scholarly journals Graph, Spectra, Control and Epidemics: An Example with a SEIR Model

Mathematics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (22) ◽  
pp. 2987
Author(s):  
Giacomo Aletti ◽  
Alessandro Benfenati ◽  
Giovanni Naldi
Keyword(s):  
Social Contact ◽  
Economic Cost ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Biological Data ◽  
Contact Network ◽  
Graph Spectra ◽  
Animal Populations ◽  
The Social ◽  
Spread Of Infection ◽  
Group Version

Networks and graphs offer a suitable and powerful framework for studying the spread of infection in human and animal populations. In the case of a heterogeneous population, the social contact network has a pivotal role in the analysis of directly transmitted infectious diseases. The literature presents several works where network-based models encompass realistic features (such as contacts networks or host–pathogen biological data), but analytical results are nonetheless scarce. As a significant example, in this paper, we develop a multi-group version of the epidemiological SEIR population-based model. Each group can represent a social subpopulation with the same habits or a group of geographically localized people. We consider also heterogeneity in the weighting of contacts between two groups. As a simple application, we propose a simple control algorithm in which we optimize the connection weights in order to minimize the combination between an economic cost and a social cost. Some numerical simulations are also provided.

scholarly journals Spatial utilization predicts animal social contact networks are not scale-free

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (12) ◽  
pp. 171209
Author(s):  
Alex James ◽  
Jeanette C. McLeod ◽  
Carlos Rouco ◽  
Kyle S. Richardson ◽  
Daniel M. Tompkins
Keyword(s):  
Network Architecture ◽  
Social Contact ◽  
Computational Effort ◽  
Contact Network ◽  
Brushtail Possum ◽  
Contact Networks ◽  
Scale Free ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social Contact Networks ◽  
Analytical Result

While heterogeneity in social behaviour has been described in many human contexts it is often assumed to be less common in the animal kingdom even though scale-free networks are observed. This homogeneity raises the question of whether the patterns of behaviour necessary to account for scale-free social contact networks, where the degree distribution follows a power law, i.e. a few individuals are very highly connected but most have only a few connections, occur in animals, or whether other mechanisms are needed to produce realistic contact network architectures. We develop a space-utilization model for individual animal behaviour to predict the individuals' social contact network. Using basic properties of the χ 2 distribution we present a simple analytical result that allows the model to give a range of predictions with minimal computational effort. The model results are tested on data collected in New Zealand for the social contact networks of the wild brushtail possum ( Trichosurus vulpecula ). Our model provides a better prediction of network architecture than other simple models, including a scale-free model.

scholarly journals Sex, synchrony, and skin contact: integrating multiple behaviors to assess pathogen transmission risk

2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 651-660 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephan T Leu ◽  
Pratha Sah ◽  
Ewa Krzyszczyk ◽  
Ann-Marie Jacoby ◽  
Janet Mann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Risk ◽  
Bottlenose Dolphins ◽  
Social Contact ◽  
Social Behaviors ◽  
Pathogen Transmission ◽  
Transmission Risk ◽  
Spatial Proximity ◽  
Contact Network ◽  
Skin Contact ◽  
Animal Populations

Abstract Direct pathogen and parasite transmission is fundamentally driven by a population’s contact network structure and its demographic composition and is further modulated by pathogen life-history traits. Importantly, populations are most often concurrently exposed to a suite of pathogens, which is rarely investigated, because contact networks are typically inferred from spatial proximity only. Here, we use 5 years of detailed observations of Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops aduncus) that distinguish between four different types of social contact. We investigate how demography (sex and age) affects these different social behaviors. Three of the four social behaviors can be used as a proxy for understanding key routes of direct pathogen transmission (sexual contact, skin contact, and aerosol contact of respiratory vapor above the water surface). We quantify the demography-dependent network connectedness, representing the risk of exposure associated with the three pathogen transmission routes, and quantify coexposure risks and relate them to individual sociability. Our results suggest demography-driven disease risk in bottlenose dolphins, with males at greater risk than females, and transmission route-dependent implications for different age classes. We hypothesize that male alliance formation and the divergent reproductive strategies in males and females drive the demography-dependent connectedness and, hence, exposure risk to pathogens. Our study provides evidence for the risk of coexposure to pathogens transmitted along different transmission routes and that they relate to individual sociability. Hence, our results highlight the importance of a multibehavioral approach for a more complete understanding of the overall pathogen transmission risk in animal populations, as well as the cumulative costs of sociality.

