scholarly journals Learning Effect in a Multilingual Web-Based Argumentative Writing Instruction Model, Called ECM, on Metacognition, Rhetorical Moves, and Self-Efficacy for Scientific Purposes

Mathematics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (17) ◽  
pp. 2119
Author(s):  
Rosario Arroyo González ◽  
Eric Fernández-Lancho ◽  
Juan Antonio Maldonado Jurado
Keyword(s):  
Writing Instruction ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Learning Effect ◽  
Mother Tongue ◽  
Structural Equations ◽  
Rank Test ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Argumentative Writing ◽  
Web Based ◽  
Instruction Model

The purpose of this study is to assess the learning effect of a multilingual web-based argumentative writing instruction model called the Ensayo Científico Multilingüe (ECM, Multilingual Scientific Essay) adapting the didactic model called Genre-based Writing Instruction (GBWI) in an experiment conducted over three months. For this purpose, a quasi-experimental research model was applied to 150 students in the experimental group and 150 in the control group, with two measurements, pre and post-test, for three dependent variables: (a) writing metacognition and its dimensions; (b) written argumentative self-efficacy; and (c) rhetorical moves and steps of an argumentative essay. The latter variable was measured by the content analysis method. Variables (a) and (b) were both measured with instruments validated in a population of 518 university students using structural equations. The findings demonstrate the positive effect of the ECM, which combines WBWI and GBWI in argumentative written learning in the students’ mother tongue in all variables measured, applying statistics such as the Shapiro–Wilk statistic, parametric contrast, and the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. In relation to the findings, with respect to the evaluated variables, it was discovered, specifically, that the rhetorical steps in which the students showed a significant improvement were innovations, quotes/research, definitions of concepts, refutations, definitive reasons, and bibliographical references. Likewise, the rhetorical steps that did not present significant differences following the application of the ECM were discovered, and they were: reason summary, formulation of premise, and reasons for. Furthermore, it can be stated that for the ECM there was an increase, above all, in awareness of the following metacognitive dimensions: (a) writing self-regulation; (b) writing planning; and (c) writing revision, as well as argumentative self-efficacy. The novelties of this research with respect to the precedents reside in that it offers valid and concrete results on the effect of a multilingual web design integrated into a well-defined didactic model of argumentative writing on writing metacognition and its dimensions, argumentative structuring and its rhetorical steps, and argumentative self-efficacy. The related studies consider only some of these variables, but not all of them together or their complexity. These results have allowed us to establish specific didactic–technological proposals for improving the ECM that are transferable to didactic designs to guide written argumentation at higher academic levels using multilingual web technologies and integrating the metacognitive, behavioral, and motivational dimensions of writing.

scholarly journals Effectiveness of a Peer-Led Web-Based Intervention to Improve General Self-Efficacy in Using Dating Apps Among Young Adults: Randomized Clustered Trial (Preprint)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
William CW Wong ◽  
Wai Han Sun ◽  
Shu Ming Cheryl Chia ◽  
Joseph D Tucker ◽  
William PH Mak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Hong Kong ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Online Dating ◽  
Intervention Group ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Web Based ◽  
Dating Apps ◽  
Hong Kong Students ◽  
General Self Efficacy

