scholarly journals Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Biomass as One of the Most Promising Alternatives for the Synthesis of Advanced Liquid Biofuels: A Review

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (18) ◽  
pp. 5286
Author(s):  
Lucía Grande ◽  
Ivan Pedroarena ◽  
Sophia A. Korili ◽  
Antonio Gil
Keyword(s):  
Human Activity ◽  
Organic Materials ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Sustainable Energy ◽  
Hydrothermal Liquefaction ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Renewable Sources ◽  
Thermochemical Method ◽  
Lower Biomass

The use of biofuels offers advantages over existing fuels because they come from renewable sources, they are biodegradable, their storage and transport are safer, and their emissions into the atmosphere are lower. Biomass is one of the most promising sustainable energy sources with a wide variety of organic materials as raw material. Chemical, biochemical, and thermochemical methods have been proposed to obtain biofuels from raw materials from biomass. In recent years, a thermochemical method that has generated great interest is hydrothermal liquefaction. In this paper, a brief review of the main sources for liquid biofuels and the synthesis processes is presented, with special emphasis on the production of biofuels using hydrothermal liquefaction by using waste generated by human activity as raw material.

ANALYSIS FOR POTENCY AND PRODUCTION OF GRANULE ORGANIC FERTILIZER BASED ON MANURE

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Firman L. Sahwan
Keyword(s):  
Organic Material ◽  
Organic Materials ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Organic Fertilizer ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Cow Manure ◽  
Production Potential ◽  
Natural Organic Material ◽  
Very High

Organic materials that are generally used as raw material for organic fertilizer granules (POG) is a natural organic material that has been degrade, smooth and dry. One of the main raw materials are always used with a very high percentage of usage, is manure. Manure potential in Indonesia is very high, amounting to 113.6 million tons per year, or 64.7 million tons per year to the island of Java. From this amount, it will be generated numbers POG production potential of 17.5 million tons per year (total Indonesia) or 9.9 million tons per year for the island of Java. While the realistic POG production predictions figures made from raw manure is 2.5 million tons annually, a figure that has been unable to meet the number requirement of POG greater than 4 million tons per year. Therefore, in producing POG, it should be to maximize the using of the potential of other organic materials so that the use of manure can be saved. With the use of a small amount of manure (maximum 30% for cow manure), it would be useful also to avoid the production of POG with high Fe content.keywods: organic material, manure, granule organic fertilizer

scholarly journals THE USE OF ENVIRONMENTAL WASTE IN THE ISSUE OF GREEN ECONOMY OF THE REGIONS

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Opara ◽  
Natalia Azarova
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Green Economy ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Alternative Energy Sources ◽  
Solid Liquid ◽  
State Of The Environment

Currently, an urgent issue is the preservation of the environment, the cyclical use of waste for the production of new products, the preservation and multiplication of the planet’s natural resources. After all, the quality of life of each person directly depends on the state of the environment and the factors that affect its preservation. These factors are an integral part of the development of a green economy. This article discusses the possibility of producing alternative energy sources, such as biofuels of three generations.The first generation is solid, liquid, and gaseous biofuels. Second-generation fuel is obtained from the biomass of plant and animal material residues, or grown crops. As an example, such a type of fuel as biogas, which consists of carbon dioxide and methane, and with its further processing, namely the separation of carbon dioxide, you can get biomethane. In the same way, such fuels as biodiesel and bioethanol can be obtained from the biological mass. And the most unusual raw material for the production of third-generation fuel is biofuel from algae. Unfortunately, the development of the green economy in Russia is taking slow steps, but at present this issue is being paid more attention. The development of technologies for obtaining alternative energy sources will allow us to produce not only new types of energy, but also to preserve the environment of our priceless planet, through the use of raw materials and waste that are not in demand in everyday human life.

scholarly journals Upaya Pengolahan Limbah Kotoran Babi Menggunakan Komposter Rumah Tangga