scholarly journals Cohort-based Smoothing Methods for Age-specific Contact Rates

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yannick Vandendijck ◽  
Carlo G. Camarda ◽  
Niel Hens
Keyword(s):  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Age Distribution ◽  
Social Contact ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Smoothing Methods ◽  
Transmission Parameters ◽  
Contact Rates ◽  
The Social ◽  
Specific Contact ◽  
Contact Data

AbstractThe use of social contact rates is widespread in infectious disease modelling, since it is known that they provide proxies of crucial determinants of epidemiological and disease transmission parameters. Information on social contact rates can, for example, be obtained from a population-based contact diary survey, such as the POLYMOD study. Estimation of age-specific contact rates from these studies is often done using bivariate smoothing techniques. Typically, smoothing is done in the dimensions of the respondent’s and contact’s age. In this paper, we introduce a smoothing constrained approach - taking into account the reciprocal nature of contacts - where the contact rates are assumed smooth from a cohort perspective as well as from the age distribution of contacts. This is achieved by smoothing over the diagonal components (including all subdiagonals) of the social contact matrix. This approach is supported by the fact that people age with time and thus contact rates should vary smoothly by cohorts. Two approaches that allow for smoothing of social contact data over cohorts are proposed: (1) reordening of the diagonal components of the social contact rate matrix; and (2) reordening of the penalty matrix associated with the diagonal components. Parameter estimation is done using constrained penalized iterative reweighted least squares. A simulation study is presented to compare methods. The proposed methods are illustrated on the Belgian POLYMOD data of 2006.

scholarly journals Generating a heterosexual bipartite network embedded in social network

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Asma Azizi ◽  
Zhuolin Qu ◽  
Bryan Lewis ◽  
James Mac Hyman
Keyword(s):  
Social Network ◽  
Real World ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Social Contact ◽  
Contact Network ◽  
Bipartite Network ◽  
Sexual Networks ◽  
Sexual Network ◽  
Activity Data ◽  
The Social

AbstractWe describe an approach to generate a heterosexual network with a prescribed joint-degree distribution embedded in a prescribed large-scale social contact network. The structure of a sexual network plays an important role in how all sexually transmitted infections (STIs) spread. Generating an ensemble of networks that mimics the real-world is crucial to evaluating robust mitigation strategies for controlling STIs. Most of the current algorithms to generate sexual networks only use sexual activity data, such as the number of partners per month, to generate the sexual network. Real-world sexual networks also depend on biased mixing based on age, location, and social and work activities. We describe an approach to use a broad range of social activity data to generate possible heterosexual networks. We start with a large-scale simulation of thousands of people in a city as they go through their daily activities, including work, school, shopping, and activities at home. We extract a social network from these activities where the nodes are the people, and the edges indicate a social interaction, such as working in the same location. This social network captures the correlations between people of different ages, living in different locations, their economic status, and other demographic factors. We use the social contact network to define a bipartite heterosexual network that is embedded within an extended social network. The resulting sexual network captures the biased mixing inherent in the social network, and models based on this pairing of networks can be used to investigate novel intervention strategies based on the social contacts among infected people. We illustrate the approach in a model for the spread of chlamydia in the heterosexual network representing the young sexually active community in New Orleans.

scholarly journals Predictors of free-roaming domestic dogs' contact network centrality and their relevance for rabies control

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Charlotte Warembourg ◽  
Guillaume Fournié ◽  
Mahamat Fayiz Abakar ◽  
Danilo Alvarez ◽  
Monica Berger-González ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Small World ◽  
Domestic Dogs ◽  
Contact Network ◽  
Potential Contribution ◽  
Dog Ownership ◽  
Contact Patterns ◽  
Rabies Control ◽  
The Social ◽  
Study Sites

AbstractFree roaming domestic dogs (FRDD) are the main vectors for rabies transmission to humans worldwide. To eradicate rabies from a dog population, current recommendations focus on random vaccination with at least 70% coverage. Studies suggest that targeting high-risk subpopulations could reduce the required vaccination coverage, and increase the likelihood of success of elimination campaigns. The centrality of a dog in a contact network can be used as a measure of its potential contribution to disease transmission. Our objectives were to investigate social networks of FRDD in eleven study sites in Chad, Guatemala, Indonesia and Uganda, and to identify characteristics of dogs, and their owners, associated with their centrality in the networks. In all study sites, networks had small-world properties and right-skewed degree distributions, suggesting that vaccinating highly connected dogs would be more effective than random vaccination. Dogs were more connected in rural than urban settings, and the likelihood of contacts was negatively correlated with the distance between dogs’ households. While heterogeneity in dog's connectedness was observed in all networks, factors predicting centrality and likelihood of contacts varied across networks and countries. We therefore hypothesize that the investigated dog and owner characteristics resulted in different contact patterns depending on the social, cultural and economic context. We suggest to invest into understanding of the sociocultural structures impacting dog ownership and thus driving dog ecology, a requirement to assess the potential of targeted vaccination in dog populations.