BACKGROUND Online dating apps are popular platforms for seeking romance and sexual relationships among young adults. As mobile apps can easily gain access to a pool of strangers (“new friends”) at any time and place, it leads to heightened sexual health risks and privacy concerns. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a peer-led web-based intervention for online dating apps to prepare Chinese college students so that they have better self-efficacy when using dating apps. METHODS An open clustered randomized controlled trial was conducted among students from three colleges (The University of Hong Kong, Hang Seng University of Hong Kong, and Yijin Programme of Vocational Training College) in Hong Kong. Students aged 17 to 27 years who attended common core curriculum or general education were randomized into intervention and control groups. The intervention material, developed with high peer engagement, included four short videos, an interactive scenario game, and a risk assessment tool. An existing website promoting physical activities and healthy living was used as a control. Using the information, motivation, and behavioral skills (IMB) approach to design the evaluation, questionnaires covering participants’ sociodemographics and dating app characteristics, as well as the general self-efficacy scale (GSE) as the primary outcome and the risk propensity scale (RPS) as the secondary outcome were administered before, immediately after, and at 1 month after the intervention. Intention-to-treat analysis was adopted, and between-group differences were assessed using the Mann-Whitney <i>U</i> test. A post-hoc multiple linear regression model was used to examine the correlates of the GSE and RPS. RESULTS A total of 578 eligible participants (290 in the intervention group and 288 in the control group) participated in the study with 36 lost to follow-up. There were more female participants (318/542, 58.7%) than male participants in the sample, reflecting the distribution of college students. Over half of the participants (286/542, 52.8%) reported the following reasons for using dating apps: being curious (170/498, 34.1%), trying to make new friends (158/498, 31.7%), and finding friends with similar interests (121/498, 24.3%). Overall, the participants in the intervention group reported favorable experiences when compared with the finding in the control group. There was significant improvement in the GSE score and reduction in the RPS score (<i>P</i>&lt;.001) in the intervention group. University of Hong Kong students were more susceptible to risk reduction after the intervention when compared with students from the other two institutions. CONCLUSIONS The online intervention was effective in improving general self-efficacy and reducing risk tendency among young students. Future work is needed to determine if this approach is cost-effective and such behavioral change is sustainable. CLINICALTRIAL ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03685643; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03685643. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT RR2-10.1186/s13063-018-3167-5

scholarly journals Ethnic Foods Diet Program Improve Self-Efficacy and Diet Compliance Among Type 2 Diabetic Patients

Jurnal NERS ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 155
Author(s):  
Eka Mishbahatul Mar'ah Has ◽  
Amira Aulia ◽  
Tiyas Kusumaningrum ◽  
Ferry Efendi
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Group ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Dietary Guidelines ◽  
Rank Test ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Diet Compliance ◽  
And Control

A well-balanced diet is one of the four pillars of diabetes self-management. Patient's culture strongly influences intake food. Diabetic dietary guidelines which fit with the patient's culture is expected to improve patient's self-efficacy and diet compliance. This study was aimed to analyze the effect of ethnic foods diet program in improving self-efficacy and diet compliance among Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) patients. This was quasy experiment research with pre and post-test control design. The population was 112 T2DM patients from Sasak Tribes, West Nusa Tenggara. Samples were 36 respondents, divided into intervention (18) and control (18) groups. The independent variable was the ethnic food diet (EFD) program, while the dependent variables were patient's self-efficacy and diet compliance. Data were collected using self-efficacy questionnaire and a 24-hour dietary recall form. Data were then analyzed using Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test and Mann Whitney U Test. The result showed differences in self-efficacy between pre and post-test in the treatment group (p=0,001), but there were no differences in the control group. There were differences in diet compliance in the treatment group (p=0,001), but there were no differences in the control group. There were differences between treatment and control groups on self-efficacy (p=0,000) and diet compliance (p=0,000). Ethnic foods diet program can improve self-efficacy and diet compliance among T2DM patients because more comfortable and easier to be applied. Nurses can apply ethnic foods diet program as an intervention to promote healthy diet for T2DM patients.

