scholarly journals Effect of Two Brands of Glaze Material on the Flexural Strength and Probability of Failure of High Translucent Monolithic Zirconia

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (22) ◽  
pp. 7022
Author(s):  
Raj Gaurav Singh ◽  
Kai-Chun Li ◽  
Karl Michael Lyons ◽  
John Neil Waddell
Keyword(s):  
Flexural Strength ◽  
Fracture Pattern ◽  
Fractographic Analysis ◽  
Bending Test ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Flexural Stress ◽  
Failure Initiation ◽  
Four Point Bending ◽  
Monolithic Zirconia ◽  
Control Surfaces

(1) Background: The effect of glazing on the mechanical properties of monolithic high translucent zirconia is not well reported. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of glazing on the flexural strength of high translucent zirconia; (2) Methods: Ninety specimens were prepared from second-generation 3Y-TZP high translucent blocks and divided into three groups. Glaze materials were applied on one surface of the specimen and subjected to a four-point bending test and flexural stress and flexural displacement values were derived. Descriptive fractographic analysis of surfaces was conducted to observe the point of failure and fracture pattern.; (3) Results: Control-nonglazed (647.17, 1σ = 74.71 MPa) presented higher flexural strength values compared to glaze I (541.20, 1σ = 82.91 MPa) and glaze II (581.10, 1σ = 59.41 MPa). Characteristic strength (σƟ) from Weibull analysis also observed higher (660.67 MPa) values for the control specimens. Confocal microscopy revealed that glazed surfaces were much rougher than control surfaces. Descriptive fractographic analysis revealed that there was no correlation between the point of failure initiation and flexural strength; (4) Conclusions: The test results demonstrated that glazing significantly decreased the flexural strength and flexural displacement of the zirconia specimens.

Flexural Behavior of Six Species of Italian Bamboo

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvia Greco ◽  
Luisa Molari
Keyword(s):  
Structural Material ◽  
Flexural Strength ◽  
Mechanical Performance ◽  
Functionally Graded ◽  
Flexural Behavior ◽  
Bending Test ◽  
Bamboo Species ◽  
Four Point Bending ◽  
Flexural Ductility ◽  
Graded Material

The good mechanical performance of bamboo, coupled with its sustainability, has boosted the idea to use it as a structural material. In some areas of the world it is regularly used in constructions but there are still countries in which there is a lack of knowledge of the mechanical properties of the locally-grown bamboo, which limits the spread of this material. Bamboo is optimized to resist to flexural actions with its peculiar micro structure along the thickness in which the amount of fibers intensifies towards the outer layer and the inner part is composed mostly of parenchyma. The flexural strength depends on the amount of fibers, whereas the flexural ductility is correlated to the parenchyma content. This study focuses on the flexural strength and ductility of six different species of untreated bamboo grown in Italy. A four-point bending test was carried out on bamboo strips in two different loading configurations relating to its microstructure. Deformation data are acquired from two strain gauges in the upper and lower part of the bamboo beam. Difference in shape and size of Italian bamboo species compared to the ones traditionally used results in added complexity when performing the tests. Such difficulties and the found solutions are also described in this work. The main goal is to reveal the flexural behavior of Italian bamboo as a functionally graded material and to expand the knowledge of European bamboo species toward its use as a structural material not only as culm but also as laminated material.