scholarly journals The intestinal microbiota-driven dopamine level influences social interaction and innate color preference in zebrafish larvae

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ju Wang ◽  
Feng Zheng ◽  
Lifeng Yin ◽  
Shengnan Shi ◽  
bing hu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Interaction ◽  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
Social Contact ◽  
Social Recognition ◽  
Color Preference ◽  
Dopamine Level ◽  
Zebrafish Larvae ◽  
The Social ◽  
Shoaling Behavior ◽  
The Relationship

Gut microbiota influence neurodevelopment of brain and programing of behaviors. However, the mechanism underlining the relationship between shoals' behaviors and intestinal microbiota remain controversial and the roles of neurotransmitters are still unclear. Here we show that, shoaling behavior affected the innate color preference of shoals, indicating that shoals tended to choose a favorable color environment that benefits social contact. Meanwhile, administration of D1-R antagonist disrupted the social interaction which led to the deficits of color preference. More importantly, the altered microbiota caused by an antibiotic OTC decreased the sociability and weakened shoals' color preference. When given a supplement of LGG after OTC exposure, fish exhibited an unexpectedly recovery capability in social cohesion and color preference. Our findings show that dopamine level of brain could mediate both social recognition and color preference, and highlight the pathway of microbial metabolites through the microbiota-gut-brain axis that coordinate the production of dopamine.

scholarly journals EXTENSIÓN Y DINAMIZACIÓN DE LA CONDICIÓN JUVENIL EN LOS ÑÖÑHO DE SAN ILDEFONSO TULTEPEC: vínculos con la educación superior intercultural

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (13) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alejandro Mira
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Cultural Production ◽  
Urban Youth ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Work And Family ◽  
Educación Superior ◽  
Indigenous Youth ◽  
Educacion Superior ◽  
The Social ◽  
Education In Mexico

Insertar una perspectiva sociocultural sobre las juventudes indígenas contemporáneas en el campo de relaciones entre juventud, escuela y socialización, permite establecer nuevas vetas de análisis para comprender cuál es el vínculo que se teje entre la expansión aún activa de sistemas en educación superior en regiones históricamente relegadas de esta infraestructura escolar en México, y la producción social y cultural de nuevas y diferenciadas formas de ser joven indígena. Partiendo del reconocimiento de que al día de hoy las llamadas nuevas ruralidades están experimentando un proceso de desvinculación paulatina de las estructuras sociales del mundo agrario y tradicional, y se perfilan como una generación culturalmente más próxima a las prácticas sociales de las juventudes urbanas, el presente trabajo analiza las interacciones que mantiene la juventud otomí o ñöñho de San Ildefonso Tultepec en Querétaro, frente a una de la de las instituciones de mayor perdurabilidad histórica en la construcción de las identidades juveniles: la escuela. Específicamente se explora a partir de datos etnográficos, cómo la entrada de la educación superior de corte intercultural a esta zona indígena en Querétaro, contribuye a extender y dinamizar los atributos juveniles de este sector de la población ñöñho a partir de su condición estudiantil, al otorgarles nuevas cuotas de organización del tiempo individual - que postergan sus compromisos laborales y familiares -, oportunidades de construir nuevos lazos afectivos juveniles dentro y fuera del espacio comunitario, de ampliar sus gustos y capitales culturales, y de constituirse como un profesionista emergente con perspectivas diferenciales sobre su entorno comunitario.EXTENSION AND NEW DINAMICS OF THE YOUTH CONDITION IN THE ÑÖÑHO OF SAN ILDEFONSO TULTEPEC: links of indigenous youth to intercultural higher education in Mexico  ABSTRACTInserting a sociocultural perspective on contemporary indigenous youth in the field of youth relations, school and socialization, allows to establish new veins of analysis to understand the link that is woven between the still active expansion of systems in higher education in historically relegated regions of this school infrastructure in Mexico, and the social and cultural production of new and differentiated ways of being indigenous young. Based on the recognition that to this day the so-called new ruralities are experiencing a process of gradual disengagement from the social structures of the agrarian and traditional world, and are emerging as a generation culturally closer to the social practices of urban youth, this work analyzes the interactions maintained by the otomí o ñöñho youth of San Ildefonso Tultepec in Querétaro, compared to one of the institutions with the greatest historical durability in the construction of youth identities: the school.Specifically it is explored from ethnographic data, how the entry of intercultural higher education to this indigenous area in Querétaro, contributes to extend and energize the youth attributes of this sector of the ñöñho population based on their student status, by granting them new quotas of organization of individual time -that defer their work and family commitments- , opportunities to build new youthful affective bonds within and outside the community space, to expand their social tastes and cultural capitals, and to establish themselves as an emerging professional with differential perspectives on their community environment.KeyWords: Youth condition. Indigenous young. Intercultural higher education. New rurality. Otomíes.