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 104
Author(s):  
Widya Sari ◽  
I Wayan Budiarsa Suyasa ◽  
I.G.B Sila Dharma
Keyword(s):  
Organic Materials ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Pig Manure ◽  
Vegetable Waste ◽  
Composting Process ◽  
Experiment Method ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Speed Up ◽  
Macro Nutrients

ABSTRACT        The production of pig manure waste potentially pollutes the soil, water and air. One of the most effective processing a waste treatments is through composting. The composting process takes a long time if not assisted by the activator as decomposers of organic materials in order to accelerate the composting process. Activators such as local microorganism (MOL) contain macro nutrients, micro and active microorganism that potentially decomposed organic materials, growth stimulants and pest/disease control agents such as to help speed up the composting process. This study aims to determine the C/N ratio of optimal raw materials for composting of pig manure and vegetable waste, determining the effect of adding local microorganism (MOL) to the length of time of composting and determining the effectiveness of business from composting of pig manure and vegetable waste based on the calculation of B/C ratio.        This research uses quantitative approach with experiment method. The first stage is the preparation of the raw material which is divided into three groups : composition 1 with 75% (pig manure) and 25% (vegetable waste), composition 2 with 50% (pig manure) and 50% (vegetable waste) and then composition 3 with 25% (pig manure) and 75% (vegetable waste). Furthermore, the best raw material composition was treated with variations of MOL addition of A (100 ml), B (300 ml), C (500 ml) and D (without MOL).        The results showed that the composition of the best raw material mixture was a mixture composition of 25% (pig manure) and 75% (vegetable waste) with a C/N ratio of 38.95. The effect of MOL addition indicates that the greater MOL volume the faster to composting process. The quality compost with addition of MOL has C/N ratio levels is (16,30), N-total (1,65%), P tersedia (8043,02 ppm), K tersedia (8857,40 ppm), Fe (1,87%), Mn (0,09%) Zn (480 ppm) in which that value meets the SNI 19-7030-2004. Based on analysis of B/C ratio obtained result of 1.04 where the value is approaching criteria B/C ratio more than 1.00 which means compost business feasible to be developed.   Keywords : Pig manure, MOL, time of composting, composter, B/C ratio

scholarly journals LEVEL OF ENERGY SUPPLY OF ANIMAL FARMS FROM USING BIOGAS

2021 ◽  
pp. 100-112
Author(s):  
Mykola Stadnik ◽  
Andrii Shtuts ◽  
Oleksandr Pylypenko
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Energy Supply ◽  
Energy Production ◽  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Industrial Complex ◽  
Livestock Waste ◽  
Renewable Sources

Ukraine has untapped potential for the production of own energy from renewable sources - processing of livestock waste (animal manure and bird droppings) with the formation of biogas, which can then be used to produce electricity, heat or fuel - analogues of natural gas (methane) (in particular, for own needs of farms). Currently in Ukraine, the generation of large amounts of waste on industrial farms is an environmental problem that needs to be addressed. Recycling livestock waste to generate biogas will partially solve environmental problems, as well as benefit from decentralized renewable energy production or fuel production. The role of renewable energy sources in energy production is constantly growing and now the issue of increasing the share of renewable sources in the energy balance of each country is relevant. In the supply of primary energy, the share of renewable energy accounts for 13% worldwide. Of these, biomass accounts for 10%, or 258 million tons per year, ie in the world biomass provides the largest share of energy supply from renewable sources. Domestic agricultural enterprises are significant consumers of fuel and energy resources, so they face the objective need to use alternative energy sources, including biofuels and the introduction of innovative energy-saving technologies. Biogas production is an efficient and attractive investment technology, due to the presence of significant raw material potential, favorable climatic and other. However, the level of introduction of this type of energy in the agro-industrial complex is insufficient, which is due to a number of issues, including insufficient level of practical recommendations for choosing power generators, their number, modes of operation taking into account daily energy consumption schedule, load and optimal efficiency. installations while providing autonomous power supply of the enterprise. This paper determines the level of energy supply of livestock farms through the use of biogas plants as a source of energy used for livestock waste.

