEPEs represent the most abundant oxylipins in bloom-forming diatoms, opening new perspectives in understanding the molecular pathways activated by sea urchins exposed to diatom oxylipins.

scholarly journals Molecular and Morphological Toxicity of Diatom-Derived Hydroxyacid Mixtures to Sea Urchin Paracentrotus lividus Embryos

Marine Drugs ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 144 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luisa Albarano ◽  
Nadia Ruocco ◽  
Adrianna Ianora ◽  
Giovanni Libralato ◽  
Loredana Manfra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Sea Urchin ◽  
Marine Invertebrates ◽  
Molecular Level ◽  
Sea Urchins ◽  
Synergistic Effects ◽  
Paracentrotus Lividus ◽  
Diatom Blooms ◽  
Polyunsaturated Aldehydes ◽  
First Time

Oxylipins such as polyunsaturated aldehydes (PUAs) and hydroxyacids (HEPEs) are signaling molecules derived from the oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids. They are common in diatoms that constitute a major group of microalgae in freshwater and oceanic ecosystems. Although HEPEs represent the most common oxylipins produced by diatoms, little information is available on their effects on marine invertebrates, and most of the information has been obtained by testing individual HEPEs. Our previous studies reported that four hydroxyacids, i.e., 5-, 9-, 11-, and 15-HEPE, were able to induce malformations and a marked developmental delay in sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus embryos, which had not been reported for other oxylipins. Here, we tested a mixture of 5-, 9-, 11-, and 15-HEPE at different concentrations for the first time. The results showed that mixtures of HEPEs have synergistic effects that are much more severe compared to those of individual HEPEs: The HEPE mixtures induced malformations in sea urchin embryos at lower concentrations. Increasing HEPE mixture concentrations induced a marked increase in the number of delayed embryos, until all embryos were delayed at the highest concentration tested. At the molecular level, the HEPE mixtures induced variations in the expression of 50 genes involved in different functional processes, mainly down-regulating these genes at the earliest stages of embryonic development. These findings are ecologically significant, considering that during diatom blooms, sea urchins could accumulate HEPEs in concentrations comparable to those tested in the present study.

Differences in ion regulation in the sea urchins Lytechinus variegatus and Arbacia lixula (Echinodermata: Echinoidea)

2007 ◽  
Vol 87 (3) ◽  
pp. 769-775 ◽  
Author(s):  
Denilton Vidolin ◽  
Ivonete A. Santos-Gouvea ◽  
Carolina A. Freire
Keyword(s):  
Sea Urchin ◽  
Sea Urchins ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Distinct Species ◽  
Coelomic Fluid ◽  
Lytechinus Variegatus ◽  
Ion Regulation ◽  
Magnesium Supplementation ◽  
Ionic Concentrations ◽  
Arbacia Lixula

The regular sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus, a species previously reported from areas of reduced salinities, and Arbacia lixula, a species unreported from diluted waters, were submitted to seawater dilution or seawater dilution in magnesium-supplemented waters. Seawater (35 psu) was either proportionally diluted with filtered dechlorinated tap water (30 psu, 25 psu), or diluted and supplemented with magnesium as MgCl2 (30+Mg, 25+Mg), up to full-strength seawater Mg2+ levels (35 psu, ~54 mM Mg2+). Magnesium supplementation was intended to verify the interfering effect of magnesium on osmo-ionic concentrations of the coelomic fluid (CF) of two ecologically distinct species of sea urchins. After 6 h in control (35 psu) or experimental seawater, CF samples were withdrawn by puncturing through the peristomial membrane. Coelomic fluid osmolality ([Osm]), and concentrations of ([Na+]), ([Cl-]), ([Mg2+]) and ([K+]) were measured for both species. Under all conditions, L. variegatus displayed higher CF osmolality, [Na+], and [K+] values than the water (and A. lixula). Comparatively, L. variegatus is designated as a‘hyper-conformer’, while A. lixula is an ‘iso-conformer’. The CF [Mg2+] showed no evidence of being controlled by either species. Mg2+ supplementation in diluted seawater affected Mg2+ and Cl- levels only. Na+ appears to be taken up actively by L. variegatus, rendering its CF mostly hyper-ionic for Na+ (and hyperosmotic) relative to external seawater. The different gradients observed with the different ions suggest selective permeabilities or ion regulation by L. variegatus.

