Least Squares Approximation of Flatness on Riemannian Manifolds

The purpose of this paper is fourfold: (i) to introduce and study the Euler–Lagrange prolongations of flatness PDEs solutions (best approximation of flatness) via associated least squares Lagrangian densities and integral functionals on Riemannian manifolds; (ii) to analyze some decomposable multivariate dynamics represented by Euler–Lagrange PDEs of least squares Lagrangians generated by flatness PDEs and Riemannian metrics; (iii) to give examples of explicit flat extremals and non-flat approximations; (iv) to find some relations between geometric least squares Lagrangian densities.