Effects of web-based education and counselling for patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: self-efficacy, fatigue and assessment of care

Lupus ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (8) ◽  
pp. 884-891
Author(s):  
Hülya Kankaya ◽  
Ayfer Karadakovan
Keyword(s):  
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus ◽  
Chronic Illness ◽  
Data Collection ◽  
Lupus Erythematosus ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Systemic Lupus ◽  
Web Based ◽  
Experimental Group ◽  
Web Based Education

Objective The aim of this study was to determine the effect of web-based education and counselling for patients with systemic lupus erythematosus on self-efficacy, fatigue and assessment of care. Methods The study was conducted as a randomized controlled trial. The study sample consisted of 80 patients divided into two groups: the experimental group ( n = 40) and a control group ( n = 40). Randomization was performed by simple random sampling. At the beginning of the study (month 0), data-collection forms were administered to both groups. Web-based education was carried out for the first three months, and counselling and information updates were given for the next three months for the experimental group. In the intervention process, the control group just received standard care. After six months, data-collection forms were administered to both groups again. Results The mean age of the participants in the experimental and control groups was 35.58 ± 8.40 years and 39.00 ± 12.71 years, respectively. In both groups, 95% of patients were women. Wilcoxon’s test was used for within-group comparisons before and after the study. The Mann–Whitney U-test was used to evaluate the difference between the two groups before the intervention and between the two groups after the intervention. We found that there was a significant improvement in fatigue, self-efficacy and assessment of chronic illness care in the experimental group at the end of the study ( p < 0.05). Conclusions The intervention had a positive effect on self-efficacy, fatigue and satisfaction with chronic illness. In accordance with the results, similar studies should be conducted for different patient groups in order to strengthen the results.

scholarly journals Healthy Eating and Active Living for Diabetes-Glycemic Index (HEALD-GI): A Pragmatic Randomized Controlled Trial

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 1289-1289
Author(s):  
Hayford Avedzi ◽  
Allison Soprovich ◽  
Stephanie Ramage ◽  
Abdulrhman Alghamdi ◽  
Kate Storey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nutrition Education ◽  
Glycemic Index ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Text Messaging ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Intervention Group ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Dietary Intakes ◽  
Web Based ◽  
Phone Calls

Abstract Objectives Rigorous evidence is needed to support uptake of recommendations to include low glycemic index (GI) foods in daily meal planning as an effective dietary self-care strategy for people with type 2 diabetes (T2D). We evaluated the effectiveness of a 12-week web-based GI-targeted nutrition education intervention on dietary intakes and GI-related knowledge among adults with T2D. Methods Participants were randomized to a control group (n = 34) that received standard printed copies of Canada's Food Guide and Diabetes Canada's GI resources or an intervention group (n = 33) that received those same materials, plus an online platform with six self-directed learning modules and supplementary print material. Each module consisted of a customized video, links to reliable websites, chat rooms, and quizzes. Evidence-based GI concept information included GI values of foods and advice for low-GI shopping, recipes, and cooking tips by a Registered Dietitian. Preferred supports through email, text messaging, phone calls, or postal mail to reinforce participants’ learning were also provided. The primary outcome, average daily dietary GI intake, was assessed using 3-day food records. Additional measures including GI knowledge and self-efficacy, glycated hemoglobin A1c, lipids, systolic blood pressure, body mass index, waist circumference, and computer proficiency, were assessed at baseline and at three months post-intervention. Results Participants (N = 67) were 64% men; mean (standard deviation [SD]) age 69.5 (9.3) years, with mean diabetes duration of 19.0 (13.7) years, BMI 30.1 (5.7) kg/m2 and A1c 7.1 (1.2)% at baseline. Mean daily GI intake decreased in the intervention group by 2.79 (7.77) compared to a 0.76 (6.48) increase in the control group (adjusted mean difference [95% CI]; −3.77 [−6.95, −0.58]). Mean GI knowledge 2.14 [0.59, 3.69], understanding of GI concept 1.65 [0.85, 2.44] and self-efficacy for consuming low-GI foods 1.29 [0.51, 2.07] increased among the intervention group (P &lt; 0.01) compared with the control group. Conclusions Web-based GI-targeted education program improved the quality of carbohydrate consumption among adults with T2D and may have been mediated through increases in knowledge and self-efficacy. Web-based nutrition education may be an effective alternative in this population. Funding Sources Canadian Foundation for Dietetic Research.