Influence of Fly Ash on the Mechanical Properties of Engineered Cementitious Composites Cured at High Temperature

2010 ◽  
Vol 113-116 ◽  
pp. 1293-1296
Author(s):  
Yu Zhu ◽  
Ying Zi Yang ◽  
Hong Wei Deng ◽  
Yan Yao
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Fly Ash ◽  
High Volume ◽  
Bending Test ◽  
Cementitious Composites ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Four Point Bending ◽  
High Volume Fly Ash ◽  
Compressive Strength Test

In order to investigate the mechanical properties of cementitious composites (ECC) cured at 60°C, four-point bending test and compressive strength test are employed to analyze the effect of fly ash on the properties of ECC. The replacement ratio of cement with fly ash is 50%, 70% and 80%, respectively. The test results indicate that ECC with high volume fly ash still remain the characteristic of pseudo-strain hardening and the deflection of ECC increases remarkably by adding more fly ash. The observations of ECC indicate that the crack width is relatively smaller for higher volume fly ash ECC. Meanwhile, compressive strength of ECC specimens with 80% fly ash can reach to 70MPa. This is helpful to produce precast ECC with high volume of fly ash.

The Effect of β-SiC Nanowires on the Properties of Al2O3 Composites

2016 ◽  
Vol 690 ◽  
pp. 240-245
Author(s):  
Wasana Khongwong ◽  
Chumphol Busabok
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Conductivity ◽  
Thermal Properties ◽  
Flexural Strength ◽  
Bending Test ◽  
Matrix Composites ◽  
Sic Nanowires ◽  
Four Point Bending ◽  
Four Point Bending Test ◽  
Cold Pressed ◽  
The Relationship

To investigate the effect of adding b-SiC nanowires on the properties of the Al2O3 matrix composites, four different amounts of SiC nanowires, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.25 wt% were mixed with Al2O3 powder. All mixtures were ball-milled and dried in an oven at a temperature of 120°C. The Al2O3-SiC mixtures were uniaxially pressed into pellets under 5 MPa and were then isostatically cold-pressed (CIP) under a pressure of 200 MPa. Specimens (13 mm in diameter and 2.5 mm in thickness) were sintered in a tube furnace at the temperature of 1400°C for 1 h in Ar atmosphere. Physical and thermal properties of pellet composites were characterized. The bar shape specimens with dimension of 3 mm x 4 mm x 35 mm were prepared for four-point bending test. The relationship between thermal conductivity and flexural strength versus grain connection of composites have been investigated. The results showed that the composites with adding SiC nanowires at 0.05-0.2 wt% possessed lower thermal conductivity than those monolithic Al2O3 specimens. However, the thermal conductivity of the composite specimens with 0.25 wt% SiC nanowires became higher than those of monolithic Al2O3 specimens. The flexural strengths of the composites gradually decreased with the increasing amount of SiC nanowires.

High Temperature Mechanical Properties of a Crystallized BaO-B2O3-Al2O3-SiO2 Glass Ceramic for SOFC

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hsiu-Tao Chang ◽  
Chih-Kuang Lin ◽  
Chien-Kuo Liu
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Stress Relaxation ◽  
Flexural Strength ◽  
Glass Ceramic ◽  
Testing Temperature ◽  
Bending Test ◽  
High Temperature Mechanical Properties ◽  
Four Point Bending ◽  
The Given

The high temperature mechanical properties in a glass-ceramic sealant of BaO-B2O3-Al2O3-SiO2 system was studied by four-point bending test at room temperature, 550°C, 600°C, 650°C, and 700°C, to investigate the variation of Young’s modulus, flexural strength, and stress relaxation. Weibull statistic analysis was applied to describe the fracture strength of the given glass ceramic. The crystalline phase was produced by controlled heat treatment and analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results indicated that the flexural strength was enhanced at high temperatures when the testing temperature was below the glass transition temperature (Tg). This was presumably due to a crack healing effect taking place at high temperature. Significant stress relaxation for the given glass ceramic was observed to generate extremely large deformation without breaking the specimens when the testing temperature was set at 700°C.