scholarly journals A STUDY ON THE FORMATION OF THE PURPOSE AT SHIMOSHINJO-SAKURAEN : The social contact on community-cafe

2007 ◽  
Vol 72 (613) ◽  
pp. 135-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasuhiro TANAKA ◽  
Takeshi SUZUKI ◽  
Shigeki MATSUBARA ◽  
Toshinobu OKU ◽  
Michihiro KITA
Keyword(s):  
Social Contact ◽  
The Social

scholarly journals Youth in the margin in Morocco: a qualitative approach to the perception of subjectivity and agency politics

2021 ◽  
Vol 119 ◽  
pp. 01007
Author(s):  
Ilham Sadoqi
Keyword(s):  
Social Action ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Social Actors ◽  
State Institutions ◽  
Cultural Life ◽  
The Social ◽  
Youth Agency ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Third Moment

This paper seeks to investigate the potentials of youth agency in the margin of society and understand the prospects for social action or “Hirak” as an ongoing sweeping protest wave of a marginalized population. Based on a national qualitative study about youth and marginality in Morocco, this paper will focus on three moments. First, it will examine youth perception, their representation of their subjectivities, and how the realities and experiences of exclusion and “Hogra” manifested in inequalities, injustice, and systematic violence have shaped their beliefs and desire to act. The second moment brings to the fore their apprehension of the hegemonic powers of state institutions and social actors to determine their motivations and initiatives to articulate their actions locally and nationally under conditions of domination. The third moment will shed light on the dynamics of youth agency and the nature of their actions, be it individual or collective, subjective or rational. Similarly, it will also consider the structural limitations impinging on the social, political, cultural life, and gender relations. This paper examines the relationship between youth agency in the margin and the emergence of a new quest for social action “Hirak” in different regions of Morocco and how this might pave the way towards renegotiating the existing social contract between society and state.

scholarly journals The effect of early social contact on the community structure and functions of  fecal microbiome in suckling - growing piglets

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanju Bi ◽  
Runze Liu ◽  
Wenbo Ji ◽  
Lei Pan ◽  
Haidong Wei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Environment ◽  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
Social Contact ◽  
Production Performance ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Fecal Microbiome ◽  
The Social ◽  
Negative Effect

Abstract Background: Social contact in the early suckling period as an enriched social environment can reduce the aggressive behaviors of piglets at weaning regrouping, and improve their production performance and welfare. We speculated that the social environment could modulate the maturation of piglet intestinal microbiota at later growth stages. Therefore, we performed microbial 16S rRNA gene sequencing from fecal samples, collected at 16, 35, 42, and 63 days of age, to investigate the structure and function of intestinal microbiota in piglets that experienced early social contact. Results: The results showed that the litter weight of the piglets was not significantly different between the control (CON) and social contact (SC) groups at 35 days of age (P > 0.05), but the weight of piglets in the SC group significantly decreased at 63 days compared to the CON group (P < 0.05). While the proportion of Firmicutes were the most abundant bacterial phylum detected in both groups at all times, the proportion of Firmicutes and the Firmicutes-to-Bacteroides ratio were significantly higher in the SC group compared to the CON group and the proportion of Bacteroides was lower in the SC group compared to the CON group at 35, 42, and 63 days of age (P < 0.05). At the genus level, early social contact had a significant positive effect on the level of Lactobacillus at 35 and 42 days of age (P < 0.05), but a negative effect on Prevotella at 35, 42, and 63 days of age (P < 0.05). Furthermore, functional analysis of the microbial composition showed that the changes induced by early social contact mainly altered the relative abundance of metabolic and related pathways. From 35 days of age, the social contact notably had a negative effect on the abundance microbial pathways for protein digestion and absorption and lipid metabolism (P < 0.05). Conclusions: Early social contact truly changed the taxonomy of fecal microbiota in piglets, which in turn, impacted the potential for microbial function within the piglet intestine. At present, we speculate that providing continuous social contact negatively influences the nutrient metabolism for the growing piglets.

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