scholarly journals THE EFFECT VIDEO MEDIA PSYCHEDUCATION ON ANXIETY LEVELS AND SELF EFFICACY OF TUBERCULOSIS PATIENTS IN THE TREATMENT AT PARU CENTER RSUD CILACAP

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 34
Author(s):  
Rosi Arista
Keyword(s):  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Objective Assessment ◽  
Rank Test ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Relaxation Techniques ◽  
Control Group Design ◽  
Anxiety Management ◽  
Tuberculosis Patients ◽  
Self Confidence ◽  
Anxiety Levels

Background: Problems that often attack tuberculosis patients are psychological problems such as anxiety and about self efficacy or self-confidence that affect the patient's medication adherence. Method: Quasy experiment research design with pre-post test control group design involving 25 respondents in the treatment group and 25 respondents in the control group, selection technique with purposive sampling. The independent variable is video media psychoeducation while the dependent variable is the level of anxiety and self efficacy. Data were obtained using a questionnaire which was then analyzed using the Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test and Mann Whitney Test with a degree of significance α ≤ 0.05. Results: Video media psychoeducation significantly affected anxiety levels (p = 0.00) and increased self efficacy (p = 0,000). Discussion: Video media psychoeducation has positive benefits for overcoming the problem of anxiety and self-efficacy of tuberculosis patients. Video media psychoeducation is able to provide information and anxiety management in the form of deep breathing relaxation techniques through audio visual to clarify the presentation of the message so as not to be too verbalistic. Information received by the patient affects the mindset and behavior that will reduce anxiety. When the patient is not anxious the patient has high self efficacy. For further research, the researcher suggests that an objective assessment of the anxiety level of tuberculosis patients be further studied. Keywords: anxiety , self-efficacy, tuberculosis, video media psychoeducation

scholarly journals Model Psikoedukasi untuk Meningkatkan Pemahaman dan Efikasi Diri Penderita Diabetes Mellitus Tipe2

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-26
Author(s):  
Nailiy Huzaimah
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Treatment Group ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Rank Test ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Control Group Design ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Self Confidence ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Signed Rank Test

Health education is one part of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) management. Healtheducation on T2DM has been given to patients with T2DM but has not resulted in positivebehavioral changes, seen from uncontrolled blood glucose levels and complications. Acomprehensive knowledge of T2DM, appropiate education with engaging families, can give apositive impact on comprehension and self-confidence of people with T2DM.The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of PsychoeducationMods (PM) on comprehension and self-efficacy patients with T2DM. This study uses quasyexperiment, pre and post test control group design. Respondents were patients with T2DM andtheir families who are undergoing outpatient in Dr. H. Moh. Anwar Sumenep Hospital (n = 40).Data collection used a comprehension and self-efficacy questionnaires for people withT2DM. Statistical analysis used different test with α <0,05. Mann Whitney U test result showed thatthere were differences in comprehension and self-efficacy variables between treatment group andcontrol group. Different independent sample test results in the treatment group using Paired Ttest and Wilcoxon signed rank test showed that PM improves comprehension (p = 0.007) and selfefficacy (p = 0.002) of patients with T2DM. MP needs to be applied by health personnel, especiallynurses in assisting patients with T2DM improves comprehension with the awareness and selfefficacy of patients with T2DM. Comprehension with awareness and good self efficacy with familysupport will be a reinforcing factor for the establishment of a positive behavior to control bloodglucose levels.

scholarly journals Effectiveness of a Peer-Led Web-Based Intervention to Improve General Self-Efficacy in Using Dating Apps Among Young Adults: Randomized Clustered Trial

10.2196/16378 ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (10) ◽  
pp. e16378
Author(s):  
William CW Wong ◽  
Wai Han Sun ◽  
Shu Ming Cheryl Chia ◽  
Joseph D Tucker ◽  
William PH Mak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Hong Kong ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Online Dating ◽  
Intervention Group ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Web Based ◽  
Dating Apps ◽  
Hong Kong Students ◽  
General Self Efficacy