Mechanical and Surface Properties of Monolithic Zirconia

2018 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. E119-E128 ◽  
Author(s):  
LM Candido ◽  
LN Miotto ◽  
LMG Fais ◽  
PF Cesar ◽  
LAP Pinelli
Keyword(s):  
Grain Size ◽  
Flexural Strength ◽  
Weibull Modulus ◽  
Testing Machine ◽  
Fracture Pattern ◽  
Honestly Significant Difference ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Tukey Honestly Significant Difference ◽  
Monolithic Zirconia ◽  
Standard Deviations

SUMMARY Purpose: This study compared monolithic zirconia with conventional ones based on mean roughness (Ra), Vickers hardness (VHN), topography, transmittance, grain size, flexural strength (FS), Weibull modulus, and fractographic behavior. Methods and Materials: One monolithic (Prettau Zircon [PR group]) and two conventional (ICE Zirkon Transluzent [IZ group] and BloomZir [BL group]) zirconias were used. Specimens were tested using a profilometer, a microhardness tester, a scanning electron microscope, a spectrophotometer, and a Universal Testing Machine (EMIC DL 2000). Ra, VHN, grain size, and transmittance were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test associated with Dunn test (α=0.05). FS was analyzed using one-way analysis of variance with the Tukey honestly significant difference test (α=0.05). Results: Means and standard deviations of roughness, after sintering (Ra, in μm) and VHN, were, respectively, 0.11 ± 0.01, 1452.16 ± 79.49, for the PR group; 0.12 ± 0.02, 1466.72 ± 91.76, for the IZ group; and 0.21 ± 0.08, 1516.06 ± 104.02, for the BL group. BL was statistically rougher (p<0.01) than PR and IZ. Hardness was statistically similar (p=0.30) for all groups. Means and standard deviations of FS (in MPa) were 846.65 ± 81.97 for the PR group, 808.88 ± 117.99 for the IZ group, and 771.81 ± 114.43 for the BL group, with no statistical difference (p>0.05). Weibull moduli were 12.47 for the PR group, 7.24 for the IZ group, and 6.31 for the BL group, with no statistical differences. The PR and BL groups had higher transmittance values and grain sizes than the IZ group (p<0.05). Although the BL group had some fractures that originated in the center of the tensile surface, fractographic analyses showed the same fracture pattern. Conclusions: All tested zirconia showed similar VHN, and the monolithic zirconia had similar roughness compared to one of the conventional zirconias. In addition, the monolithic zirconia showed similar flexural strength and Weibull modulus compared to the others even though its mean grain size was larger. The total transmittance of monolithic zirconia was higher than only one of the conventional zirconias tested.

Three- and Four-Point Bend Testing for Electronic Packages

2003 ◽  
Vol 125 (4) ◽  
pp. 556-561 ◽  
Author(s):  
Santosh Shetty ◽  
Tommi Reinikainen
Keyword(s):  
Bending Test ◽  
Electronic Packages ◽  
Reliability Model ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Printed Wiring Board ◽  
Reliability Models ◽  
Four Point Bending ◽  
Three Point Bend Test ◽  
Point Bend ◽  
Wiring Board

This study demonstrates the application of three-point and four-point bending tests for evaluating the reliability of chip scale packages under curvature loads. A three-point bend test is conducted on 0.5-mm-pitch chip-scale packages (CSPs) mounted on FR4 (Flame Retardant) substrates. This test is simulated by using the finite element method and the results are calibrated experimentally to formulate a reliability model. A three-point bend scheme is an ideal choice for generating reliability models because multiple packages can be tested under multiple loads in a single test. This reliability model can be used to predict the durability of the packages in the real product under any printed wiring board (PWB) curvature loading conditions. A four-point bending simulation is also demonstrated on the test substrate. Four-point bending test is an ideal method for testing a larger sample size of packages under a particular predefined stress level. This paper describes the bending simulation and testing on packages in a generic sense. Due to the confidentiality of the test results, the package constructional details, material properties, and the actual test data have not been presented here.

