scholarly journals Ectoine from Bacterial and Algal Origin Is a Compatible Solute in Microalgae

Marine Drugs ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simona Fenizia ◽  
Kathleen Thume ◽  
Marino Wirgenings ◽  
Georg Pohnert
Keyword(s):  
Phaeodactylum Tricornutum ◽  
Culture Conditions ◽  
Compatible Solute ◽  
Associated Bacteria ◽  
The Family ◽  
Polar Metabolites ◽  
Standard Culture ◽  
Polar Low ◽  
Dual Origin

Osmoregulation in phytoplankton is attributed to several highly polar low-molecular-weight metabolites. A widely accepted model considers dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) as the most important and abundant osmotically active metabolite. Using an optimized procedure for the extraction and detection of highly polar metabolites, we expand the group of phytoplankton osmolytes by identifying ectoine in several microalgae. Ectoine is known as a bacterial compatible solute, but, to the best of our knowledge, was never considered as a phytoplankton-derived product. Given the ability of microalgae to take up zwitterions, such as DMSP, we tested the hypothesis that the algal ectoine is derived from associated bacteria. We therefore analyzed methanol extracts of xenic and axenic cultures of two different species of microalgae and could detect elevated concentrations of ectoine in those that harbor associated bacteria. However, also microalgae without an associated microbiome contain ectoine in smaller amounts, pointing towards a dual origin of this metabolite in the algae from their own biosynthesis as well as from uptake. We also tested the role of ectoine in the osmoadaptation of microalgae. In the model diatoms Thalassiosira weissflogii and Phaeodactylum tricornutum, elevated amounts of ectoine were found when cultivated in seawater with salinities of 50 PSU compared to the standard culture conditions of 35 PSU. Therefore, we add ectoine to the family of osmoadaptive metabolites in phytoplankton and prove a new, potentially synergistic metabolic interplay of bacteria and algae.

scholarly journals Cysteinolic Acid Is a Widely Distributed Compatible Solute of Marine Microalgae

Marine Drugs ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (12) ◽  
pp. 683
Author(s):  
Simona Fenizia ◽  
Jerrit Weissflog ◽  
Georg Pohnert
Keyword(s):  
Sulfur Cycle ◽  
Compatible Solute ◽  
Associated Bacteria ◽  
Elevated Salinity ◽  
The Family ◽  
Polar Metabolites ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Main Representative ◽  
Mass Spectrometric Techniques ◽  
Surrounding Seawater

Phytoplankton rely on bioactive zwitterionic and highly polar small metabolites with osmoregulatory properties to compensate changes in the salinity of the surrounding seawater. Dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) is a main representative of this class of metabolites. Salinity-dependent DMSP biosynthesis and turnover contribute significantly to the global sulfur cycle. Using advanced chromatographic and mass spectrometric techniques that enable the detection of highly polar metabolites, we identified cysteinolic acid as an additional widely distributed polar metabolite in phytoplankton. Cysteinolic acid belongs to the class of marine sulfonates, metabolites that are commonly produced by algae and consumed by bacteria. It was detected in all dinoflagellates, haptophytes, diatoms and prymnesiophytes that were surveyed. We quantified the metabolite in different phytoplankton taxa and revealed that the cellular content can reach even higher concentrations than the ubiquitous DMSP. The cysteinolic acid concentration in the cells of the diatom Thalassiosira weissflogii increases significantly when grown in a medium with elevated salinity. In contrast to the compatible solute ectoine, cysteinolic acid is also found in high concentrations in axenic algae, indicating biosynthesis by the algae and not the associated bacteria. Therefore, we add this metabolite to the family of highly polar metabolites with osmoregulatory characteristics produced by phytoplankton.