Background Online dating apps are popular platforms for seeking romance and sexual relationships among young adults. As mobile apps can easily gain access to a pool of strangers (“new friends”) at any time and place, it leads to heightened sexual health risks and privacy concerns. Objective This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a peer-led web-based intervention for online dating apps to prepare Chinese college students so that they have better self-efficacy when using dating apps. Methods An open clustered randomized controlled trial was conducted among students from three colleges (The University of Hong Kong, Hang Seng University of Hong Kong, and Yijin Programme of Vocational Training College) in Hong Kong. Students aged 17 to 27 years who attended common core curriculum or general education were randomized into intervention and control groups. The intervention material, developed with high peer engagement, included four short videos, an interactive scenario game, and a risk assessment tool. An existing website promoting physical activities and healthy living was used as a control. Using the information, motivation, and behavioral skills (IMB) approach to design the evaluation, questionnaires covering participants’ sociodemographics and dating app characteristics, as well as the general self-efficacy scale (GSE) as the primary outcome and the risk propensity scale (RPS) as the secondary outcome were administered before, immediately after, and at 1 month after the intervention. Intention-to-treat analysis was adopted, and between-group differences were assessed using the Mann-Whitney U test. A post-hoc multiple linear regression model was used to examine the correlates of the GSE and RPS. Results A total of 578 eligible participants (290 in the intervention group and 288 in the control group) participated in the study with 36 lost to follow-up. There were more female participants (318/542, 58.7%) than male participants in the sample, reflecting the distribution of college students. Over half of the participants (286/542, 52.8%) reported the following reasons for using dating apps: being curious (170/498, 34.1%), trying to make new friends (158/498, 31.7%), and finding friends with similar interests (121/498, 24.3%). Overall, the participants in the intervention group reported favorable experiences when compared with the finding in the control group. There was significant improvement in the GSE score and reduction in the RPS score (P<.001) in the intervention group. University of Hong Kong students were more susceptible to risk reduction after the intervention when compared with students from the other two institutions. Conclusions The online intervention was effective in improving general self-efficacy and reducing risk tendency among young students. Future work is needed to determine if this approach is cost-effective and such behavioral change is sustainable. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03685643; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03685643. International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID) RR2-10.1186/s13063-018-3167-5

Daiabetes Self Management Education (DSME) Meningkatkan Pengetahuan, Sikap, dan Self Efficacy Penderita Diabetes Melitus Tipe 2.

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 60
Author(s):  
Melan Apriaty Simbolon ◽  
Ninuk Dian Kurniawati ◽  
Harmayetty Harmayetty
Keyword(s):  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Management Education ◽  
Statistical Tests ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Self Management ◽  
Rank Test ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Test Statistic ◽  
Quasi Experimental

Introduction: Diabetics still have difficulty doing independent treatment from health information that has been obtained and heard. One aspect that plays an important and effective role in the management of diabetes mellitus is the provision of education in the form of Diabetes Self Management Education (DSME). Objective: Knowing the effect of applying Diabetes Self Management Education (DSME) to the knowledge, attitudes and self efficacy of Type 2 DM patients.Method: The study has a Quasi-Experimental design. The sampling technique uses purposive sampling. The total population consists of 75 respondents, and obtained a sample of 37 respondents. The independent variable is Diabetes Self Management Education (DSME). The dependent variable is knowledge, attitude, and self efficacy. Data taken using a questionnaire. Data were analyzed using Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test and Mann Whitney U rest statistical tests with significance α≤0.005.Result: The results of the statistical analysis of the Wilcoxon rank test were obtained in the pre post test of the treatment group and the control group namely knowledge from (p = 0,000) to (p = 0.317), attitude from (p = 0,000) to (p = 0.046) and self efficacy from (p = 0,000) to (p = 1,000). The Mann Whitney U test statistic obtained p = 0,000 in the treatment and control groups.Conclusion:  Diabetes Self Management Education (DSME) can increase knowledge, attitudes, and self efficacy of people with type 2 diabetes. Future researchers are expected to conduct further research to compare the effect of Diabetes Self Management Education (DSME) with booklet media and other media using a control group.