Comparative analysis of the leading countries with Turkey in terms of bioethanol raw materials

2016 ◽  
pp. 205-208 ◽  
Author(s):  
Burcu Akalin ◽  
Anil M. Seyrekbasan
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Energy Supply ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Production Capacity ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Bioethanol Production ◽  
Local Resources

Strategic importance of oil and gas supplies has increased in recent years. To diversify energy sources and to engage local resources for energy supply in countries with high external dependency has become very important. In the study, the raw material for bioethanol is evaluated in terms of compliance with the conditions of Turkey. Possible mandatory blending rates of bioethanol are assessed in terms of Turkish domestic agricultural production capacity. A comparative analysis on the best raw material cultivated in Turkey as source for bioethanol production is made.

Pelatihan Pembuatan Pupuk Organik Cair dari Urine Sapi untuk Mengurangi Ketergantungan Pemakaian Pupuk Subsidi

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 314
Author(s):  
Latifa Siswati ◽  
Asgami Putri
Keyword(s):  
Organic Materials ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Organic Liquid ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Agricultural System ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Livestock Waste ◽  
Liquid Fertilizer ◽  
Cow Urine ◽  
Post Test

Today the agricultural system that is widely used by farmers today is agriculture that still uses chemicals for both fertilizer and for pesticides. While now many fertilizers and pesticides are already using organic materials as raw materials .The purpose of this dedication is to provide knowledge to partners that the livestock wastes they produce can be used as raw material for the production of livestock waste fertilizer in the form of cow urine can be overcome and also can help the farmers in reducing the expenses incurred for farming that they also do.Evaluation based on participant's answer in the form of Pre Test and Post Test results with yes and no answer that participant's knowledge about making organic liquid fertilizer from cow urine increased significantly from only 11% when Pre Test increased to 100%, from Pre Test 0% to 100% at the Post Test. For the question of whether the participants know the required materials answer yes only 10% while the answer is not as much as 90%. But at the time of Post Test it has increased 100%, about the benefits gained from the use of liquid fertilizer that is, who answered yes as much as 8% while 92% others do not know. of cow urine can reduce the dependence of fertilizer subsidies.

scholarly journals Renewable energy resources in Hungary – solid biomass utilization in terms of necessity and opportunity

2010 ◽  
Vol 4 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 75-78
Author(s):  
Veronika Erős ◽  
Tamás Biró
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Rural Development ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Energy Resources ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Local Processing ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Renewable Energy Resources

In the 21st century a country’s success significantly depends on how it can solve the problems (supply safety, growing prices, climate change, etc.) induced by the application structure of the fossil energy sources with the means of energy saving, energy efficiency and the utilization of renewable energy resources. The utilization of renewable energy sources has positive effects on five key areas: environment protection, energy policies, fulfilment of EU expectations, agriculture and rural development and on the whole of the national economy. The bioenergy – beside fulfilling the national economic aims – it is putting up the value of the role of agriculture and rural development. The role of agriculture is multi-functional in the process. The agricultural sector has an important task in the area of bioenergy to ensure the proper quality and quantity of raw materials for the increase of bioenergy utilization. This also means new sales perspectives and opportunities for the producers. Above all this, the agricultural policy aims for the agriculture and the rural development segment to be the unambiguous winner of the new bioenergy sector and for most of the available profit to stay with the agricultural sector, with the rural players. For this reason encouraging the raw material production it wishes to encourage the producer their primary process and their local utilization. One of the fundamental objectives of the measures is that agriculture should go beyond the raw material production and take steps towards processing and utilization. The multifunctional role in the product chain might mean extra income and more added value for the producers and the active players in the process. The other objective is to promote the local utilization, the scatter of the environmentally friendly energy sources in rural areas, to change the energy is “lying on the ground unutilized” principle while local processing and promoting the utilization, to achieve a lower energy dependency and to optimize and disseminate cost efficient solutions. To realize all this means a great task and a huge challenge for the agricultural government as well as the rural societies and micro regions but might lead to a successful rural development. The range of the tools and measures to fulfil the aims might be very broad, from the regulating instruments to the various subsidies, coordination and dissemination tools. Part of the subsidy schemes are direct production-type of subsidies (the so called direct payments, for example the area based subsidies) and the other main forms are the investment-type subsidies which are for technology development, promotion of competitive production and local processing and for establishing a green energy industry. In the period of 2007-2013 the key elements of the development schemes were drafted in the frame of the New Hungary Rural Development Programme (ÚMVP) and the Environmental Energy Operational Program (KEOP). The available raw materials and the conditions are taken into consideration while designing the development schemes because a successful realization of a product chain means the assurance of the inputs and outputs. The starting point of determining the development direction is the principle of an operation which is sustainable and economical on the long run. In addition such developments are considered reasonable which are viable on medium and long term and bring numerous rural development, environmental and societal returns.