The relationship between intracellular calcium levels and limb bud chondrogenesis in vitro

Development ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 100 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-81
Author(s):  
J.A. Bee ◽  
R. Jeffries
Keyword(s):  
Phenotypic Expression ◽  
Culture Conditions ◽  
Limb Bud ◽  
Concentration Effects ◽  
Cartilage Differentiation ◽  
Standard Culture ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Plateau Level

Under standard culture conditions, chondrogenic expression by stage-21 embryonic chick limb bud mesenchyme is dependent upon high cell plating densities. Alternatively, when cultured in suspension aggregating limb bud cells differentiate exclusively as cartilage. We have previously demonstrated that the aggregation of prechondrogenic limb bud cells is specifically mediated by a Ca2+ -dependent mechanism. In the present paper, we examine the involvement of calcium cations in chondrogenic expression in vitro. During cartilage differentiation, we demonstrate that limb bud cells elevate their intracellular Ca2+ levels to achieve a conserved plateau level. This increase in intracellular Ca2+ levels does not occur in sparse cell cultures, which also fail to demonstrate cartilage differentiation. Although elevation of extracellular Ca2+ concentration effects precocious chondrogenesis, ultimately this is substantially lower than in control cultures. In contrast, elevation of intracellular Ca2+ levels by the addition of 0á1 μm-A23187 readily stimulates precocious and extensive cartilage differentiation. 0á1μm-A23187 initially elevates intracellular Ca2+ levels to that required for cartilage differentiation but this then continues to increase concomitant with a reduction in cartilage nodule size. 10μm-retinoic acid completely inhibits chondrogenesis in vitro and elevates intracellular Ca2+ to particularly high levels. Our data indicate the central role of controlled intracellular Ca2+ levels to normal chondrogenic expression. Deviation from this level by cells that either fail to achieve or that exceed it inhibits subsequent cartilage development, and can cause a loss of phenotypic expression by differentiated cartilage.

The Role of the Lymphocyte in Haemopoiesis

1979 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 267-272 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald D. Barr
Keyword(s):  
Surface Membrane ◽  
Culture Conditions ◽  
Terminal Deoxynucleotidyl Transferase ◽  
Colony Forming Units ◽  
The Family ◽  
Functional Control ◽  
Splenic Colonies ◽  
Exhaustive Study ◽  
Self Replication

According to current dogma, circulating blood cells are all derived from the same progenitor, which therefore must be both pluripotent and capable of prolific self-replication. In the irradiated mouse, such haemopoietic stem cells (HSC) give rise to splenic colonies, and thus are designated as CFU-S (colony forming units-spleen). Definitive identification of a similar entity in man so far has proved elusive. However, primitive unipotent cells, committed to development along a single pathway, can be detected in human blood-forming tissues under appropriate culture conditions. Operationally defined as CFU-E (erythrocyte), CFU-GM (granulocyte/macrophage) etc., the ontogenetic relationships of these cells to each other and to the HSC have been the objects of exhaustive study. A population of lymphocytes, classed as ‘null’ cells, do not exhibit the surface membrane markers which characterize commitment to differentiation in the thymusdependent (T-cell) or bursa- equivalent (B cell) lineages. Accumulating evidence points to the null lymphocyte as a potential precursor of haemopoietic tissue. In bone marrow, the activity of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) is concentrated in null cells, but the relevance of this unique enzyme to lymphocytic differentiation remains uncertain. Nevertheless, it appears that the functional heterogeneity, expressed within the family of lymphocytes, extends to haemopoiesis. The roles of various lymphocyte populations, in the generation and functional control of blood-forming tissue, are examined in this review.

scholarly journals Eicosapentaenoic acid production by Phaeodactylum tricornutum under different culture condition

2004 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Kutasi ◽  
F. Szederkényi ◽  
I. Ott ◽  
M. László
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Eicosapentaenoic Acid ◽  
Culture Condition ◽  
Phaeodactylum Tricornutum ◽  
Culture Conditions ◽  
Low Ph ◽  
Dry Cell Weight ◽  
Initial Ph ◽  
Dry Cell