scholarly journals The Diverse Transformer (Trf) Protein Family in the Sea Urchin Paracentrotus lividus Acts through a Collaboration between Cellular and Humoral Immune Effector Arms

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (13) ◽  
pp. 6639
Author(s):  
Iryna Yakovenko ◽  
Asaf Donnyo ◽  
Or Ioscovich ◽  
Benyamin Rosental ◽  
Matan Oren
Keyword(s):  
Sea Urchin ◽  
Marine Invertebrates ◽  
Sea Urchins ◽  
Paracentrotus Lividus ◽  
Protein Family ◽  
Coelomic Fluid ◽  
Immune Gene ◽  
Immune Effector ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Humoral Immune

Sea urchins are long-living marine invertebrates with a complex innate immune system, which includes expanded families of immune receptors. A central immune gene family in sea urchins encodes the Transformer (Trf) proteins. The Trf family has been studied mainly in the purple sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. Here, we explore this protein family in the Mediterranean Sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus. The PlTrf genes and predicted proteins are highly diverse and show a typical Trf size range and structure. Coelomocytes and cell-free coelomic fluid from P. lividus contain different PlTrf protein repertoires with a shared subset, that bind specifically to E. coli. Using FACS, we identified five different P. lividus coelomocyte sub-populations with cell surface PlTrf protein expression. The relative abundance of the PlTrf-positive cells increases sharply following immune challenge with E. coli, but not following challenge with LPS or the sea urchin pathogen, Vibrio penaeicida. Phagocytosis of E. coli by P. lividus phagocytes is mediated through the cell-free coelomic fluid and is inhibited by blocking PlTrf activity with anti-SpTrf antibodies. Together, our results suggest a collaboration between cellular and humoral PlTrf-mediated effector arms in the P. lividus specific immune response to pathogens.

scholarly journals Composition and geographic variation of the bacterial microbiota associated with the coelomic fluid of the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Teresa Faddetta ◽  
Francesco Ardizzone ◽  
Francesca Faillaci ◽  
Chiara Reina ◽  
Emilia Palazzotto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sea Urchin ◽  
Nature Reserve ◽  
Sea Urchins ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Paracentrotus Lividus ◽  
Coelomic Fluid ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Sequencing Analysis ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Microbiota Structure

AbstractIn the present work, culture-based and culture-independent investigations were performed to determine the microbiota structure of the coelomic fluid of Mediterranean sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus individuals collected from two distinct geographical sites neighboring a high-density population bay and a nature reserve, respectively. Next Generation Sequencing analysis of 16S rRNA gene (rDNA) showed that members of the Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Fusobacteria phyla, which have been previously reported to be commonly retrieved from marine invertebrates, dominate the overall population of microorganisms colonizing this liquid tissue, with minority bacterial genera exhibiting remarkable differences among individuals. Our results showed that there is a correlation between microbiota structure and geographical location of the echinoderm collection site, highlighting over-representation of metagenomic functions related to amino acid and bioactive peptides metabolism in specimens inhabiting the nature reserve. Finally, we also described the developmental delay and aberrations exhibited by sea urchin embryos exposed to distinct bacterial isolates, and showed that these defects rely upon hydrophilic compound(s) synthesized by the bacterial strains assayed. Altogether, our findings lay the groundwork to decipher the relationships of bacteria with sea urchins in their aquatic environment, also providing an additional layer of information to understand the biological roles of the coelomic fluid.

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