scholarly journals Biodiesel Production from Palm Oil, Its By-Products, and Mill Effluent: A Review

Energies ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 2132 ◽  
Author(s):  
Khairul Zahan ◽  
Manabu Kano
Keyword(s):  
Palm Oil ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Clean Energy ◽  
Air Pollutant ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
By Products

The sustainability of petroleum-based fuel supply has gained broad attention from the global community due to the increase of usage in various sectors, depletion of petroleum resources, and uncertain around crude oil market prices. Additionally, environmental problems have also arisen from the increasing emissions of harmful pollutants and greenhouse gases. Therefore, the use of clean energy sources including biodiesel is crucial. Biodiesel is mainly produced from unlimited natural resources through a transesterification process. It presents various advantages over petro-diesel; for instance, it is non-toxic, biodegradable, and contains less air pollutant per net energy produced with low sulphur and aromatic content, apart from being safe. Considering the importance of this topic, this paper focuses on the use of palm oil, its by-products, and mill effluent for biodiesel production. Palm oil is known as an excellent raw material because biodiesel has similar properties to the regular petro-diesel. Due to the debate on the usage of palm oil as food versus fuel, extensive studies have been conducted to utilise its by-products and mill effluent as raw materials. This paper also discusses the properties of biodiesel, the difference between palm-biodiesel and other biodiesel sources, and the feasibility of using palm oil as a primary source for future alternative and sustainable energy sources.

scholarly journals Kırsal Bölgelerde Tarımsal Atıkların Kontrolü ve Yenilenebilir Biyokütle Enerji Teknolojileri İle Sera Gazı Emisyonlarının Azaltım Potansiyelinin İncelenmesi

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 142
Author(s):  
Çağdaş Gönen
Keyword(s):  
Energy Production ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Emission ◽  
Sustainable Energy ◽  
Agricultural Waste ◽  
Biomass Energy ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Biofuel Production ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Renewable Electricity ◽  
Renewable And Sustainable Energy

Nowadays, “energy production” and “global climate change and mitigation”, which are in direct relation with each other, are the most important environmental problems waiting for a solution. Renewable and sustainable energy sources provide the most appropriate alternatives for the solution of this problem. In Turkey, one of the important raw material potential of renewable and sustainable energy sources is “Biomass energy”; it is used in biogas production, biofuel production such as biodiesel, bioethanol, biobuthanol and gasification-burning technology. In this study; the potential for agricultural wastes derived from agricultural activities and domestic wastes from Çukurkuyu town of Niğde where the main economic source are agriculture and livestock, were calculated by using incineration technology, which is one of the methods of production of renewable electric energy. In this study, a feasibility study was carried out for the production of renewable electricity from the wastes generated in the town and the potential of renewable electricity generation was determined by the obtained data. Moreover, in this study, fossil fuel balance of the electricity produced from biomass was determined and potential for greenhouse gas emission reduction was determined. Thus, as an alternative to fossil fuels, energy production from renewable sources has been determined both in agricultural waste management.

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