Phaeodactylum tricornutum UTEX 640 strain of microalgae was screened under different culture conditions for their capacity to produce eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) the most abundant polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA). In our experiments, the effect of sodium chlorid, nitrogen source, phosphate, initial pH, as well as the CO2 content of the medium on production of the eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) by P. tricornutum were investigated. The EPA content of biomass was enhanced by the low pH of the medium, with increased concentrations of B17 vitamin and nitrate, and also with decreasing concentrations of sodium chlorid. The EPA is most likely associated with polar (membran) lipids and the role of EPA appears to be involved with membran permeability in microalge. The synthesis of phospholipids, enhances the EPA content of the cells, as expected. The maximum EPA yields were observed under optimum culture condition 43 — 48 mg/g of dry cell weight.

scholarly journals Detection of differentially culturable tubercle bacteria in sputum using mycobacterial culture filtrates

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bhavna G. Gordhan ◽  
Julian S. Peters ◽  
Amanda McIvor ◽  
Edith E. Machowski ◽  
Christopher Ealand ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Growth Stimulation ◽  
Culture Conditions ◽  
Mycobacterial Culture ◽  
Media Control ◽  
Stimulatory Activity ◽  
Standard Culture ◽  
The Media ◽  
Future Work

AbstractRapid detection of tuberculosis (TB) infection is paramount to curb further transmission. The gold standard for this remains mycobacterial culture, however emerging evidence confirms the presence of differentially culturable tubercle bacteria (DCTB) in clinical specimens. These bacteria do not grow under standard culture conditions and require the presence of culture filtrate (CF), from axenic cultures of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), to emerge. It has been hypothesized that molecules such as resuscitation promoting factors (Rpfs), fatty acids and cyclic-AMP (cAMP) present in CF are responsible for the growth stimulatory activity. Herein, we tested the ability of CF from the non-pathogenic bacterium Mycobacterium smegmatis (Msm) to stimulate the growth of DCTB, as this organism provides a more tractable source of CF. We also interrogated the role of Mtb Rpfs in stimulation of DCTB by creating recombinant strains of Msm that express Mtb rpf genes in various combinations. CF derived from this panel of strains was tested on sputum from individuals with drug susceptible TB prior to treatment. CF from wild type Msm did not enable detection of DCTB in a manner akin to Mtb CF preparations and whilst the addition of RpfABMtb and RpfABCDEMtb to an Msm mutant devoid of its native rpfs did improve detection of DCTB compared to the no CF control, it was not statistically different to the empty vector control. To further investigate the role of Rpfs, we compared the growth stimulatory activity of CF from Mtb, with and without Rpfs and found these to be equivalent. Next, we tested chemically diverse fatty acids and cAMP for growth stimulation and whilst some selective stimulatory effect was observed, this was not significantly higher than the media control and not comparable to CF. Together, these data indicate that the growth stimulatory effect observed with Mtb CF is most likely the result of a combination of factors. Future work aimed at identifying the nature of these growth stimulatory molecules may facilitate improvement of culture-based diagnostics for TB.

Non-Normative Events and Family Functioning: The Role of the Family Psychologist

1993 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michele Harway ◽  
◽  
Nancy Boyd-Franklin ◽  
Robert Geffner ◽  
Marsali Hansen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Family Functioning ◽  
The Family

Mental Health of War-Affected Youth in Two Conflicts: The Role of the Family, Community and Classroom

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivelina Borisova ◽  
Theresa Betancourt ◽  
Wietse Tol ◽  
Ivan Komproe ◽  
Mark Jordans ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
The Family

Mindfulness and Parental Stress Among Parents of Children with Developmental Delays: The Role of the Family Environment

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Merideth A. Robinson ◽  
Andrea C. Lewallen ◽  
Robyn Finckbone ◽  
Kristin Crocfer ◽  
Keith P. Klein ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Family Environment ◽  
Parental Stress ◽  
Developmental Delays ◽  
The Family

HUBUNGAN PERAN FAMILY CAREGIVER TERHADAP QUALITAS HIDUP LANSIA

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-56
Author(s):  
RIANI PRADARA JATI ◽  
Sekar Farah Nabila
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Family Caregiver ◽  
Random Sampling ◽  
Simple Random Sampling ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
The Poor ◽  
The Family