scholarly journals Web-Based Software to Assist in the Localization of Neuroanatomical Lesions

2011 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 251-255 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evan Cole Lewis ◽  
Melanie Strike ◽  
Asif Doja ◽  
Andy Ni ◽  
Jonathan Weber ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intervention Group ◽  
Multiple Choice ◽  
Choice Test ◽  
Rank Test ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Educational Effectiveness ◽  
Web Based ◽  
Standard Textbook ◽  
The University ◽  
Study Participants

Objective:To evaluate the educational effectiveness of a novel, web-based neuroanatomical localization application.Methods:A prototype version of a neuroanatomical localization application was developed, limited to lesions involving Cranial Nerve (CN) VII. Second year medical students at the University of Ottawa were recruited to participate in the study. Participants were exposed to a didactic teaching session on CN VII anatomy. They were subsequently randomized to two groups - one group was granted access to the localization application (the “intervention group”), while the other group was given a booklet of standard textbook resources (the “control group”). Participants then completed a case-based multiple choice test on localization of neurologic lesions associated with CN VII, followed by a questionnaire regarding the experience.Results:Thirty-nine students volunteered to participate. Twenty were randomized to the intervention group and 19 to the control group. There was a mean test score difference of 1.3 (CI.95 = 0.2, 2.3) that was significantly higher in the intervention group when compared to the control group. Significance was determined by aWilcoxon rank test (p = 0.028). Questionnaire results were similar for both groups, showing an overall favourable evaluation of the localization application.Conclusions:The results support our hypotheses that students using the application would perform better on the multiple choice question (MCQ) test and there would be an overall preference for its use. The demonstrated educational benefit of the application, in addition to the demand for such a resource expressed by the participants, warrant further investigation into the development of a neurological localization application.

scholarly journals Effectiveness of self-re-learning using video recordings of advanced life support on nursing students’ knowledge, self-efficacy, and skills performance

BMC Nursing ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyeongmin Jang ◽  
Sung Hwan Kim ◽  
Ja Young Oh ◽  
Ji Yeon Mun
Keyword(s):  
Nursing Students ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Life Support ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Advanced Life Support ◽  
Rank Test ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Bulletin Board ◽  
Post Intervention ◽  
Experimental Group

Abstract Background Nurses are presumably the first to see an in-hospital cardiac arrest patient. This study proposed measuring nursing students’ knowledge, self-efficacy, and skills performance in advanced life support (ALS), 6 months after training, by sending videos taken during their final skills test after the ALS training. Methods This is an experimental study using a randomised control group design. This study was conducted from June to December 2018, and the subjects of the study were 4th year students, recruited through a bulletin board at a nursing university. The participants’ knowledge, self-efficacy, and skill performance in ALS were evaluated immediately after the training, and participants were videotaped during the final skills test. Thereafter, the videos were sent to the experimental group through a mobile phone messenger application, once a month, from the third month after training. Approximately six months after training day, a follow-up test was conducted for the measured variables using a blinded method. The paired t-test and Wilcoxon signed-rank test were used to compare the two groups pre-and post-intervention. The statistical significance level was set at p < .05. Results Six months after the ALS training, knowledge scores decreased significantly in both groups (p < 0.001). Self-efficacy decreased by about 3 points from 50.55 to 47.18 in the experimental group (p = 0.089), while it decreased by 10 points in the control group, from 50.67 to 39 (p < 0.001). The skills performance decreased from 27.5 to 26.68 in the experimental group, while it decreased significantly from 27.95 to 16.9 in the control group (p < 0.001). Conclusion Self-study with videos taken during an ALS skills test helps enhance the sustainable effects of training such as knowledge, self-efficacy, and skills performance.

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