A Study on Experimental Evaluation for Fracture Behavior of Carbon Steel Pipes for High Pressure Service with Local Wall Thinning

2007 ◽  
Vol 345-346 ◽  
pp. 1349-1352 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seok Hwan Ahn ◽  
Kum Cheol Seok ◽  
Ki Woo Nam
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Steel ◽  
Nuclear Power ◽  
Failure Modes ◽  
Bending Test ◽  
Metal Loss ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Steel Pipes ◽  
Four Point Bending ◽  
Wall Thinning ◽  
Local Wall Thinning

The locally wall thinned phenomenon of pipes is simulated as metal loss due to erosion/corrosion. Therefore, fracture behaviors of pipes with local wall thinning are very important for the integrity of nuclear power plant. In this study, monotonic bending tests without internal pressure are conducted on 1.91-inch diameter Schedule 80 STS370 full-scale carbon steel pipe specimens. We investigated fracture strengths and failure modes of locally wall thinned pipes that welded and unwelded by four point bending test. From test results, we could be divided three types of failure modes.

scholarly journals Reliability of Different Bending Test Methods for Dental Press Ceramics

Materials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (22) ◽  
pp. 5162
Author(s):  
Daisuke Miura ◽  
Yoshiki Ishida ◽  
Taira Miyasaka ◽  
Harumi Aoki ◽  
Akikazu Shinya
Keyword(s):  
Flexural Strength ◽  
Testing Machine ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Bending Test ◽  
Biaxial Bending ◽  
Bending Tests ◽  
Four Point Bending ◽  
Biaxial Tests ◽  
Biaxial Flexural Strength ◽  
Flexural Tests

Objective: This study investigates the reliability of different flexural tests such as three-point-bending, four-point bending, and biaxial tests, in strengthening the dental pressed ceramics (DPCs) frequently used in clinical applications. Methods: The correlations between the three types of bending tests for DPCs were investigated. Plate-shaped specimens for the three-point and four-point bending tests and a disc-shaped specimen for the biaxial bending test were prepared. Each bending test was conducted using a universal testing machine. Results: The results for six DPCs showed that the flexural strength in descending order were the three-point flexural strength, biaxial flexural strength, and four-point flexural strength, respectively. Then, a regression analysis showed a strong correlation between each of the three test methods, with the combination of four-point and biaxial flexural strength showing the highest values. The biaxial flexural strength was not significantly different in the Weibull coefficient (m) compared to the other tests, with the narrowest range considering the 95% interval. The biaxial bending test was found to be suitable for materials with small plastic deformation from the yield point to the breaking point, such as DPCs.

Influence of Aspect Ratio of Macro Synthetic Fiber on Mechanical Properties of Shotcrete

2013 ◽  
Vol 652-654 ◽  
pp. 1226-1232
Author(s):  
An Shuang Su ◽  
Yue Bo Cai
Keyword(s):  
Flexural Strength ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Steel Fiber ◽  
Loading Rate ◽  
Polypropylene Fiber ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Bending Test ◽  
Synthetic Fiber ◽  
Flexural Toughness ◽  
Four Point Bending

Influences of moisture content and loading rate on flexural toughness were experimentally studied for fiber reinforced shotcrete (FRSC) with steel fiber or macro synthetic polypropylene fiber. According to the four-point bending test method specified in ASTM C1609 and Chinese standard CECS 13, the flexural toughness of specimens after drying for 0h, 16h, 24h and 72h in condition of (20±2)°C and (60±5)% relative humidity was tested at a loading rate of 0.05 mm/min. For specimens after drying for 24h and 72h, flexural toughness was tested at loading rates of 0.05 mm/min, 0.10 mm/min, and 0.20 mm/min respectively. With the moisture content decreasing, the flexural toughness T100,2.0, first-peak flexural strength, and residual flexural strength at prescribed deflections of FRSC exhibited decreasing tendency. The specimens with 0.5 vol% of steel fiber showed higher T100,2.0 value than that with 0.9 vol% of macro synthetic fiber. The residual strength and flexural toughness of FRSC increased with the increase of loading rate.

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