  Penempatan peran yang baik bagi Family Caregiver sangatlah membantu lansia dalam meningkatkah qualitas hidupnya, meningkatkan motivasi dalam menjalankan hidup Penelitian ini bertujuan Mengetahui hubungan peran Family Caregiver dalam pemenuhan qualitas hidup bagi lansia di Kelurahan Langenharjo Kabupaten Kendal. DesainPenelitianDeskriptifKorelasional menggunakan pendekatan Krosectional,tehnikSamplingStratified Simple Random Sampling dengan karakteristik heterogen, dari populasi mempunyai hak yang sama untuk diseleksi sebagai sampel teknik undianPengambilan data dengan menggunakan kuesioner yang telah diuji validitas dan reliabilitasnya. Uji statistik Chi-square, dengan taraf signifikasi 5%jumlah sampel pada penelitian ini 70 sampel pada Family Caregiver dari 213 populasi yang ada. Hasil penelitian dari 70 responden didapatkan Peran Family Caregiver tidak baik dengan qualitas hidup tidak baik 33 (47,1%), sedangkan Peran Family Caregiver kurang baik dengan qualitas hidup lansia baik 3 (4,3%). Untuk distribusi Peran Family Caregiver kurang baik dengan qualitas hidup lansia tidak baik sebanyak 6 responden (8,6%) sedangkan untuk distribusi Peran Family Caregiver kurang baik dengan qualitas hidup lansia baik sebanyak 23 responden (32,9%). Terakhir, untuk distribusi Peran Family Caregiver baik dengan qualitas hidup lansia tidak baik didapatkan hasil 2 responden (2, 9%) sedangkan untuk distribusi Peran Family Caregiver baik dengan qualitas hidup lansia baik didapatkan hasil 3 responden (4,3%)Menunjukkan nilai ρ value 0,001 (ρ < 0,05) berarti ada hubungan antara dukungan keluarga dengan kepatuhan lansia dalam keikutsertaan posyandu lansia. Disarankan kepada semua Family Cregiver lansia untuk mampu memahami pentingnya perhatian, dukungan bagi lansia dalammeningkatkan qualitas hidup yang lebih baik bagi lansia.   Kata kunci : Peran family caregiver, qualitas hidup, lansia.   ABSTRACT Placement of a good role for Family Caregiver is very helpful for the elderly to improve their quality of life, increase motivation in living life Research Objective: To know the relationship between the role of Family Caregiver in fulfilling quality of life for the elderly in Langenharjo Village, Kendal Regency. Descriptive Correlational Research Design uses a cross sectional approach, Sampling Stratified Simple Random Sampling technique with heterogeneous characteristics, from the population has the same right to be selected as a sample lottery technique Retrieving data using a questionnaire that has been tested for validity and reliability. Test Chi-square statistics, with a significance level of 5% the number of samples in this study 70 samples on the Family Caregiver from 213 populations. Results of the Study Of 70 respondents found the role of Family Caregiver was not good with poor quality of life 33 (47.1%) , while the role of the Family Caregiver is not good with the quality of life of a good elderly 3 (4.3%). For the distribution of the role of Family Caregiver is not good with the quality of life of the poor family as many as 6 respondents (8.6%) while for the distribution of the Role of Family Caregiver is not good with the quality of life of good elderly as many as 23 respondents (32.9%). Finally, the distribution of the Role of Family Caregiver with good quality of life for the poor is obtained by 2 respondents (2, 9%), while the distribution of the Role of Family Caregiver with good quality of life for the elderly is obtained by 3 respondents (4.3%). 0.001 (ρ <0.05) means that there is a relationship between family support and the compliance of the elderly in the participation of the elderly posyandu. It is recommended to all elderly Cregiver families to be able to understand the importance of attention, support for the elderly in improving the quality of life better for the elderly   Keywords: Role of Family Caregiver, Quality of Life, Elderly

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